Interacting Neural Processes of Feeding, Hyperactivity, Stress, Reward, and the Utility of the Activity-Based Anorexia Model of Anorexia Nervosa

2000, Anorexia nervosa and major depression: shared genetic and environmental risk factors, Am J Psychiatry, 157, 469, 10.1176/appi.ajp.157.3.469

2011, Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders: a meta-analysis of 36 studies, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68, 724, 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74

2000, Controlled family study of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: evidence of shared liability and transmission of partial syndromes, Am J Psychiatry, 393

2001, Genetic and environmental influences on anorexia nervosa syndromes in a population-based twin sample, Psychol Med, 31, 737, 10.1017/S0033291701003725

2006, Prevalence, heritability, and prospective risk factors for anorexia nervosa, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 63, 305, 10.1001/archpsyc.63.3.305

2005, Neuropsychological studies in anorexia nervosa, Int J Eat Disord, 37, S72

2006, Features associated with excessive exercise in women with eating disorders, Int J Eat Disord, 39, 454, 10.1002/eat.20247

2010, Sensitivity to reward and punishment in eating disorders, Psychiatry Res, 177, 1, 10.1016/j.psychres.2009.06.010

2000, Anxiety disorders in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: co-morbidity and chronology of appearance, Eur Psychiatry, 15, 38, 10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00212-1

2004, Neuropeptides in eating disorders, CNS Spectr, 9, 516, 10.1017/S1092852900009603

2005, Serum adiponectin and resistin concentrations in patients with restrictive and binge/purge form of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90, 1366, 10.1210/jc.2004-1364

2013, Adipocytokine levels in women with anorexia nervosa. Relationship with weight restoration and disease duration, Int J Eat Disord, 46, 855, 10.1002/eat.22166

2002, Body image distortion reveals amygdala activation in patients with anorexia nervosa—a functional magnetic resonance imaging study, Neurosci Lett, 326, 25, 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00312-9

2009, Neural correlates of impaired cognitive-behavioral flexibility in anorexia nervosa, Am J Psychiatry, 166, 608, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050775

2015, Hunger does not motivate reward in women remitted from anorexia nervosa, Biol Psychiatry, 77, 642, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.09.024

2003, Agouti-related protein prevents self-starvation, Mol Psychiatry, 8, 235, 10.1038/sj.mp.4001206

2008, Opioid-dependent anticipatory negative contrast and binge-like eating in rats with limited access to highly preferred food, Neuropsychopharmacology, 33, 524, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301430

2003, The role of palatable food and hunger as trigger factors in an animal model of stress induced binge eating, Int J Eat Disord, 34, 183, 10.1002/eat.10168

2001, Tyrosine improves appetite, cognition, and exercise tolerance in activity anorexia, Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33, 2104, 10.1097/00005768-200112000-00020

2005, Leptin treatment in activity-based anorexia, Biol Psychiatry, 58, 165, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.011

1967, Self-starvation of rats living in activity wheels on a restricted feeding schedule, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 64, 414, 10.1037/h0025205

1991, Activity-based anorexia: relationship to gender and activity-stress ulcers, Physiol Behav, 50, 945, 10.1016/0031-9384(91)90419-O

1975, The influence of food consumption and running activity on the activity-stress ulcer in the rat, Am J Dig Dis, 20, 262, 10.1007/BF01070729

1985, Early weaning predisposes rats to exacerbated activity-stress ulcer formation, Physiol Behav, 34, 907, 10.1016/0031-9384(85)90012-5

1986, Prior stress and susceptibility to stress ulcer, Physiol Behav, 36, 1155, 10.1016/0031-9384(86)90493-2

2006, Early handling reduces vulnerability of rats to activity-based anorexia, Dev Psychobiol, 48, 520, 10.1002/dev.20175

2006, High ambient temperature reduces rate of body-weight loss produced by wheel running, Q J Exp Psychol, 59, 1196, 10.1080/17470210500417688

2012, Animal models of eating disorders, Neuroscience, 211, 2, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.03.024

1992, Feeding conditions and estrous cycle of female rats under the activity-stress procedure from aspects of anorexia nervosa, Physiol Behav, 51, 827, 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90122-I

2008, Endocrine abnormalities in anorexia nervosa, Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab, 4, 407, 10.1038/ncpendmet0872

2013, Identifying novel phenotypes of vulnerability and resistance to activity-based anorexia in adolescent female rats, Int J Eat Disord, 46, 737, 10.1002/eat.22149

2009, Dopamine and serotonin release in the nucleus accumbens during starvation-induced hyperactivity, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 19, 309, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.12.008

2006, Leptin receptor signaling in midbrain dopamine neurons regulates feeding, Neuron, 51, 801, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.08.023

1998, What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 28, 309, 10.1016/S0165-0173(98)00019-8

2004, Neural control of appetite: cross-talk between homeostatic and non-homeostatic systems, Appetite, 43, 315, 10.1016/j.appet.2004.04.009

2007, Interactions between the “cognitive” and “metabolic” brain in the control of food intake, Physiol Behav, 91, 486, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.12.016

1995, Leptin levels reflect body lipid content in mice: evidence for diet-induced resistance to leptin action, Nat Med, 1, 1311, 10.1038/nm1295-1311

1996, Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting, Nature, 382, 250, 10.1038/382250a0

1998, Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals, Nature, 395, 763, 10.1038/27376

1995, Effects of the obese gene product on body weight regulation in ob/ob mice, Science, 269, 540, 10.1126/science.7624776

2002, Low dose leptin administration reverses effects of sustained weight-reduction on energy expenditure and circulating concentrations of thyroid hormones, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87, 2391, 10.1210/jcem.87.5.8628

2000, Leptin suppresses semi-starvation induced hyperactivity in rats: implications for anorexia nervosa, Mol Psychiatry, 5, 476, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000771

2006, Physical activity and restlessness correlate with leptin levels in patients with adolescent anorexia nervosa, Biol Psychiatry, 60, 311, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.11.001

2003, Elevated physical activity and low leptin levels co-occur in patients with anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88, 5169, 10.1210/jc.2003-030569

2005, Postprandial ghrelin release in anorectic patients before and after weight gain, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30, 577, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2005.01.009

2005, Secretory dynamics of leptin in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and healthy adolescents, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 289, E373, 10.1152/ajpendo.00041.2005

2002, Ghrelin-producing cells exist as two types of cells, closed and opened-type cells, in the rat gastrointestinal tract, Peptides, 23, 531, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00633-7

2005, Ghrelin induces feeding in the mesolimbic reward pathway between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, Peptides, 26, 2274, 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.025

2006, Ghrelin stimulates locomotor activity and accumbal dopamine-overflow via central cholinergic systems in mice: implications for its involvement in brain reward, Addict Biol, 11, 45, 10.1111/j.1369-1600.2006.00002.x

2014, The growth hormone secretagogue receptor: its intracellular signaling and regulation, Int J Mol Sci, 15, 4837, 10.3390/ijms15034837

2005, Regulation of ghrelin in physiologic and pathophysiologic states, J Nutr, 135, 1320, 10.1093/jn/135.5.1320

2015, The number of preproghrelin mRNA expressing cells is increased in mice with activity-based anorexia, Neuropeptides, 51, 17, 10.1016/j.npep.2015.04.003

2008, Plasma obestatin concentrations are negatively correlated with body mass index, insulin resistance index, and plasma leptin concentrations in obesity and anorexia nervosa, Biol Psychiatry, 64, 252, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.08.005

2005, Secretory dynamics of ghrelin in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and healthy adolescents, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab, 289, E347, 10.1152/ajpendo.00615.2004

2011, Acute and chronic suppression of the central ghrelin signaling system reveals a role in food anticipatory activity, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 21, 384, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.06.005

2000, Ghrelin-induced growth hormone secretion in humans, Eur J Endocrinol, 143, R11, 10.1530/eje.0.143r011

2001, Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats, Diabetes, 50, 2540, 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2540

2003, Neuroendocrine profiles in galanin-overexpressing and knockout mice, Neuroendocrinology, 77, 354, 10.1159/000071308

1977, Cortisol secretion and metabolism in anorexia nervosa, N Engl J Med, 296, 190, 10.1056/NEJM197701272960403

1996, The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in anorexia nervosa, Psychiatry Res, 62, 75, 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02991-5

2013, Dysfunctions of leptin, ghrelin, BDNF and endocannabinoids in eating disorders: beyond the homeostatic control of food intake, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 38, 312, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.10.021

2004, Alterations in cortisol secretory dynamics in adolescent girls with anorexia nervosa and effects on bone metabolism, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89, 10

1993, Effect of chronic intravenous injection of steroid hormones on body weight and composition of female rats, Biochem Mol Biol Int, 29, 349

2005, Chronic stress and comfort foods: self-medication and abdominal obesity, Brain Behav Immun, 19, 275, 10.1016/j.bbi.2004.11.004

1993, Activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is elevated in rats with activity-based anorexia, J Nutr, 123, 1217, 10.1093/jn/123.7.1217

2012, Differential associations between ovarian hormones and disordered eating symptoms across the menstrual cycle in women, Int J Eat Disord, 45, 333, 10.1002/eat.20941

1999, Cyclical variations in the abundance of leptin receptors, but not in circulating leptin, correlate with NPY expression during the oestrous cycle, Neuroendocrinology, 69, 417, 10.1159/000054444

2000, Increased adipose tissue in male and female estrogen receptor-alpha knockout mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 97, 12729, 10.1073/pnas.97.23.12729

2013, The role of estrogens in control of energy balance and glucose homeostasis, Endocr Rev, 34, 309, 10.1210/er.2012-1055

2006, Effects of selective estrogen receptor agonists on food intake and body weight gain in rats, Physiol Behav, 87, 39, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.035

2013, Flipping the tanycyte switch: how circulating signals gain direct access to the metabolic brain, Aging (Albany NY), 5, 332

2008, Leptin’s effect on hyperactivity: potential downstream effector mechanisms, Physiol Behav, 94, 689, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.011

2005, Ghrelin induces feeding in the mesolimbic reward pathway between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, Peptides, 26, 2274, 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.025

2011, Ghrelin directly targets the ventral tegmental area to increase food motivation, Neuroscience, 180, 129, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.016

2006, Ghrelin modulates the activity and synaptic input organization of midbrain dopamine neurons while promoting appetite, J Clin Invest, 116, 3229, 10.1172/JCI29867

2002, Neither agouti-related protein nor neuropeptide Y is critically required for the regulation of energy homeostasis in mice, Mol Biol Cell, 22, 5027, 10.1128/MCB.22.14.5027-5035.2002

1991, Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism, Am J Physiol, 260, R321

2009, Coordinated changes in energy intake and expenditure following hypothalamic administration of neuropeptides involved in energy balance, Int J Obes (Lond), 33, 775, 10.1038/ijo.2009.96

2011, Rapid, reversible activation of AgRP neurons drives feeding behavior in mice, J Clin Invest, 121, 1424, 10.1172/JCI46229

2011, AGRP neurons are sufficient to orchestrate feeding behavior rapidly and without training, Nat Neurosci, 14, 351, 10.1038/nn.2739

1995, New model for the regulation of energy balance and adiposity by the central nervous system, Am J Clin Nutr, 62, 1123S

1996, Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice, Diabetes, 45, 531, 10.2337/diab.45.4.531

2002, Reduced central leptin sensitivity in rats with diet-induced obesity, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 283, R941, 10.1152/ajpregu.00245.2002

2001, Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus, Nature, 411, 480, 10.1038/35078085

2001, A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding, Nature, 409, 194, 10.1038/35051587

1989, Suppression of neuropeptide Y–elicited eating by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy: reversal with corticosterone, Brain Res, 501, 32, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91023-8

1992, The effect of dexamethasone on neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions, Life Sci, 51, 1301, 10.1016/0024-3205(92)90020-P

1999, Altered expression of agouti-related protein and its colocalization with neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus during lactation, Endocrinology, 140, 2645, 10.1210/endo.140.6.6829

2002, Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers, Endocrinology, 143, 155, 10.1210/endo.143.1.8561

2003, Hypothalamic orexin neurons regulate arousal according to energy balance in mice, Neuron, 38, 701, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00331-3

2002, Ghrelin stimulates GH but not food intake in arcuate nucleus ablated rats, Endocrinology, 143, 3268, 10.1210/en.2002-220268

2000, Chronic intracerebroventricular administration of recombinant CART(42–89) peptide inhibits and causes weight loss in lean and obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats, Obes Res, 8, 590, 10.1038/oby.2000.76

1998, Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans, Nat Genet, 19, 155, 10.1038/509

2006, Glucocorticoids exacerbate obesity and insulin resistance in neuron-specific proopiomelanocortin-deficient mice, J Clin Invest, 116, 495, 10.1172/JCI25243

1999, Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin, Nat Med, 5, 1066, 10.1038/12506

1997, Agouti protein inhibits the production of eumelanin and phaeomelanin in the presence and absence of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone, Pigment Cell Res, 10, 298, 10.1111/j.1600-0749.1997.tb00689.x

2001, Central melanocortin receptors regulate insulin action, J Clin Invest, 108, 1079, 10.1172/JCI200112954

2004, Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin, Science, 304, 110, 10.1126/science.1089459

2013, Acute and long-term suppression of feeding behavior by POMC neurons in the brainstem and hypothalamus, respectively, J Neurosci, 33, 3624, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2742-12.2013

2004, Leptin receptor signaling in POMC neurons is required for normal body weight homeostasis, Neuron, 42, 983, 10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.004

2011, Leptin action on GABAergic neurons prevents obesity and reduces inhibitory tone to POMC neurons, Neuron, 71, 142, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.05.028

2003, The distribution and mechanism of action of ghrelin in the CNS demonstrates a novel hypothalamic circuit regulating energy homeostasis, Neuron, 37, 649, 10.1016/S0896-6273(03)00063-1

1988, Stimulation of pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression by glucocorticoids in the denervated rat intermediate pituitary gland, Neuroendocrinology, 47, 350, 10.1159/000124936

2003, A role for the endogenous opioid beta-endorphin in energy homeostasis, Endocrinology, 144, 1753, 10.1210/en.2002-221096

2015, Hypothalamic POMC neurons promote cannabinoid-induced feeding, Nature, 519, 45, 10.1038/nature14260

2009, Hypothalamic ghrelin suppresses pulsatile secretion of luteinizing hormone via beta-endorphin in ovariectomized rats, Neuroendocrinology, 90, 364, 10.1159/000257421

2001, Evidence of an orexigenic role for cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript after administration into discrete hypothalamic nuclei, Endocrinology, 142, 3457, 10.1210/endo.142.8.8304

2000, Effect of CART in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus on feeding and uncoupling protein gene expression, Neuroreport, 11, 3251, 10.1097/00001756-200009280-00040

2000, Central administration of cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript activates hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons in the rat, Endocrinology, 141, 794, 10.1210/endo.141.2.7295

1984, Interaction of cold and starvation in the regulation of plasma corticosterone levels in the male rat, Horm Metab Res, 16, 445, 10.1055/s-2007-1014812

1998, Hypothalamic CART is a new anorectic peptide regulated by leptin, Nature, 393, 72, 10.1038/29993

2004, Effects of cocaine-amphetamine regulated transcript (CART) on hormone release, Regul Pept, 122, 55, 10.1016/j.regpep.2004.05.006

2002, Cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript mRNA regulation in the hypothalamus in lean and obese rodents, J Neuroendocrinol, 14, 697, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2002.00830.x

2007, Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript: stimulation of expression in rat vagal afferent neurons by cholecystokinin and suppression by ghrelin, J Neurosci, 27, 2876, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5508-06.2007

2001, Genetic ablation of orexin neurons in mice results in narcolepsy, hypophagia, and obesity, Neuron, 30, 345, 10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00293-8

2001, To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness, Annu Rev Neurosci, 24, 429, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.429

2014, Reduced brown adipose tissue thermogenesis during environmental interactions in transgenic rats with ataxin-3-mediated ablation of hypothalamic orexin neurons, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 307, R978, 10.1152/ajpregu.00260.2014

1999, Interacting appetite regulating pathways in the hypothalamic regulation of body weight, Endocr Rev, 20, 68

1999, Effects of single and chronic intracerebroventricular administration of the orexins on feeding in the rat, Peptides, 20, 1099, 10.1016/S0196-9781(99)00105-9

2000, The hypothalamus and the regulation of energy homeostasis: lifting the lid on a black box, Proc Nutr Soc, 59, 385, 10.1017/S0029665100000434

2004, Orexins (hypocretins) directly interact with neuropeptide Y, POMC and glucose-responsive neurons to regulate Ca 2+ signaling in a reciprocal manner to leptin: orexigenic neuronal pathways in the mediobasal hypothalamus, Eur J Neurosci, 19, 1524, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03255.x

2009, Enhanced orexin receptor-2 signaling prevents diet-induced obesity and improves leptin sensitivity, Cell Metab, 9, 64, 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.10.010

2008, Fos expression in hypocretinergic neurons in C57B1/6 male and female mice after long-term consumption of high fat diet, Endocr Regul, 42, 127

2008, Synergistic effect of CART (cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) peptide and cholecystokinin on food intake regulation in lean mice, BMC Neurosci, 9, 1

1999, Leptin receptor- and STAT3-immunoreactivities in hypocretin/orexin neurones of the lateral hypothalamus, J Neuroendocrinol, 11, 653, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1999.00378.x

2003, Ghrelin-induced food intake is mediated via the orexin pathway, Endocrinology, 144, 1506, 10.1210/en.2002-220788

2003, Neural basis of orexigenic effects of ghrelin acting within lateral hypothalamus, Peptides, 24, 597, 10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00105-0

2000, Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone and estrogen-induced weight loss, J Neurosci, 20, 8637, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-22-08637.2000

1998, Mice lacking melanin-concentrating hormone are hypophagic and lean, Nature, 396, 670, 10.1038/25341

2005, Difference in obesity phenotype between orexin-knockout mice and orexin neurondeficient mice with same genetic background and environmental conditions, Neurosci Lett, 380, 239, 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.01.046

1998, Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior, Cell, 92, 573, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80949-6

1996, A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behaviour, Nature, 380, 243, 10.1038/380243a0

1997, Melanin-concentrating hormone acutely stimulates feeding, but chronic administration has no effect on body weight, Endocrinology, 138, 351, 10.1210/endo.138.1.4887

2001, Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor is a target of leptin action in the mouse brain, Endocrinology, 142, 680, 10.1210/endo.142.2.7981

2004, Differential effects of adrenalectomy on melanin-concentrating hormone and orexin A, Endocrinology, 145, 3404, 10.1210/en.2003-1760

1992, Rat melanin-concentrating hormone messenger ribonucleic acid expression: marked changes during development and after stress and glucocorticoid stimuli, Endocrinology, 131, 1241, 10.1210/endo.131.3.1505462

1999, Glucocorticoid replacement, but not corticotropin-releasing hormone deficiency, prevents adrenalectomy-induced anorexia in mice, Endocrinology, 140, 310

2002, Urocortin in the hypothalamic PVN increases leptin and affects uncoupling proteins-1 and -3 in rats, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 282, R546, 10.1152/ajpregu.00436.2001

1982, Corticotropin releasing factor produces behavioural activation in rats, Nature, 297, 331, 10.1038/297331a0

1998, Hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing hormone is a mediator of the anorexigenic effect of leptin, Diabetes, 47, 890, 10.2337/diabetes.47.6.890

2003, Effects of treadmill running on brain activation and the corticotropin-releasing hormone system, Neuroendocrinology, 77, 388, 10.1159/000071311

1997, Leptin inhibition of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in response to stress, Endocrinology, 138, 3859, 10.1210/endo.138.9.5366

1998, Absence of fenfluramine-induced anorexia and reduced c-Fos induction in the hypothalamus and central amygdaloid complex of serotonin 1B receptor knock-out mice, J Neurosci, 18, 5537, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-14-05537.1998

1981, Peripherally administered serotonin decreases food intake in rats, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 15, 179, 10.1016/0091-3057(81)90174-X

1986, Hypothalamic serotonin in the control of meal patterns and macronutrient selection, Brain Res Bull, 17, 663, 10.1016/0361-9230(86)90198-X

1988, Evidence that the hyperphagic response to 8-OH-DPAT is mediated by 5-HT1A receptors, Eur J Pharmacol, 150, 361, 10.1016/0014-2999(88)90019-2

1989, Feeding increases extracellular serotonin in the lateral hypothalamus of the rat as measured by microdialysis, Brain Res, 479, 349, 10.1016/0006-8993(89)91639-9

1993, Changes in extracellular PVN monoamines and macronutrient intake after idazoxan or fluoxetine injection, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 46, 933, 10.1016/0091-3057(93)90225-I

2015, Behavioral, hormonal and central serotonin modulating effects of injected leptin, Peptides, 74, 1, 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.10.002

2002, Effects of ghrelin and amylin on dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin release in the hypothalamus, Eur J Pharmacol, 454, 189, 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)02552-9

1999, Feeding behavior in dopamine-deficient mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 96, 12138, 10.1073/pnas.96.21.12138

2009, Dopamine antagonism inhibits anorectic behavior in an animal model for anorexia nervosa, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 19, 153, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.09.005

2010, Modulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system by leptin, Brain Res, 1350, 65, 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.04.028

2000, Modulation of brain reward circuitry by leptin, Science, 287, 125, 10.1126/science.287.5450.125

2006, Leptin regulation of the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway, Neuron, 51, 811, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.09.006

2012, Apo-ghrelin receptor forms heteromers with DRD2 in hypothalamic neurons and is essential for anorexigenic effects of DRD2 agonism, Neuron, 73, 317, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.10.038

2005, Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system, Nat Neurosci, 8, 571, 10.1038/nn1455

2007, Neurobiology of feeding and energy expenditure, Annu Rev Neurosci, 30, 367, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094324

2015, Sensory detection of food rapidly modulates arcuate feeding circuits, Cell, 160, 829, 10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.033

2015, Neurons for hunger and thirst transmit a negative-valence teaching signal, Nature, 521, 180, 10.1038/nature14416

1998, Monosynaptic pathway between the arcuate nucleus expressing glial type II iodothyronine 5'-deiodinase mRNA and the median eminence-projective TRH cells of the rat paraventricular nucleus, J Neuroendocrinol, 10, 731, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1998.00204.x

1997, Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome, Nature, 385, 165, 10.1038/385165a0

1998, Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons, Nat Neurosci, 1, 271, 10.1038/1082

1999, Hypothalamic agouti-related protein messenger ribonucleic acid is inhibited by leptin and stimulated by fasting, Endocrinology, 140, 814, 10.1210/endo.140.2.6491

2003, Electrophysiological actions of peripheral hormones on melanocortin neurons, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 994, 175, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb03178.x

2011, Hunger states switch a flip-flop memory circuit via a synaptic AMPK-dependent positive feedback loop, Cell, 146, 992, 10.1016/j.cell.2011.07.039

2012, Fasting activation of AgRP neurons requires NMDA receptors and involves spinogenesis and increased excitatory tone, Neuron, 73, 511, 10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.027

2015, Arcuate hypothalamic AgRP and putative POMC neurons show opposite changes in spiking across multiple timescales, Elife, 10, 4

1995, Brain peptides and obesity: pharmacologic treatment, Obes Res, 3, 573S

2003, Neuropeptide Y: a physiological orexigen modulated by the feedback action of ghrelin and leptin, Endocrine, 22, 49, 10.1385/ENDO:22:1:49

2005, NPY/AgRP neurons are essential for feeding in adult mice but can be ablated in neonates, Science, 310, 683, 10.1126/science.1115524

2000, Behavioral characterization of neuropeptide Y knockout mice, Brain Res, 868, 79, 10.1016/S0006-8993(00)02285-X

2006, Neuropeptide Y deficiency attenuates responses to fasting and high-fat diet in obesity-prone mice, Diabetes, 55, 3091, 10.2337/db05-0624

2005, Hypothalamic neuropeptide expression following chronic food restriction in sedentary and wheel-running rats, J Mol Endocrinol, 35, 381, 10.1677/jme.1.01808

1997, Central insulin inhibits hypothalamic galanin and neuropeptide Y gene expression and peptide release in intact rats, Brain Res, 777, 231, 10.1016/S0006-8993(97)00963-3

1994, Adrenal steroid receptors: interactions with brain neuropeptide systems in relation to nutrient intake and metabolism, J Neuroendocrinol, 6, 479, 10.1111/j.1365-2826.1994.tb00611.x

2009, Functional requirement of AgRP and NPY neurons in ovarian cycle–dependent regulation of food intake, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 106, 15932, 10.1073/pnas.0904747106

1999, Interactions between the neuropeptide Y system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, Eur J Endocrinol, 140, 130

2004, Estrogen induces neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y1 receptor gene expression and responsiveness to NPY in gonadotrope-enriched pituitary cell cultures, Endocrinology, 145, 2283, 10.1210/en.2003-1368

1998, The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 15043, 10.1073/pnas.95.25.15043

2005, Peptide YY(3-36) inhibits both anorexigenic proopiomelanocortin and orexigenic neuropeptide Y neurons: implications for hypothalamic regulation of energy homeostasis, J Neurosci, 25, 10510, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2552-05.2005

2012, Deconstruction of a neural circuit for hunger, Nature, 488, 172, 10.1038/nature11270

2011, Anorexia nervosa: a unified neurological perspective, Int J Med Sci, 8, 679, 10.7150/ijms.8.679

2002, Opioid peptides and the control of human ingestive behaviour, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 26, 713, 10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00041-6

1993, Neuroanatomical sites mediating the motivational effects of opioids as mapped by the conditioned place preference paradigm in rats, J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 264, 489

2008, A common neurobiology for pain and pleasure, Nat Rev Neurosci, 9, 314, 10.1038/nrn2333

2000, Mice deficient for delta- and mu-opioid receptors exhibit opposing alterations of emotional responses, Nat Genet, 25, 195, 10.1038/76061

1988, The neurobiological basis of eating disorders: some formulations, Biol Psychiatry, 23, 53, 10.1016/0006-3223(88)90106-0

1993, Central and feedback regulation of hypothalamic corticotropin-releasing factor secretion, Ciba Found Symp, 172, 59

2008, Effects of N-terminal fragments of beta-endorphin on feeding in chicks, Neurosci Lett, 442, 140, 10.1016/j.neulet.2008.07.018

2000, Effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and insulin treatment on the hypothalamic melanocortin system and muscle uncoupling protein 3 expression in rats, Diabetes, 49, 244, 10.2337/diabetes.49.2.244

2002, The catabolic action of insulin in the brain is mediated by melanocortins, J Neurosci, 22, 9048, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-20-09048.2002

2008, Ablation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERa) prevents upregulation of POMC by leptin and insulin, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 371, 320, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.04.073

1997, Immunohistochemical localization of novel CART peptides in rat hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal gland, J Neuroendocrinol, 9, 823, 10.1046/j.1365-2826.1997.00651.x

2001, Feeding inhibition by urocortin in the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 280, R473, 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.2.R473

2007, Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript: stimulation of expression in rat vagal afferent neurons by cholecystokinin and suppression by ghrelin, J Neurosci, 27, 2876, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5508-06.2007

2012, Effect of corticosterone on gene expression of feed intake regulatory peptides in laying hens, Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol, 162, 81, 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.04.005

2010, Estradiol-induced hypophagia is associated with the differential mRNA expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides, Braz J Med Biol Res, 43, 759, 10.1590/S0100-879X2010007500059

2006, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 16, 403, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2005.11.004

2007, Hormonal and psychological factors linked to the increased thermic effect of food in malnourished fasting anorexia nervosa, J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 5, 1623

1993, Betaendorphin and dynorphin abnormalities in rats subjected to exercise and restricted feeding: relationship to anorexia nervosa?, Brain Res, 622, 1, 10.1016/0006-8993(93)90794-N

1986, An auto-addiction opioid model of chronic anorexia nervosa, Int J Eat Dis, 5, 191, 10.1002/1098-108X(198602)5:2<191::AID-EAT2260050202>3.0.CO;2-I

1998, Hypocretin/orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone-expressing cells form distinct populations in the rodent lateral hypothalamus: relationship to the neuropeptide Y and agouti gene-related protein systems, J Comp Neurol, 402, 460, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19981228)402:4<460::AID-CNE3>3.0.CO;2-S

1998, Chemically defined projections linking the mediobasal hypothalamus and the lateral hypothalamic area, J Comp Neurol, 402, 442, 10.1002/(SICI)1096-9861(19981228)402:4<442::AID-CNE2>3.0.CO;2-R

1998, Neurons containing hypocretin (orexin) project to multiple neuronal systems, J Neurosci, 18, 9996, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-23-09996.1998

2001, The hypothalamus and the control of energy homeostasis: different circuits, different purposes, Physiol Behav, 74, 683, 10.1016/S0031-9384(01)00612-6

2002, Multiple neural systems controlling food intake and body weight, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 26, 393, 10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00014-3

2004, Neuropeptide Y inhibits hypocretin/orexin neurons by multiple presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms: tonic depression of the hypothalamic arousal system, J Neurosci, 24, 8741, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2268-04.2004

2009, Hypothalamic injection of non-opioid peptides increases gene expression of the opioid enkephalin in hypothalamic and mesolimbic nuclei: possible mechanism underlying their behavioral effects, Peptides, 30, 2423, 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.09.025

1994, Naloxone reduces the feeding evoked by intracerebroventricular galanin injection, Physiol Behav, 56, 811, 10.1016/0031-9384(94)90247-X

2004, Functional opioid pathways are necessary for hypocretin-1 (orexin-A)-induced feeding, Peptides, 25, 307, 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.12.014

2009, Orexin A/hypocretin-1 selectively promotes motivation for positive reinforcers, J Neurosci, 29, 11215, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.6096-08.2009

2010, Convergent actions of orexin/hypocretin and CRF on dopamine neurons: emerging players in addiction, Brain Res, 1314, 139, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.068

1999, Synaptic interaction between hypocretin (orexin) and neuropeptide Y cells in the rodent and primate hypothalamus: a novel circuit implicated in metabolic and endocrine regulations, J Neurosci, 19, 1072, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-03-01072.1999

2001, The effect of food deprivation and experimental diabetes on orexin and NPY mRNA levels, Peptides, 22, 2175, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00552-6

1996, Neuropeptide abnormalities in anorexia nervosa, Psychiatry Res, 62, 65, 10.1016/0165-1781(96)02985-X

2011, Changes of orexin A plasma levels in girls with anorexia nervosa during eight weeks of realimentation, Int J Eat Disord, 44, 547, 10.1002/eat.20857

2013, Complementary roles of orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone in feeding behavior, Int J Endocrinol, 2013, 983964

2006, Expanding the scales: the multiple roles of MCH in regulating energy balance and other biological functions, Endocr Rev, 27, 606, 10.1210/er.2006-0021

2008, Dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system and reward in MCH−/− mice, Biol Psychiatry, 64, 184, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.12.011

2005, The hypothalamic neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone acts in the nucleus accumbens to modulate feeding behavior and forced-swim performance, J Neurosci, 25, 2933, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1714-04.2005

2002, Antidepressant, anxiolytic and anorectic effects of a melanin-concentrating hormone-1 receptor antagonist, Nat Med, 8, 825, 10.1038/nm741

2005, Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH): a novel neural pathway for regulation of GnRH neurons, Brain Res, 1041, 117, 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.11.066

2003, Chronic MCH-1 receptor modulation alters appetite, body weight and adiposity in rats, Eur J Pharmacol, 475, 37, 10.1016/S0014-2999(03)02146-0

2003, The MCH receptor family: feeding brain disorders?, Curr Opin Pharmacol, 3, 85, 10.1016/S1471-4892(02)00013-9

2004, Estradiol-induced anorexia is independent of leptin and melanin-concentrating hormone, Obes Res, 12, 716, 10.1038/oby.2004.84

2002, The corticotropin-releasing factor family of peptides and CRF receptors: their roles in the regulation of energy balance, Eur J Pharmacol, 440, 189, 10.1016/S0014-2999(02)01428-0

1992, Desensitization of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis following prolonged administration of corticotropin-releasing hormone or vasopressin, Neuroendocrinology, 56, 611, 10.1159/000126283

1993, Activity-induced anorexia in rats does not affect hypothalamic neuropeptide gene expression chronically, Int J Eat Disord, 13, 399, 10.1002/1098-108X(199305)13:4<399::AID-EAT2260130408>3.0.CO;2-J

2010, Promoter specific DNA methylation and gene expression of POMC in acutely underweight and recovered patients with anorexia nervosa, J Psychiatr Res, 44, 827, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.01.011

1988, Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on food intake and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats, Am J Physiol, 255, E255

1990, Is corticotropin-releasing factor a mediator of stress responses?, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 579, 183, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb48360.x

1991, Corticotropin releasing hormone produces profound anorexigenic effects in the rhesus monkey, Neuropeptides, 18, 55, 10.1016/0143-4179(91)90164-E

2007, Physical activity and cortisol in anorexia nervosa, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 539, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.03.007

1996, Food restriction decreases serotonin and its synthesis rate in the hypothalamus, Neuroreport, 7, 1153, 10.1097/00001756-199604260-00011

2014, Symptoms of depression and anxiety in anorexia nervosa: links with plasma tryptophan and serotonin metabolism, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 39, 170, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.009

2000, Amygdala-lesion obesity: what is the role of the various amygdaloid nuclei?, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 279, R1348, 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.R1348

2007, Dopamine reward circuitry: two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens-olfactory tubercle complex, Brain Res Rev, 56, 27, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004

2012, Dysregulation of brain reward systems in eating disorders: neurochemical information from animal models of binge eating, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia nervosa, Neuropharmacology, 63, 87, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.11.010

2008, The relative impact of chronic food restriction and acute food deprivation on plasma hormone levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide expression, Peptides, 29, 1588, 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.04.018

2014, “Eating addiction,” rather than “food addiction,” better captures addictive-like eating behavior, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 47, 295, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.08.016

2003, Hyperactivity in patients with anorexia nervosa and in semistarved rats: evidence for a pivotal role of hypoleptinemia, Physiol Behav, 79, 25, 10.1016/S0031-9384(03)00102-1

2006, The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in neuroendocrine responses to stress, Dialogues Clin Neurosci, 8, 383, 10.31887/DCNS.2006.8.4/ssmith

1987, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the area of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus activates the pituitary-adrenocortical axis in the rat, Brain Res, 417, 33, 10.1016/0006-8993(87)90176-4

2002, The hypothalamic melanocortin system stimulates the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis in vitro and in vivo in male rats, Neuroendocrinology, 75, 209, 10.1159/000054712

1988, Neuropeptide Y, epinephrine and norepinephrine in the paraventricular nucleus: stimulation of feeding and the release of corticosterone, vasopressin and glucose, Brain Res Bull, 21, 905, 10.1016/0361-9230(88)90025-1

1999, Neurochemical characterization of hypothalamic cocaine- amphetamine-regulated transcript neurons, J Neurosci, 19, RC5, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-10-j0006.1999

2004, Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis through a corticotropin-releasing factor receptor–dependent mechanism, Endocrinology, 145, 5202, 10.1210/en.2004-0708

1990, Hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus lesions do not prevent anorectic effect of exercise in male rats, Am J Physiol, 259, R579

1990, Involvement of corticotropin-releasing factor in the anorexia induced by exercise, Brain Res Bull, 1, 69

1999, Selective melanocortin MC4 receptor blockage reduces immobilization stress-induced anorexia in rats, Eur J Pharmacol, 369, 11, 10.1016/S0014-2999(99)00045-X

2014, Loss of melanocortin-4 receptor function attenuates HPA responses to psychological stress, Psychoneuroendocrinology, 42, 98, 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.010

2007, Stress, eating and the reward system, Physiol Behav, 91, 449, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011

2009, Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse, Nat Neurosci, 12, 342, 10.1038/nn.2270

2014, Early life adversity and serotonin transporter gene variation interact at the level of the adrenal gland to affect the adult hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis, Transl Psychiatry, 4, e409, 10.1038/tp.2014.57

2009, Early maternal separation increases symptoms of activity-based anorexia in male and female rats, J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process, 35, 394, 10.1037/a0014736

2005, Exercise as a stress model and the interplay between the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal and the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axes, Horm Metab Res, 37, 577, 10.1055/s-2005-870426

1990, Semistarvation-induced hyperactivity compensates for decreased norepinephrine and dopamine turnover in the mediobasal hypothalamus of the rat, J Neural Transm Gen Sect, 79, 113, 10.1007/BF01251006

2012, Food motivation circuitry hypoactivation related to hedonic and nonhedonic aspects of hunger and satiety in women with active anorexia nervosa and weight-restored women with anorexia nervosa, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 37, 322, 10.1503/jpn.110156

2013, Increased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal drive is associated with decreased appetite and hypoactivation of food motivation neurocircuitry in anorexia nervosa, Eur J Endocrinol, 169, 639, 10.1530/EJE-13-0433

2011, Effects of gustatory stimulation on brain activity during hunger and satiety in females with restricting-type anorexia nervosa: an fMRI study, J Psychiatr Res, 45, 395, 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2010.07.012

2015, Influence of aging and gender differences on feeding behavior and ghrelin-related factors during social isolation in mice, PLoS One, 10, 1

2005, Choice of lard, but not total lard calories, damps adrenocorticotropin responses to restraint, Endocrinology, 146, 2193, 10.1210/en.2004-1603

2004, Chronic stress promotes palatable feeding, which reduces signs of stress: feedforward and feedback effects of chronic stress, Endocrinology, 145, 3754, 10.1210/en.2004-0305

1989, Opioidlike effects of intraoral infusions of corn oil and polycose on stress reactions in 10-day-old rats, Behav Neurosci, 103, 1168, 10.1037/0735-7044.103.6.1168

1997, A hypercaloric load induces thermogenesis but inhibits stress responses in the SNS and HPA system, Am J Physiol, 272, R840

2010, Pleasurable behaviors reduce stress via brain reward pathways, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 107, 20529, 10.1073/pnas.1007740107

2007, Daily limited access to sweetened drink attenuates hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis stress responses, Endocrinology, 148, 1823, 10.1210/en.2006-1241

1990, The anorectic effects of CRH and restraint stress decrease with repeated exposures, Biol Psychiatry, 27, 1094, 10.1016/0006-3223(90)90046-5

1992, Alcohol and cocaine. Clinical and pharmacological interactions, Recent Dev Alcohol, 10, 37, 10.1007/978-1-4899-1648-8_2

2002, Running increases ethanol preference, Behav Brain Res, 133, 301, 10.1016/S0166-4328(02)00027-X

2013, Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 37, 1622, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011

2008, Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 363, 3191, 10.1098/rstb.2008.0107

2013, Obesity and addiction: neurobiological overlaps, Obes Rev, 14, 2, 10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01031.x

2006, Spontaneous appetence for wheel-running: a model of dependency on physical activity in rat, Eur Psychiatry, 21, 580, 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.02.003

2010, Theoretical perspective on anorexia nervosa: the conflict of reward, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 34, 73, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.004

2006, Energy expenditure and restriction of energy intake: could energy restriction alter energy expenditure in companion animals?, J Nutr, 136, 1958S

2004, Eating, exercise, and “thrifty” genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases, J Appl Physiol, 96, 3, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003

2009, Food-anticipatory circadian rhythms: concepts and methods, Eur J Neurosci, 30, 1718, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06965.x

1962, Perceptual and conceptual disturbances in anorexia nervosa, Psychosom Med, 24, 187, 10.1097/00006842-196203000-00009

1997, Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). 1868, Obes Res, 5, 498, 10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00677.x

1968, “Self-starvation” of rats living in activity wheels: adaptation effects, J Comp Physiol Psychol, 66, 234, 10.1037/h0025977

2013, Interaction between serotonin transporter and dopamine D2/D3 receptor radioligand measures is associated with harm avoidant symptoms in anorexia and bulimia nervosa, Psychiatry Res, 211, 160, 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.06.010

2015, Serotonergic neurons signal reward and punishment on multiple timescales, Elife, 25, 4

1997, A neural substrate of prediction and reward, Science, 275, 1593, 10.1126/science.275.5306.1593

2003, Amygdala subsystems and control of feeding behavior by learned cues, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 985, 251, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07086.x

2013, Forebrain networks and the control of feeding by environmental learned cues, Physiol Behav, 121, 10, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.03.024

1999, Associative processes in addiction and reward. The role of amygdala-ventral striatal subsystems, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 877, 412, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09280.x

2006, Role of brain dopamine in food reward and reinforcement, Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 361, 1149, 10.1098/rstb.2006.1854

2005, Corticostriatal-hypothalamic circuitry and food motivation: integration of energy, action and reward, Physiol Behav, 86, 773, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.08.066

2002, The neuroscience of natural rewards: relevance to addictive drugs, J Neurosci, 22, 3306, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.22-09-03306.2002

2013, Hypothalamic neurotensin projections promote reward by enhancing glutamate transmission in the VTA, J Neurosci, 33, 7618, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2588-12.2013

2013, The inhibitory circuit architecture of the lateral hypothalamus orchestrates feeding, Science, 341, 1517, 10.1126/science.1241812

2002, The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating, Neuron, 36, 199, 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00969-8

2013, Distinct extended amygdala circuits for divergent motivational states, Nature, 496, 224, 10.1038/nature12041

2014, Central amygdala PKC-delta(+) neurons mediate the influence of multiple anorexigenic signals, Nat Neurosci, 17, 1240, 10.1038/nn.3767

2013, Parallel, redundant circuit organization for homeostatic control of feeding behavior, Cell, 155, 1337, 10.1016/j.cell.2013.11.002

1989, Physical exercise and brain monoamines: a review, Acta Physiol Scand, 137, 1, 10.1111/j.1748-1716.1989.tb08715.x

2008, Neuroplasticity of dopamine circuits after exercise: implications for central fatigue, Neuromolecular Med, 10, 67, 10.1007/s12017-008-8032-3

2013, Exercise benefits brain function: the monoamine connection, Brain Sci, 3, 39, 10.3390/brainsci3010039

1992, Involvement of nucleus accumbens dopamine in the motor activity induced by periodic food presentation: a microdialysis and behavioral study, Brain Res, 592, 29, 10.1016/0006-8993(92)91654-W

1995, Restricted eating with weight loss selectively decreases extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens and alters dopamine response to amphetamine, morphine, and food intake, J Neurosci, 15, 6640, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.15-10-06640.1995

2002, Food restriction modulates amphetamine-conditioned place preference and nucleus accumbens dopamine release in the rat, Synapse, 46, 83, 10.1002/syn.10120

2008, Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake, Neurosci Biobehav Rev, 32, 20, 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2007.04.019

2006, Dopaminergic control of food choice: contrasting effects of SKF 38393 and quinpirole on high-palatability food preference in the rat, Neuropharmacology, 50, 953, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.01.006

2006, Differential regulation of the consummatory, motivational and anticipatory aspects of feeding behavior by dopaminergic and opioidergic drugs, Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1371, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300908

1999, Anatomy of an endogenous antagonist: relationship between agouti-related protein and proopiomelanocortin in brain, J Neurosci, 19, RC26, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-18-j0004.1999

2003, Peptides that regulate food intake: appetite-inducing accumbens manipulation activates hypothalamic orexin neurons and inhibits POMC neurons, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 284, R1436, 10.1152/ajpregu.00781.2002

2006, Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory, Annu Rev Neurosci, 29, 565, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113009

2012, The drive to eat: comparisons and distinctions between mechanisms of food reward and drug addiction, Nat Neurosci, 15, 1330, 10.1038/nn.3202

2011, Approach and avoidance motivation in eating disorders, Psychiatry Res, 188, 396, 10.1016/j.psychres.2011.04.022

2009, New insights into symptoms and neurocircuit function of anorexia nervosa, Nat Rev Neurosci, 10, 573, 10.1038/nrn2682

2011, Serotonin: imaging findings in eating disorders, Curr Top Behav Neurosci, 6, 59

1996, Anorexia nervosa, self-starvation and the reward of stress, Nat Med, 2, 21, 10.1038/nm0196-21

2015, Palatability can drive feeding independent of AgRP neurons, Cell Metab, 22, 646, 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.011

2011, Leptin regulates energy balance and motivation through action at distinct neural circuits, Biol Psychiatry, 69, 668, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.028

2011, Leptin reduces hyperactivity in an animal model for anorexia nervosa via the ventral tegmental area, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 21, 274, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2010.11.006

1988, Stress-related changes in cerebral catecholamine and indoleamine metabolism: lack of effect of adrenalectomy and corticosterone, J Neurochem, 51, 406, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1988.tb01053.x

1996, Effects of acute and chronic administration of high-dose corticosterone and dexamethasone on regional brain dopamine and serotonin metabolism in rats, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 20, 147, 10.1016/0278-5846(95)00299-5

1985, The effects of a single acute dose of dexamethasone on monoamine and metabolite levels in rat brain, Life Sci, 36, 2491, 10.1016/0024-3205(85)90145-6

1990, Changes in pituitary-adrenal activity affect the apomorphine- and cholecystokinin-8-induced changes in striatal dopamine release using microdialysis, J Neural Transm Gen Sect, 81, 183, 10.1007/BF01245041

1986, Chronic corticosterone administration in rats: behavioral and biochemical evidence of increased central dopaminergic activity, Eur J Pharmacol, 122, 329, 10.1016/0014-2999(86)90413-9

1999, Glucocorticoid effects on mesotelencephalic dopamine neurotransmission, Neuropsychopharmacology, 21, 399, 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00103-1

1991, Serotonergic projections from the nucleus raphe dorsalis to the amygdala in the rat, Neurosci Lett, 134, 21, 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90499-J

1998, Serotonin modulation of sensory inputs to the lateral amygdala: dependency on corticosterone, J Neurosci, 18, 9529, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-22-09529.1998

1992, The hypothalamic paraventricular and lateral parabrachial nuclei receive collaterals from raphe nucleus neurons: a combined double retrograde and immunocytochemical study, J Comp Neurol, 318, 18, 10.1002/cne.903180103

1981, Localization of serotonin-like immunoreactivity in the central nervous system and pituitary of the rat, with special references to the innervation of the hypothalamus, Adv Exp Med Biol, 133, 7, 10.1007/978-1-4684-3860-4_1

2015, Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) modulates the activity of dorsal raphe neurons, Brain Res, 1598, 114, 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.12.032

2014, Neural circuit interactions between the dorsal raphe nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus: an experimental and computational study, PLoS One, 9, e88003, 10.1371/journal.pone.0088003

1989, Serotonin agonists cause parallel activation of the sympathoadrenomedullary system and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis in conscious rats, Endocrinology, 125, 2664, 10.1210/endo-125-5-2664

2013, Sex differences in the physiology of eating, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 305, R1215, 10.1152/ajpregu.00446.2012

2013, Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels: the neurobiology of anorexia nervosa, Trends Neurosci, 36, 110, 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.003

1986, Serotonin and dopamine independently regulate pituitary beta-endorphin release in vivo, Neuroendocrinology, 42, 191, 10.1159/000124439

1985, Dopamine and the action of opiates: a reevaluation of the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. With special consideration of the role of endogenous opioids in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, Biol Psychiatry, 20, 1211, 10.1016/0006-3223(85)90179-9

1982, Beta-endorphin alters dopamine uptake by the dopamine neurons of the hypothalamus and striatum, Brain Res, 248, 293, 10.1016/0006-8993(82)90587-X

2004, Mu-opioid receptor knockout mice show diminished food-anticipatory activity, Eur J Neurosci, 20, 1624, 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03581.x

2012, Brain orexin promotes obesity resistance, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1264, 72, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06585.x

2004, Individual differences in wheel-running rhythms are related to temporal and spatial patterns of activation of orexin A and B cells in a diurnal rodent (Arvicanthis niloticus), Neuroscience, 127, 25, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.04.052

2006, Orexin A in the VTA is critical for the induction of synaptic plasticity and behavioral sensitization to cocaine, Neuron, 49, 589, 10.1016/j.neuron.2006.01.016

2000, Orexin-induced hyperlocomotion and stereotypy are mediated by the dopaminergic system, Brain Res, 873, 181

2007, Orexin axons in the rat ventral tegmental area synapse infrequently onto dopamine and gamma-aminobutyric acid neurons, J Comp Neurol, 503, 668, 10.1002/cne.21420

2006, Arousal and reward: a dichotomy in orexin function, Trends Neurosci, 29, 571, 10.1016/j.tins.2006.08.002

2007, Ventral tegmental area neurons in learned appetitive behavior and positive reinforcement, Annu Rev Neurosci, 30, 289, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.30.051606.094341

2001, Expression of the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor mRNA in the rat brain, J Comp Neurol, 435, 26, 10.1002/cne.1191

2014, Ablation of AgRP neurons impairs adaption to restricted feeding, Mol Metab, 3, 694, 10.1016/j.molmet.2014.07.002

2015, Decreased consumption of rewarding sucrose solutions after injection of melanocortins into the ventral tegmental area of rats, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 232, 285, 10.1007/s00213-014-3663-6

2012, Arcuate AgRP neurons and the regulation of energy balance, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 3, 169

2015, Deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders: where we are now, Neurosurg Focus, 38, E2, 10.3171/2015.3.FOCUS1546

1951, Localization of a feeding center in the hypothalamus of the rat, Proc Soc Exp Biol Med, 77, 323, 10.3181/00379727-77-18766

1953, Increase of food intake induced by electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus, Am J Physiol, 172, 162

2008, Electrical stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus in rats in the activity-based anorexia model, Neurosurg Focus, 25, E7, 10.3171/FOC/2008/25/7/E7

2010, Cracking the moody brain: the rewards of self starvation, Nat Med, 16, 1382, 10.1038/nm1210-1382

2007, Gene-gene interaction associated with neural reward sensitivity, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 8125, 10.1073/pnas.0702029104

2011, Heightened sensitivity to reward and punishment in anorexia nervosa, Int J Eat Disord, 44, 317, 10.1002/eat.20815

2008, Olanzapine in the treatment of low body weight and obsessive thinking in women with anorexia nervosa: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Am J Psychiatry, 165, 1281, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07121900

2003, Olanzapine treatment of anorexia nervosa: a retrospective study, Int J Eat Disord, 33, 234, 10.1002/eat.10122

2001, Antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a review of the literature, J Clin Psychiatry, 62, 22

2005, Olanzapine reduces physical activity in rats exposed to activity-based anorexia: possible implications for treatment of anorexia nervosa?, Biol Psychiatry, 58, 651, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.008