Intelligent and connected vehicles: Current status and future perspectives

Diange Yang1, Kun Jiang1, Ding Zhao2, Chunyan Yu1, Zhong Cao1, Shichao Xie1, Zhongyang Xiao1, Xinyu Jiao1, SiJia Wang1, Kai Zhang1
1State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy, Department of Automotive Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center of Intelligent New Energy Vehicle, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
2University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, Ann Arbor, USA

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

SAE On-Road Automated Vehicle Standards Committee. Taxonomy and definitions for terms related to on-road motor vehicle automated driving systems. SAE Standard J, 2014, 3016: 1–16

Ulrich L. Top Ten Tech Cars. IEEE Spectr, 2014, 51: 38–47

Vanholme B, Gruyer D, Lusetti B, et al. Highly automated driving on highways based on legal safety. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2013, 14: 333–347

Grisleri P, Fedriga I. The braive autonomous ground vehicle platform. IFAC Proc Volumes, 2010, 43: 497–502

Kato S, Takeuchi E, Ishiguro Y, et al. An open approach to autonomous vehicles. IEEE Micro, 2015, 35: 60–68

Geiger A, Lauer M, Moosmann F, et al. Team AnnieWAY’s entry to the 2011 grand cooperative driving challenge. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2012, 13: 1008–1017

Urmson C, Anhalt J, Bagnell D, et al. Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the urban challenge. J Field Robotics, 2008, 25: 425–466

Leonard J, How J, Teller S, et al. A perception-driven autonomous urban vehicle. J Field Robotics, 2008, 25: 727–774

Levinson J, Askeland J, Becker J, et al. Towards fully autonomous driving: Systems and algorithms. In: 2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Baden-Baden: IEEE, 2011. 163–168

Montemerlo M, Becker J, Bhat S, et al. Junior: The stanford entry in the urban challenge. J Field Robotics, 2008, 25: 569–597

Bacha A, Bauman C, Faruque R, et al. Odin: Team VictorTango’s entry in the DARPA urban challenge. J Field Robotics, 2008, 25: 467–492

Merrill G P. The First One Hundred Years of American Geology. New York: Hafner Publishing Company, 1924

Kurzweil R, Richter R, Kurzweil R, et al. The Age of Intelligent Machines. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990

Grimes D M, Jones T O. Automotive radar: A brief review. Proc IEEE, 1974, 62: 804–822

Tsugawa S. Vision-based vehicles in Japan: Machine vision systems and driving control systems. IEEE Trans Ind Electron, 1994, 41: 398–405

Dickmanns E D, Graefe V. Dynamic monocular machine vision. Machine Vis Apps, 1988, 1: 223–240

Leighty R D. DARPA ALV (autonomous land vehicle) summary. Report No. ETL-R-085. Army Engineer Topographic Labs Fort Belvoir VA, 1986

Schwarz B. Mapping the world in 3D. Nat Photon, 2010, 4: 429–430

Turk M A, Morgenthaler D G, Gremban K D, et al. VITS-A vision system for autonomous land vehicle navigation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Machine Intell, 1988, 10: 342–361

Lowrie J W, Thomas M, Gremban K, et al. The autonomous land vehicle (ALV) preliminary road-following demonstration. In: Intelligent Robots and Computer Vision IV. Cambridge, 1985. 336–351

Barabba V, Huber C, Cooke F, et al. A multimethod approach for creating new business models: The General Motors OnStar project. Interfaces, 2002, 32: 20–34

IEEE 802.11 Working Group. Part 11-Wireless LAN medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications: Higherspeed physical layer extension in the 2.4 GHz band. ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999

Montemerlo M, Thrun S, Dahlkamp H, et al. Winning the DARPA grand challenge with an AI robot. In: The National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Boston, 2006. 982–987

Urmson C, Ragusa C, Ray D, et al. A robust approach to high-speed navigation for unrehearsed desert terrain. J Field Robotics, 2006, 23: 467–508

Jung I K, Lacroix S. High resolution terrain mapping using low altitude aerial stereo imagery. In: Proceeding of the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. Nice, 2003. 946

Chen M, Liu Y. Recognition and extraction high precision digital road map. In: International Conference on Information Technology: Coding and Computing (ITCC’05)-Volume II. Las Vegas, NV: IEEE, 2005. 129–134

Noyer U, Schomerus J, Mosebach H H, et al. Generating high precision maps for advanced guidance support. In: 2008 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Eindhoven: IEEE, 2008. 871–876

Bojarski M, Del Testa D, Dworakowshi D, et al. End to end learning for self-driving cars. arXiv:1604.07316, 2016

Xu H, Gao Y, Yu F, et al. End-to-end learning of driving models from large-scale video datasets. arXiv:preprint, 2017, https://doi.org/openaccess.thecvf.com/content_cvpr_2017/papers/Xu_End-To-End_-Learning_of_CVPR_2017_paper.pdf

Zhang J, Cho K. Query-efficient imitation learning for end-to-end autonomous driving. ArXiv:1605.06450, 2016

Hinton G E, Osindero S, Teh Y W. A fast learning algorithm for deep belief nets. Neural Computation, 2006, 18: 1527–1554

Deng L. A tutorial survey of architectures, algorithms, and applications for deep learning. APSIPA Trans Signal Inf Process, 2014, 3: e2

Ziegler J, Bender P, Schreiber M, et al. Making bertha drive—An autonomous journey on a historic route. IEEE Intell Transport Syst Mag, 2014, 6: 8–20

Yang D, Kong W, Li B, et al. Intelligent vehicle electrical power supply system with central coordinated protection. Chin J Mech Eng, 2016, 29: 781–791

Haas W, Langjahr P. Cross-domain vehicle control units in modern E/ E architectures. In: Bargende M, Reuss H C, Wiedemann J, Eds. Proceedings of Internationales Stuttgarter Symposium. Fachmedien Wiesbaden: Springer, 2016. 1619–1627

Zeng W, Khalid M A S, Chowdhury S. In-vehicle networks outlook: Achievements and challenges. In: IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. IEEE, 2017. 1552–1571

Afsin M E, Schmidt K W, Schmidt E G. C3: Configurable CAN FD controller: Architecture, design and hardware implementation. In: 12th IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Embedded Systems. Toulouse: IEEE, 2017. 1–9

Hartwich F. CAN with flexible data-rate. In: IEEE International Conference on Communications. Gerlingen, 2012. 1–9

BOSCH. CAN With Flexible Data-Rate Specification. Version 1.0. Gerlingen: BOSCH, 2012

Matheus K, Königseder T. Automotive Ethernet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015

FlexRay Consortium. FlexRay Communication System Protocol Specification. Version 3.0.1. 2010

Engelmann B. MOST150-development and production launch from an OEM’s per-stective. In: 11th MOST Interconnectivity Conference. Seoul, 2010. 1–23

Grzemba A. MOST: The Automotive Multimedia Network, from MOST25 to MOST150. Poing: Franzis Verlag GmbH, 2011

Zeeb E. Optical data bus systems in cars: Current status and future challenges. In: Proceedings 27th European Conference on Optical Communication. Amsterdam, 2001. 70–71

Hank P, Suermann T, Müller S. Automotive ethernet, a holistic approach for a next generation in-vehicle networking standard. In: Meyer G, Ed. Advanced Microsystems for Automotive Applications. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2012. 79–89

Patsakis C, Dellios K. Securing in-vehicle communication and redefining the role of automotive immobilizer. In: International Conference on Security and Cryptography. Rome, 2012. 221–226

Patsakis C, Dellios K, Bouroche M. Towards a distributed secure invehicle communication architecture for modern vehicles. Comput Security, 2014, 40: 60–74

Misener J A, Biswas S, Larson G. Development of V-to-X systems in North America: The promise, the pitfalls and the prognosis. Comput Networks, 2011, 55: 3120–3133

DhilipKumar V, Kandar D, Sarkar C K. Enhancement of inter-vehicular communication to optimize the performance of 3G/4G-VANET. In: International Conference on Optical Imaging Sensor and Security. Coimbatore, 2013. 1–5

Smith S, Razo M. Using traffic microsimulation to assess deployment strategies for the connected vehicle safety pilot. J Intelligent Transpation Syst, 2016, 20: 66–74

Toulminet G, Boussuge J, Laurgeau C. Comparative synthesis of the 3 main European projects dealing with Cooperative Systems (CVIS, SAFESPOT and COOPERS) and description of COOPERS Demonstration Site 4. In: 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. Beijing, 2008. 809–814

Stahlmann R, Festag A, Tomatis A, et al. Starting European field tests for Car-2-X communication: The DRIVE C2X framework. In: 18th ITS World Congress and Exhibition. Orlando, FL, 2011. 1–9

Shenjiang L D W. The design of the controller on automobile taillight based on AT89S52 (in Chinese). Foreign Electronic Meas Technol, 2010: 60–63

Jin X U, Zhong F M. Automotive air conditioning control system based on STC12C5A60S2 singlechip (in Chinese). Auto Electric Parts, 2014, 6: 14–16

Gan H, Zhang J, Lu Q. Study on operating mode control of hybrid electric vehicle based on the high performance32-Bit SCM MPC555. Automob Technol, 2004, 11: 9–12

Yu X, Chen B, Ji T. DSP software design for EQ effect of car multimedia system. Microcompute Its Applications, 2011, 30: 47–50

Yu Y, Fu Z, Rao L, et al. DSP-based advance collision warning system. Process Automat Instrum, 2009, 30: 11–13

Yu J Q, Chen Z Z, Liang P. The design and implementation signal processing system of the automotive collision avoidance based on TMS320vc5402 (in Chinese). Microcomp Inf, 2007: 266–267

Lindholm E, Nickolls J, Oberman S, et al. NVIDIA Tesla: A unified graphics and computing architecture. IEEE Micro, 2008, 28: 39–55

Wübbena G, Bagge A. GNSS multi-station adjustment for permanent deformation analysis networks. In: Symposlum on Geodesy for Geotechnical & Structural Engineering of the IAG Special Commission. Eisenstadt, 1998. 139–144

Jouppi N P, Young C, Patil N, et al. In-datacenter performance analysis of a tensor processing unit. In: 2017 ACM/IEEE 44th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture. Toronto, ON: IEEE, 2017. 1–12

Chevitarese D S, Dos Santos M N. Real-time face tracking and recognition on IBM neuromorphic chip. In: 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Multimedia. San Jose, CA: IEEE, 2016. 667–672

Rethinagiri S K, Palomar O, Moreno J A, et al. System-level power & energy estimation methodology and optimization techniques for CPU-GPU based mobile platforms. In: 2014 IEEE 12th Symposium on Embedded Systems for Real-time Multimedia. Greater Noida, 2014. 118–127

Liu B L, Sun Y B. OSEK/VDX: An open-architectured platform of vehicle electronics system. Acta Armamentarll the Volume of Tank, Armored Vehicle Engine, 2002, 2: 61–64

Guettier C, Bradai B, Hochart F, et al. Standardization of generic architecture for autonomous driving: A reality check. In: Langheim J, Ed. Energy Consumption and Autonomous Driving. Lecture Notes in Mobility. Cham: Springer, 2016. 57–68

Aly S. Consolidating AUTOSAR with complex operating systems (AUTOSAR on Linux). SAE Technical Paper 2017–01–1617, 2017

Leitner A, Ochs T, Bulwahn L, et al. Open dependable power computing platform for automated driving. In: Watzenig D, Horn M, Eds. Automated Driving. Cham: Springer, 2017. 353–367

Traub M, Maier A, Barbehon K L. Future automotive architecture and the impact of IT trends. IEEE Softw, 2017, 34: 27–32

Sagstetter F, Lukasiewycz M, Steinhorst S, et al. Security challenges in automotive hardware/software architecture design. In: Proceedings of the Conference on Design, Automation and Test in Europe. Grenoble, 2013. 458–463

Risack R, Mohler N, Enkelmann W. A video-based lane keeping assistant. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Dearborn, MI: IEEE, 2000

Kesting A, Treiber M, Schönhof M, et al. Adaptive cruise control design for active congestion avoidance. Transpat Res Part C-Emerg Technol, 2008, 16: 668–683

Kim S W, Qin B, Chong Z J, et al. Multivehicle cooperative driving using cooperative perception: Design and experimental validation. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2015, 16: 663–680

Dagan E, Mano O, Stein G P, et al. Forward collision warning with a single camera. In: IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Parma: IEEE, 2004. 37–42

Leung K Y K, Barfoot T D, Liu H H T. Decentralized cooperative slam for sparsely-communicating robot networks: A centralizedequivalent approach. J Intell Robot Syst, 2012, 66: 321–342

Perumal D G, Saravanakumar G, Subathra B, et al. Nonlinear state estimation based predictive path planning algorithm using infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication for intelligent vehicle. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Emerging Research in Computing, Information, Communication and Applications (ERCICA 2014). NMIT, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 2014. 243–248

Sawant N R. Longitudinal vehicle speed controller for autonomous driving in urban stop-and-go traffic situations. Dissertation of Masteral Degree. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University, 2010

Eskandarian A. Handbook of Intelligent Vehicles. London: Springer, 2012

Marek J, Trah H P, Suzuki Y, et al. Sensors for Automotive Technology. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2003

Landau H, Vollath U, Chen X. Virtual reference station systems. J GPS, 2002, 1: 137–143

Brown N, Geisler I, Troyer L. RTK rover performance using the master-auxiliary concept. Positioning, 2006, 5: 135–144

Wanninger L. Improved ambiguity resolution by regional differential modelling of the ionosphere. In: Proceedings of the ION GPS 95. Palm Springs, 1995. 55–62

Bertozzi M, Broggi A, Fascioli A. Vision-based intelligent vehicles: State of the art and perspectives. Robotics Autonomous Syst, 2000, 32: 1–16

Maurer M, Behringer R, Furst S, et al. A compact vision system for road vehicle guidance. In: Proceedings of 13th International Conference on Pattern Recognition. Vienna: IEEE, 1996. 313–317

Bertozzi M, Broggi A, Conte G, et al. Vision-based automated vehicle guidance: The experience of the ARGO vehicle. Tecniche di Intelligenza Artificiale e Pattern Recognition per la Visione Artificiale, 1998: 35–40

Broggi A, Bertozzi M, Fascioli A. Architectural issues on visionbased automatic vehicle guidance: The experience of the ARGO project. Real-Time Imag, 2000, 6: 313–324

Campbell M, Egerstedt M, How J P, et al. Autonomous driving in urban environments: Approaches, lessons and challenges. Philos Trans R Soc A-Math Phys Eng Sci, 2010, 368: 4649–4672

Göhring D, Latotzky D, Wang M, et al. Semi-autonomous car control using brain computer interfaces. In: Lee S, Cho H, Yoon KJ, Eds. Intelligent Autonomous Systems 12. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 393–408

van Nunen E, Koch R, Elshof L, et al. Sensor safety for the european truck platooning challenge. In: 23rd World Congress on Intelligent Transport Systems. Melbourne, 2016. 306–311

Johnson D G. Development of a high resolution MMW radar employing an antenna with combined frequency and mechanical scanning. In: 2008 IEEE Radar Conference. Rome: IEEE, 2008. 1–5

Han S, Wang X, Xu L, et al. Frontal object perception for Intelligent Vehicles based on radar and camera fusion. In: 35th Chinese Control Conference. Chengdu, China: IEEE, 2016

Song S, Chandraker M. Robust scale estimation in real-time monocular SFM for autonomous driving. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Columbus, OH: IEEE, 2014. 1566–1573

Park K Y, Hwang S Y. Robust range estimation with a monocular camera for vision-based forward collision warning system. Sci World J, 2014, 2014: 1–9

Dong Y, Hu Z, Uchimura K, et al. Driver inattention monitoring system for intelligent vehicles: A review. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2011, 12: 596–614

Tawari A, Sivaraman S, Trivedi M M, et al. Looking-in and lookingout vision for urban intelligent assistance: Estimation of driver attentive state and dynamic surround for safe merging and braking. In: 2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings. Dearborn, MI: IEEE, 2014. 115–120

Klette R, Kruger N, Vaudrey T, et al. Performance of correspondence algorithms in vision-based driver assistance using an online image sequence database. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2011, 60: 2012–2026

Lazaros N, Sirakoulis G C, Gasteratos A. Review of stereo vision algorithms: From software to hardware. Int J Optomechatron, 2008, 2: 435–462

Tippetts B, Lee D J, Lillywhite K, et al. Review of stereo vision algorithms and their suitability for resource-limited systems. J Real- Time Image Proc, 2016, 11: 5–25

Benet G, Blanes F, Simae J E, et al. Using infrared sensors for distance measurement in mobile robots. Robotics Autonomous Syst, 2002, 40: 255–266

Takagi K, Morikawa K, Ogawa T, et al. Road environment recognition using on-vehicle LIDAR. In: 2006 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Tokyo: IEEE, 2006. 120–125

Himmelsbach M, Hundelshausen F V, Wuensche H J. Fast segmentation of 3d point clouds for ground vehicles. In: 2010 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2010. 560–565

Lee J H, Tsubouchi T, Yamamoto K, et al. People tracking using a robot in motion with laser range finder. In: 2006 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Beijing, China: IEEE, 2006. 2936–2942

Brscic D, Kanda T, Ikeda T, et al. Person tracking in large public spaces using 3-D range sensors. IEEE Trans Human-Mach Syst, 2013, 43: 522–534

Pathak K, Birk A, Vaskevicius N, et al. Online three-dimensional SLAM by registration of large planar surface segments and closedform pose-graph relaxation. J Field Robotics, 2010, 27: 52–84

Zhang J, Singh S. LOAM: Lidar odometry and mapping in real-time. In: Robotics: Science and Systems. Berkeley, CA: 2014. 9

Park J, Kim H, Tai Y W, et al. High quality depth map upsampling for 3D-TOF cameras. In: 2011 International Conference on Computer Vision. Barcelona: IEEE, 2011. 1623–1630

Hwang S, Kim N, Choi Y, et al. Fast multiple objects detection and tracking fusing color camera and 3D LIDAR for intelligent vehicles. In: 2016 13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Robots and Ambient Intelligence (URAI). Xi’an, China: IEEE, 2016. 234–239

Zhong Y, Wang S, Xie S, et al. 3D scene reconstruction with sparse LiDAR data and monocular image in single frame. SAE Int J Passeng Cars-Electron Electr Syst, 2017, 11: 48–56

Hofmann U, Senger F, Soerensen F, et al. Biaxial resonant 7mm- MEMS mirror for automotive LIDAR application. In: 2012 International Conference on Optical MEMS and Nanophotonics. Banff, AB: IEEE, 2012. 150–151

Ye L, Zhang G, You Z. 5 V compatible two-axis PZT driven MEMS scanning mirror with mechanical leverage structure for miniature LiDAR application. Sensors, 2017, 17: 521

McManamon P F, Bos P J, Escuti M J, et al. A review of phased array steering for narrow-band electrooptical systems. Proc IEEE, 2009, 97: 1078–1096

Yoo B W, Megens M, Chan T, et al. Optical phased array using high contrast gratings for two dimensional beamforming and beamsteering. Opt Express, 2013, 21: 12238–12248

Sugimoto S, Tateda H, Takahashi H, et al. Obstacle detection using millimeter-wave radar and its visualization on image sequence. In: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2004. Cambridge, UK: IEEE, 2004. 342–345

Song Y, Nuske S, Scherer S. A multi-sensor fusion MAV state estimation from long-range stereo, IMU, GPS and barometric sensors. Sensors, 2016, 17: 11

Chen Z. Bayesian filtering: From Kalman filters to particle filters, and beyond. Statistics, 2003, 182: 1–69

Zhang Z, Li Y, Wang F, et al. A novel multi-sensor environmental perception method using low-rank representation and a particle filter for vehicle reversing safety. Sensors, 2016, 16: 848

Weiß C. V2X communication in Europe—From research projects towards standardization and field testing of vehicle communication technology. Comput Networks, 2011, 55: 3103–3119

Kalman R E. A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. J Basic Eng, 1960, 82: 35–45

Arulampalam M S, Maskell S, Gordon N, et al. A tutorial on particle filters for online nonlinear/non-Gaussian Bayesian tracking. IEEE Trans Signal Process, 2002, 50: 174–188

Ghods A, Severi S, Abreu G. Localization in V2X communication networks. In: 2016 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Gothenburg: IEEE, 2016. 5–9

Rohani M, Gingras D, Vigneron V, et al. A new decentralized Bayesian approach for cooperative vehicle localization based on fusion of GPS and VANET based inter-vehicle distance measurement. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag, 2015, 7: 85–95

Obst M, Hobert L, Reisdorf P. Multi-sensor data fusion for checking plausibility of V2V communications by vision-based multiple-object tracking. In: 2014 IEEE Vehicular Networking Conference (VNC). Paderborn: IEEE, 2014. 143–150

Liu W, Kim S W, Marczuk K, et al. Vehicle motion intention reasoning using cooperative perception on urban road. In: 17th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC). Qingdao, China: IEEE, 2014, 424–430

Kim S W, Liu W, Ang M H, et al. The impact of cooperative perception on decision making and planning of autonomous vehicles. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag, 2015, 7: 39–50

Luthardt S, Han C, Willert V, et al. Efficient graph-based V2V free space fusion. In: Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Los Angeles, CA: IEEE

Bétaille D, Toledo-Moreo R. Creating enhanced maps for lane-level vehicle navigation. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2010, 11: 786–798

Jo K, Sunwoo M. Generation of a precise roadway map for autonomous cars. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2014, 15: 925–937

Joshi A, James M R. Generation of accurate lane-level maps from coarse prior maps and lidar. IEEE Intell Transp Syst Mag, 2015, 7: 19–29

Billah M, Maskooki A, Rahman F, et al. Roadway feature mapping from point cloud data: A graph-based clustering approach. In: 2017 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Los Angeles, CA: IEEE, 2017

Guan H, Li J, Yu Y, et al. Using mobile laser scanning data for automated extraction of road markings. ISPRS J Photogramm Remote Sens, 2014, 87: 93–107

Zeng W, Church R L. Finding shortest paths on real road networks: The case for A*. Int J Geogr Inf Sci, 2009, 23: 531–543

Vu A, Ramanandan A, Chen A, et al. Real-time computer vision/ DGPS-aided inertial navigation system for lane-level vehicle navigation. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2012, 13: 899–913

Levinson J, Montemerlo M, Thrun S. Map-based precision vehicle localization in urban environments. In: Robotics: Science and Systems. Georgia, 2007. 1

Wolcott R W, Eustice R M. Visual localization within LIDAR maps for automated urban driving. In: 2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Chicago, IL: IEEE, 2014. 176–183

Xu Y, John V, Mita S, et al. 3D point cloud map based vehicle localization using stereo camera. In: 2017 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Los Angeles, CA: IEEE, 2017. 487–492

Crane C D. The 2005 DARPA grand challenge. In: International Symposium on Computational Intelligence in Robotics and Automation. Jacksonville, 2007. 1

Hodge K E, Kellogg Y. Proceedings of the F-8 digital fly-by-wire and supercritical wing first flight’s 20th anniversary celebration. Volume 1. Technical Report NASA-CP-3256-Vol-1. Edwards, CA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Dryden Flight Research Center, 1996

Stjärne K, Werner P. Brake by wire system for construction vehicles. Dissertation of Masteral Degree. Göteborg: Chalmers University of Technology, 2014

He L, Ma B, Zong C. Fault-tolerance control strategy for the steering wheel angle sensor of a steer-by-wire vehicle. Automot Eng, 2015, 37: 327–330, 345

Fahimi F. Full drive-by-wire dynamic control for four-wheel-steer all-wheel-drive vehicles. Vehicle Syst Dyn, 2013, 51: 360–376

Janbakhsh A A, Bayani Khaknejad M, Kazemi R. Simultaneous vehicle-handling and path-tracking improvement using adaptive dynamic surface control via a steer-by-wire system. Proc Instit Mech Eng Part D-J Automobile Eng, 2013, 227: 345–360

Abeysiriwardhana W S P, Abeykoon A H S. Simulation of brake by wire system with dynamic force control. In: 7th International Conference on Information and Automation for Sustainability. Colombo: IEEE, 2014. 1–6

Pisu P, Serrani A, You S, et al. Adaptive threshold based diagnostics for steer-by-wire systems. J Dyn Sys Meas Control, 2006, 128: 428–435

Cetin A E, Adli M A, Barkana D E, et al. Compliant control of steerby- wire systems. In: 2009 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. Singapore: IEEE, 2009. 636–643

Kang J, Hindiyeh R Y, Moon S W, et al. Design and testing of a controller for autonomous vehicle path tracking using GPS/INS sensors. In: Proceedings of the 17th IFAC World Congress. Seoul, 2008. 6–11

Xiong L, Teng G W, Yu Z P, et al. Novel stability control strategy for distributed drive electric vehicle based on driver operation intention. Int J Automot Technol, 2016, 17: 651–663

Yin G D, Jin X J, Zhang Y. Overview for chassis vehicle dynamics control of distributed drive electric vehicle. J Chongqing Univ Technol, 2016: 13–19

Liu H, Chen X, Wang X. Overview and prospects on distributed drive electric vehicles and its energy saving strategy. Prz Elektrotechniczn, 2012, 88: 122–125

Wilwert C, Song Y Q, Simonot-Lion F, et al. Evaluating quality of service and behavioral reliability of steer-by-wire systems. In: 9th IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation-EFTA’2003. Lisbonne: IEEE, 2003. 193–200

He L, Xiang H O, Chen D X, et al. Emergency obstacle avoidance control method based on driver steering intention recognition for steer-by-wire vehicle. In: Liu X H, Zhang K F, Li M Z, Eds. Manufacturing Process and Equipment. Volumes 694–697. Advanced Materials Research. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications, 2013. 2738–2741

Hirano Y. Integrated vehicle control of an in-wheel-motor vehicle to optimize vehicle dynamics and energy consumption. In: 2012 10th World Congress on Intelligent Control and Automation. Beijing, China: IEEE, 2012. 2335–2339

Pei X, Zhou Y, Sheng Z. Torque ripple suppression of a new in-wheel motor based on quantum genetic algorithm. In: 23rd International Conference on Mechatronics and Machine Vision in Practice. Nanjing, China: IEEE, 2016. 1–6

Thrun S, Montemerlo M, Dahlkamp H, et al. Stanley: The robot that won the DARPA grand challenge. J Field Robotics, 2006, 23: 661–692

Sivaraman S, Trivedi M M. Looking at vehicles on the road: A survey of vision-based vehicle detection, tracking, and behavior analysis. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2013, 14: 1773–1795

Gwon G P, Hur W S, Kim S W, et al. Generation of a precise and efficient lane-level road map for intelligent vehicle systems. IEEE Trans Veh Technol, 2017, 66: 4517–4533

Khodayari A, Ghaffari A, Ameli S, et al. A historical review on lateral and longitudinal control of autonomous vehicle motions. In: 2nd International Conference on Mechanical and Electrical Technology. Singapore: IEEE, 2010. 421–429

Souissi O, Benatitallah R, Duvivier D, et al. Path planning: A 2013 survey. In: Proceedings of 2013 International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Systems Management. Rabat: IEEE, 2013. 1–8

Katrakazas C, Quddus M, Chen W H, et al. Real-time motion planning methods for autonomous on-road driving: State-of-the-art and future research directions. Transpat Res Part C-Emerg Technol, 2015, 60: 416–442

Gonzalez D, Perez J, Milanes V, et al. A review of motion planning techniques for automated vehicles. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2016, 17: 1135–1145

Veres S M, Molnar L, Lincoln N K, et al. Autonomous vehicle control systems: A review of decision making. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part I-J Syst Control Eng, 2011, 225: 155–195

Lefèvre S, Vasquez D, Laugier C. A survey on motion prediction and risk assessment for intelligent vehicles. Robomech J, 2014, 1: 1

Bila C, Sivrikaya F, Khan M A, et al. Vehicles of the future: A survey of research on safety issues. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2017, 18: 1046–1065

Eichenbaum H. A cortical-hippocampal system for declarative memory. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2000, 1: 41

Cohen M D, Bacdayan P. Organizational routines are stored as procedural memory: Evidence from a laboratory study. Organ Sci, 1994, 5: 554–568

Weng J. Artificial intelligence: Autonomous mental development by robots and animals. Science, 2001, 291: 599–600

Mitchell T M. Machine Learning. Burr Ridge, IL: McGraw Hill, 1997. 870–877

Samuel A L. Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers. IBM J Res Dev, 1959, 3: 210–229

Rosenblatt F. The perceptron: A probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychological Rev, 1958, 65: 386–408

Ackley D, Hinton G, Sejnowski T. A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines. Cogn Sci, 1985, 9: 147–169

Lecun Y, Bengio Y, Hinton G. Deep learning. Nature, 2015, 521: 436–444

Krizhevsky A, Sutskever I, Hinton G E. ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks. In: PereIra F, Burges C J C, Bottou L, et al, Eds. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 25. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2012. 1097–1105

Everingham M, Eslami S M A, Van Gool L, et al. The pascal visual object classes challenge: A retrospective. Int J Comput Vis, 2015, 111: 98–136

Silver D, Huang A, Maddison C J, et al. Mastering the game of Go with deep neural networks and tree search. Nature, 2016, 529: 484–489

Pacejka H. Tire and Vehicle Dynamics. 3rd Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2012

Moravec H. Sensor Fusion in Certainty Grids for Mobile Robots. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 1989. 61–74

Hoskins S R, Tefend M F. Steering angle sensor. USA Patent, US8164327, 2012

Santana E, Hotz G. Learning a driving simulator. arXiv:1608.01230, 2016

Bojarski M, Yeres P, Choromanska A, et al. Explaining how a deep neural network trained with end-to-end learning steers a car. arXiv:1704.07911, 2017

Chen C, Seff A, Kornhauser A, et al. Deep driving: Learning affordance for direct perception in autonomous driving. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. Santiago, 2015. 2722–2730

Liu W, Li Z, Li L, et al. Parking like a human: A direct trajectory planning solution. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2017, 99: 1–10

Yang S, Wang W, Liu C, et al. Feature analysis and selection for training an end-to-end autonomous vehicle controller using the deep learning approach. In: 2017 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Los Angeles, CA: 2017. 1033–1038

Kisacanin B. Deep learning for autonomous vehicles. In: IEEE International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic. San Francisco, 2017. 142

Shapiro D. Accelerating the race to autonomous cars. In: ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. Novi Sad, 2016. 415

Friedman N, Geiger D, Goldszmidt M. Goldszmidt. Bayesian network classifiers. Mach Learn, 1997, 29: 131–163

Ontañón S, Montaña J L, Gonzalez A J. A dynamic bayesian network framework for learning from observation. In: Bielza C, Eds. Advances in Artificial Intelligence. CAEPIA 2013. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 8109. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2013. 373–382

Forbes J, Huang T, Kanazawa K, et al. The Batmobile: Towards a Bayesian automated taxi. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Montreal, 1995. 1878–1885

Dan N V, Kameyama M. Bayesian-networks-based motion estimation for a highly-safe intelligent vehicle. In: 2006 SICE-ICASE International Joint Conference. Busan, 2007. 6023–6026

Hamlet A J, Crane C D. Joint belief and intent prediction for collision avoidance in autonomous vehicles. arXiv:1504.00060, 2015

Eilers M, Möbus C. Learning of a bayesian autonomous driver mixture-of-behaviors (BAD MoB) model. In: International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics. Boca Raton, 2011. 436–445

Möbus C, Eilers M. Further steps towards driver modeling according to the bayesian programming approach. In: Duffy V G, Ed. Digital Human Modeling. ICDHM 2009. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol 5620. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 2009. 413–422

Eilers M, Möbus C, Tango F, et al. The learning of longitudinal human driving behavior and driver assistance strategies. Transpation Res Part F-Traffic Psychology Behaviour, 2013, 21: 295–314

Sutton R S, Barto A G. Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005

Kaelbling L P, Littman M L, Moore A W. Reinforcement learning: A survey. J Artif Intell Res, 1996, 4: 237–285

Koutník J, Schmidhuber J, Gomez F. Online evolution of deep convolutional network for vision-based reinforcement learning. In: International Conference on Simulation of Adaptive Behavior. Castellón, 2014. 260–269

Xia W, Li H, Li B. A control strategy of autonomous vehicles based on deep reinforcement learning. In: International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Design. Zhejiang, China, 2017. 198–201

Xiong X, Wang J, Zhang F, et al. Combining deep reinforcement learning and safety based control for autonomous driving. ar- Xiv:1612.00147, 2016

Chae H, Kang C M, Kim B D, et al. Autonomous braking system via deep reinforcement learning. In: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. Yokohama, 2017. 1–6

Isele D, Rahimi R, Cosgun A, et al. Navigating occluded intersections with autonomous vehicles using deep reinforcement learning. arXiv:1705.01196, 2018

Koenig S, Simmons R G. Xavier: A robot navigation architecture based on partially observable Markov decision process models. In: Artificial Intelligence Based Mobile Robotics: Case Studies of Successful Robot Systems. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1998. 91–122

Liu W, Kim S W, Pendleton S, et al. Situation-aware decision making for autonomous driving on urban road using online POMDP. In: Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Seoul, 2015. 1126–1133

Agussurja L, Lau H C. A POMDP model for guiding taxi cruising in a congested urban city. In: Batyrshin I, Sidorov G, Eds. Advances in Artificial Intelligence. MICAI 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 7094. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2011, 7094. 415–428

Brechtel S, Gindele T, Dillmann R. Probabilistic decision-making under uncertainty for autonomous driving using continuous POMDPs. In: IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. Qingdao, China, 2014. 392–399

Amato C, Konidaris G D, Kaelbling L P. Planning with macro-actions in decentralized POMDPs. In: International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems. Paris, 2014. 331–333

Deng J, Dong W, Socher R, et al. ImageNet: A large-scale hierarchical image database. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Miami, 2009. 248–255

Griffin G, Holub A, Perona P. Caltech-256 object category dataset. Technical Report 7694. Caltrch: California Institute of Technology, 2007

Lin TY, Maire M, Belongie S, et al. Microsoft COCO: Common objects in context. In: Fleet D, Pajdla T, Schiele B, et al, Eds. Computer Vision—ECCV 2014. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 8693. Cham: Springer, 2014. 740–755

Chen C, Self A, Kornhauser A, et al. Deepdriving: Learning affordance for direct perception in autonomous driving. In: IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision. Santiago: IEEE, 2015. 2722–2730

Maddern W, Pascoe G, Linegar C, et al. 1 year, 1000 km: The Oxford RobotCar dataset. Int J Robotics Res, 2017, 36: 3–15

Geiger A, Lenz P, Urtasun R. Are we ready for autonomous driving? The KITTI vision benchmark suite. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Providence, RI, 2012. 3354–3361

Cordts M, Mohamed O, Sebastian R, et al. The cityscapes dataset for semantic urban scene understanding. In: IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. Las Vegas, NV: IEEE, 2016. 3213–3223

de Charette R, Nashashibi F. Real time visual traffic lights recognition based on Spot Light Detection and adaptive traffic lights templates. In: 2009 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Xi’an, China: IEEE, 2009. 358–363

Wu B, Nevatia R. Cluster boosted tree classifier for multi-view, multi-pose object detection. In: IEEE 11th International Conference on 2007 ICCV. Rio de Janeiro: IEEE, 2007. 1–8

Ess A, Leibe B, Schindler K, et al. A mobile vision system for robust multi-person tracking. In: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2008. Anchorage: IEEE, 2008. 1–8

Varaiya P. Smart cars on smart roads: problems of control. IEEE Trans Automat Contr, 1993, 38: 195–207

Wei J, Snider J M, Gu T, et al. A behavioral planning framework for autonomous driving. In: Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings. Dearborn, MI: IEEE, 2014. 458–464

Noh S, An K. Decision-making framework for automated driving in highway environments. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2017, 19: 58–71

Buehler M, Iagnemma K, Singh S. The DARPA Urban Challenge. Tracts in Advanced Robotics. Berlin: Springer, 2010

Reeds J, Shepp L. Optimal paths for a car that goes both forwards and backwards. Pac J Math, 1990, 145: 367–393

Fraichard T, Scheuer A. From reeds and shepp’s to continuous-curvature paths. IEEE Trans Robot, 2004, 20: 1025–1035

Petrov P, Nashashibi F. Modeling and nonlinear adaptive control for autonomous vehicle overtaking. IEEE Trans Intell Transp Syst, 2014, 15: 1643–1656

Rastelli J P, Lattarulo R, Nashashibi F. Dynamic trajectory generation using continuous-curvature algorithms for door to door assistance vehicles. In: Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings. Dearborn, MI: IEEE, 2014. 510–515

Dolgov D, Thrun S, Montemerlo M, et al. Path planning for autonomous vehicles in unknown semi-structured environments. Int J Robotics Res, 2010, 29: 485–501

Gu T, Dolan J M. On-road motion planning for autonomous vehicles. In: International Conference on Intelligent Robotics and Applications. Montreal, Quebec: Springer, 2012. 588–597

Ziegler J, Bender P, Schreiber M, et al. Making bertha drive-an autonomous journey on a historic route. IEEE Intell Transport Syst Mag, 2014, 6: 8–20

Cremean L B, Foote T B, Gillula J H, et al. Alice: An informationrich autonomous vehicle for high-speed desert navigation. In: Buehler M, Iagnemma K, Singh S, Eds. The 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, Vol 36. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2007. 777–810

Kogan D, Murray R M. Optimization-based navigation for the DARPA Grand Challenge. In: Conference on Decision & Control. San Diego, CA: IEEE, 2006. 1–6

Bohren J, Foote T, Keller J, et al. Little ben: The ben franklin racing team’s entry in the 2007 DARPA urban challenge. In: Buehler M, Iagnemma K, Singh S, Eds. The DARPA Urban Challenge. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, Vol 56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2008. 231–255

Chen Y L, Sundareswaran V, Anderson C, et al. TerraMax™: Team Oshkosh urban robot. J Field Robotics, 2008, 25: 841–860

Kammel S, Ziegler J, Pitzer B, et al. Team AnnieWAY’s autonomous system for the 2007 DARPA Urban Challenge. In: Buehler M, Iagnemma K, Singh S, Eds. The DARPA Urban Challenge. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, Vol 56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2010. 359–391

Ferguson D, Howard T M, Likhachev M. Motion planning in urban environments. J Field Robotics, 2010, 25: 939–960

Mcnaughton M, Urmson C, Dolan J M, et al. Motion planning for autonomous driving with a conformal spatiotemporal lattice. In: IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Shanghai, China: IEEE, 2011. 4889–4895

Lavalle S. Rapidly-exploring random trees: A new tool for path planning. Research Report. Ames, IA: Computer Science Department, Iowa State University, 1998

Kuwata Y, Fiore G A, Teo J, et al. Motion planning for urban driving using RRT. In: 2008 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. Nice: IEEE, 2008. 1681–1686

Thurston D L. A formal method for subjective design evaluation with multiple attributes. Res Eng Des, 1991, 3: 105–122

Emerson E A. Temporal and modal logic. In: Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science (vol. B). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990. 995–1072

Kloetzer M, Belta C. A fully automated framework for control of linear systems from temporal logic specifications. IEEE Trans Automat Contr, 2008, 53: 287–297

Artale A, Kontchakov R, Wolter F, et al. Temporal description logic for ontology-based data access. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Beijing, China, 2013. 711–717

Liu J, Ozay N. Abstraction, discretization, and robustness in temporal logic control of dynamical systems. In: International Conference on Hybrid Systems: Computation and Control. Berlin, 2014. 293–302

Wongpiromsarn T. Formal methods for design and verification of embedded control systems: Application to an autonomous vehicle. Dissertation of Doctrol Degree. Caltrch: California Institute of Technology. 2010

Sadigh D, Kim E S, Coogan S, et al. A learning based approach to control synthesis of Markov decision processes for linear temporal logic specifications. In: 53rd IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. Los Angeles, CA: IEEE, 2014. 1091–1096