Integration of MODIS land and atmosphere products with a coupled-process model to estimate gross primary productivity and evapotranspiration from 1 km to global scales

Global Biogeochemical Cycles - Tập 25 Số 4 - Trang n/a-n/a - 2011
Youngryel Ryu1,2, Dennis Baldocchi1, Hideki Kobayashi1, Catharine van Ingen3, Jie Li4, T. A. Black5, Jason Beringer6, Eva van Gorsel7, Alexander Knohl8, B. E. Law9, Olivier Roupsard10,11
1Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
2Now at Department of Landscape Architecture and Rural Systems Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
3eScience Group, Microsoft Research, San Francisco, California, USA
4Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
5Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
6School of Geography and Environmental Science Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
7CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research Canberra ACT Australia
8Chair of Bioclimatology, Büsgen Institute, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
9Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
10CIRAD, UMR Ecologie Fonctionnelle and Biogéochimie des Sols and Agroécosystèmes, SupAgro-CIRAD-INRA-IRD, Montpellier, France
11Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Agarwal, 2011, Data-intensive science: The Terapixel and MODISAzure projects, Int. J. High Perform. Comput. Appl., 25, 304, 10.1177/1094342011414746

Alton, 2007, Improved global simulations of gross primary product based on a separate and explicit treatment of diffuse and direct sunlight, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 10.1029/2006JD008022

Anten, 1995, Patterns Of light and nitrogen distribution in relation to whole canopy carbon gain in C-3 and C-4 monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species, Oecologia, 101, 504, 10.1007/BF00329431

Asner, 2005, Ecosystem structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat observations and automated spectral unmixing, Earth Interact., 9, 1, 10.1175/EI134.1

Baldocchi, 1994, An analytical solution for coupled leaf photosynthesis and stomatal conductance models, Tree Physiol., 14, 1069, 10.1093/treephys/14.7-8-9.1069

Baldocchi, 1997, Measuring and modelling carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange over a temperate broad-leaved forest during the 1995 summer drought, Plant Cell Environ., 20, 1108, 10.1046/j.1365-3040.1997.d01-147.x

Baldocchi, 1998, On using eco-physiological, micrometeorological and biogeochemical theory to evaluate carbon dioxide, water vapor and trace gas fluxes over vegetation: A perspective, Agric. For. Meteorol., 90, 1, 10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00072-5

Baldocchi, 2001, Modeling CO2 and water vapor exchange of a temperate broadleaved forest across hourly to decadal time scales, Ecol. Modell., 142, 155, 10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00287-3

Baldocchi, 1984, Solar radiation within an oak-hickory forest: An evaluation of the extinction coefficients for several radiation components during fully leafed and leafless periods, Agric. For. Meteorol., 32, 307, 10.1016/0168-1923(84)90056-X

Baldocchi, 1985, Canopy radiative transfer models for spherical and known leaf inclination angle distributions-A test in an oak hickory forest, J. Appl. Ecol., 22, 539, 10.2307/2403184

Baldocchi, 1997, Seasonal variation of energy and water vapor exchange rates above and below a boreal jack pine forest canopy, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 28,939, 10.1029/96JD03325

Baldocchi, 2000, On measuring and modeling energy fluxes above the floor of a homogeneous and heterogeneous conifer forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 102, 187, 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00098-8

Baldocchi, 2002, How the environment, canopy structure and canopy physiological functioning influence carbon, water and energy fluxes of a temperate broad-leaved deciduous forest-An assessment with the biophysical model CANOAK, Tree Physiol., 22, 1065, 10.1093/treephys/22.15-16.1065

Baldocchi, 2005, “Wet/dry Daisyworld”: A conceptual tool for quantifying the spatial scaling of heterogeneous landscapes and its impact on the subgrid variability of energy fluxes, Tellus, Ser. B, 57, 175, 10.1111/j.1600-0889.2005.00149.x

Ball , J. T. 1988 An analysis of stomatal conductance Palo Alto, Calif.

Beer, 2010, Terrestrial gross carbon dioxide uptake: Global distribution and covariation with climate, Science, 329, 834, 10.1126/science.1184984

Beven, 1979, Sensitivity analysis of the Penman-Monteith actual evapotranspiration estimates, J. Hydrol., 44, 169, 10.1016/0022-1694(79)90130-6

Chen, 1999, Daily canopy photosynthesis model through temporal and spatial scaling for remote sensing applications, Ecol. Modell., 124, 99, 10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00156-8

Chen, 2005, Global mapping of foliage clumping index using multi-angular satellite data, Remote Sens. Environ., 97, 447, 10.1016/j.rse.2005.05.003

Choudhury, 1987, Analysis of an empirical-model for soil heat-flux under a growing wheat crop for estimating evaporation by an infrared-temperature based energy-balance equation, Agric. For. Meteorol., 39, 283, 10.1016/0168-1923(87)90021-9

Ciais, 2005, Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003, Nature, 437, 529, 10.1038/nature03972

Cleugh, 2007, Regional evaporation estimates from flux tower and MODIS satellite data, Remote Sens. Environ., 106, 285, 10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.007

Collatz, 1991, Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: A model that includes a laminar boundary layer, Agric. For. Meteorol., 54, 107, 10.1016/0168-1923(91)90002-8

Collatz, 1992, Coupled photosynthesis-stomatal conductance model for leaves of C4 plants, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 19, 519, 10.1071/PP9920519

Cramer, 2001, Global response of terrestrial ecosystem structure and function to CO2 and climate change: Results from six dynamic global vegetation models, Global Change Biol., 7, 357, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00383.x

Crawford, 1999, An improved parameterization for estimating effective atmospheric emissivity for use in calculating daytime downwelling longwave radiation, J. Appl. Meteorol., 38, 474, 10.1175/1520-0450(1999)038<0474:AIPFEE>2.0.CO;2

Dai, 2004, A two-big-leaf model for canopy temperature, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance, J. Clim., 17, 2281, 10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<2281:ATMFCT>2.0.CO;2

Demarty, 2007, Assimilation of global MODIS leaf area index retrievals within a terrestrial biosphere model, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 10.1029/2007GL030014

Pury, 1997, Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopies without the errors of big-leaf models, Plant Cell Environ., 20, 537, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1997.00094.x

Wit, 1970, Prediction and Measurement of Photosynthetic Productivity, 17

Fang, 2007, Developing a spatially continuous 1 km surface albedo data set over North America from Terra MODIS products, J. Geophys. Res., 112, 10.1029/2006JD008377

Fang, 2008, Spatially and temporally continuous LAI data sets based on an integrated filtering method: Examples from North America, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 75, 10.1016/j.rse.2006.07.026

Farquhar, 1980, A biochemical model of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation in leaves of C3 species, Planta, 149, 78, 10.1007/BF00386231

Fisher, 2008, Global estimates of the land-atmosphere water flux based on monthly AVHRR and ISLSCP-II data, validated at 16 FLUXNET sites, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 901, 10.1016/j.rse.2007.06.025

Giorgi, 1997, Representation of heterogeneity effects in earth system modeling: Experience from land surface modeling, Rev. Geophys., 35, 413, 10.1029/97RG01754

Goudriaan, 1977, Crop Micrometeorology: A Simulation Study

Gu, 2002, Advantages of diffuse radiation for terrestrial ecosystem productivity, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JD001242

Gutschick, 1991, Photon-Vegetation Interaction: Applications in Optical Remote Sensing and Plant Ecology, 501, 10.1007/978-3-642-75389-3_16

Hanan, 2005, Testing a model of CO2, water and energy exchange in Great Plains tallgrass prairie and wheat ecosystems, Agric. For. Meteorol., 131, 162, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.05.009

Harley, 1995, Scaling carbon-dioxide and water-vapor exchange from leaf to canopy in a deciduous forest. 1. Leaf model parametrization, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 1146, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00625.x

Harley, 1992, Modelling photosynthesis of cotton grown in elevated CO2, Plant Cell Environ., 15, 271, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1992.tb00974.x

Hasler, 2007, What controls evapotranspiration in the Amazon Basin?, J. Hydrometeorol., 8, 380, 10.1175/JHM587.1

Heinsch, 2006, Evaluation of remote sensing based terrestrial productivity from MODIS using regional tower eddy flux network observations, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 44, 1908, 10.1109/TGRS.2005.853936

Henderson-Sellers, 1984, A new formula for latent heat of vaporization of water as a function of temperature, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 110, 1186, 10.1002/qj.49711046626

Hess, 1998, Optical properties of aerosols and clouds: The software package OPAC, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 79, 831, 10.1175/1520-0477(1998)079<0831:OPOAAC>2.0.CO;2

Hikosaka, 2003, A model of dynamics of leaves and nitrogen in a plant canopy: An integration of canopy photosynthesis, leaf life span, and nitrogen use efficiency, Am. Nat., 162, 149, 10.1086/376576

Hikosaka, 2007, Seasonal changes in the temperature response of photosynthesis in canopy leaves of Quercus crispula in a cool-temperate forest, Tree Physiol., 27, 1035, 10.1093/treephys/27.7.1035

Hilker, 2009, An assessment of photosynthetic light use efficiency from space: Modeling the atmospheric and directional impacts on PRI reflectance, Remote Sens. Environ., 113, 2463, 10.1016/j.rse.2009.07.012

Hill, 2006, Assessment of the MODIS LAI product for Australian ecosystems, Remote Sens. Environ., 101, 495, 10.1016/j.rse.2006.01.010

Hirano, 2007, Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia, Global Change Biol., 13, 412, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01301.x

Hollinger, 2010, Albedo estimates for land surface models and support for a new paradigm based on foliage nitrogen concentration, Global Change Biol., 16, 696, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02028.x

Houborg, 2007, Inferences of all-sky solar irradiance using Terra and Aqua MODIS satellite data, Int. J. Remote Sens., 28, 4509, 10.1080/01431160701241902

Houborg, 2009, Intercomparison of a ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ modeling paradigm for estimating carbon and energy fluxes over a variety of vegetative regimes across the U.S., Agric. For. Meteorol., 149, 1875, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.06.014

Hua, 2007, A spatial prescreening technique for earth observation data, IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett., 4, 152, 10.1109/LGRS.2006.886421

Huete, 2008, Multiple site tower flux and remote sensing comparisons of tropical forest dynamics in Monsoon Asia, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, 748, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.01.012

Iwabuchi, 2006, Efficient Monte Carlo methods for radiative transfer modeling, J. Atmos. Sci., 63, 2324, 10.1175/JAS3755.1

Jarvis, 1995, Scaling processes and problems, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 1079, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00620.x

Jones, 1992, Plants and Microclimate: A Quantitative Approach to Environmental Plant Physiology

Jung, 2009, Towards global empirical upscaling of FLUXNET eddy covariance observations: Validation of a model tree ensemble approach using a biosphere model, Biogeosciences, 6, 2001, 10.5194/bg-6-2001-2009

Jung, 2010, Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply, Nature, 467, 951, 10.1038/nature09396

Kahn Ribeiro, 2007, Transport and Its Infrastructure

Kalnay, 1996, The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 77, 437, 10.1175/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2

Kanniah, 2010, Aerosols and their influence on radiation partitioning and savanna productivity in northern Australia, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 100, 423, 10.1007/s00704-009-0192-z

Kattge, 2007, Temperature acclimation in a biochemical model of photosynthesis: A reanalysis of data from 36 species, Plant Cell Environ., 30, 1176, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2007.01690.x

Kattge, 2009, Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models, Global Change Biol., 15, 976, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01744.x

Key, 1998, Tools for atmospheric radiative transfer: Streamer and FluxNet, Comput. Geosci., 24, 443, 10.1016/S0098-3004(97)00130-1

Knorr, 2001, Uncertainties in global terrestrial biosphere modeling: 1. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis with a new photosynthesis and energy balance scheme, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 207, 10.1029/1998GB001059

Kobayashi, 2008, A coupled 1-D atmosphere and 3-D canopy radiative transfer model for canopy reflectance, light environment, and photosynthesis simulation in a heterogeneous landscape, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 173, 10.1016/j.rse.2007.04.010

Konecny, 1979, Methods and possibilities for digital differential rectification, Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens., 45, 727

Kosugi, 2003, Parameterization of the CO2 and H2O gas exchange of several temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees at the leaf scale considering seasonal changes, Plant Cell Environ., 26, 285, 10.1046/j.1365-3040.2003.00960.x

Kottek, 2006, World map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification updated, Meteorol. Z., 15, 259, 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130

Law, 2001, Leaf area distribution and radiative transfer in open-canopy forests: Implications for mass and energy exchange, Tree Physiol., 21, 777, 10.1093/treephys/21.12-13.777

Lee, 2004, Comparison of heat and moisture fluxes from a modified soil-plant-atmosphere model with observations from BOREAS, J. Geophys. Res., 109, 10.1029/2003JD003949

Lemeur, 1974, A critical review of light models for estimating the shortwave radiation regime of plant canopies, Agric. Meteorol., 14, 255, 10.1016/0002-1571(74)90024-7

Lettenmaier, 2006, Water from on high, Nature, 444, 562, 10.1038/444562a

Leuning, 1995, Leaf nitrogen, photosynthesis, conductance and transpiration-Scaling from leaves to canopies, Plant Cell Environ., 18, 1183, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.1995.tb00628.x

Leuning, 2005, Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: Measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates, Agric. For. Meteorol., 129, 151, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.12.004

Li , J. M. Humphrey D. Agarwal K. Jackson C. van Ingen Y. Ryu 2010 eScience in the cloud: A MODIS satellite data reprojection and reduction pipeline in the Windows Azure platform

Liang, 2006, Estimation of incident photosynthetically active radiation from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer data, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 10.1029/2005JD006730

Limousin, 2010, Do photosynthetic limitations of evergreen Quercus ilexleaves change with long-term increased drought severity?, Plant Cell Environ., 33, 863, 10.1111/j.1365-3040.2009.02112.x

Liu, 1960, The interrelationship and characteristic distribution of direct, diffuse and total solar radiation, Sol. Energy, 4, 1, 10.1016/0038-092X(60)90062-1

Martin, 2010, Sources and properties of Amazonian aerosol particles, Rev. Geophys., 48, 10.1029/2008RG000280

McCabe, 2008, Hydrological consistency using multi-sensor remote sensing data for water and energy cycle studies, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 430, 10.1016/j.rse.2007.03.027

McCuen, 1974, A sensitivity and error analysis of procedures used for estimating evaporation, J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc., 10, 486, 10.1111/j.1752-1688.1974.tb00590.x

Michalsky, 1988, The astronomical-almanacs algorithm for approximate solar position (1950-2050), Sol. Energy, 40, 227, 10.1016/0038-092X(88)90045-X

Miralles, 2010, Global canopy interception from satellite observations, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 10.1029/2009JD013530

Monteith, 1965, Evaporation and the environment, Symp. Soc. Explor. Biol., 19, 205

Mu, 2007, Development of a global evapotranspiration algorithm based on MODIS and global meteorology data, Remote Sens. Environ., 111, 519, 10.1016/j.rse.2007.04.015

Mueller, 2011, Evaluation of global observations-based evapotranspiration datasets and IPCC AR4 simulations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 38, 10.1029/2010GL046230

Muraoka, 2010, Effects of seasonal and interannual variations in leaf photosynthesis and canopy leaf area index on gross primary production of a cool-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest in Takayama, Japan, J. Plant Res., 123, 563, 10.1007/s10265-009-0270-4

Norman, 1982, Biometeorology in Integrated Pest Management, 65, 10.1016/B978-0-12-332850-2.50009-8

Norman, 1974, Photosynthesis in sitka spruce (Picea-sitchensis (Bong) carr) 3. Measurements of canopy structure and interception of radiation, J. Appl. Ecol., 11, 375, 10.2307/2402028

Norman, 1975, Photosynthesis in Sitka Spruce (Picea-Sitchensis (Bong) Carr). 5. Radiation penetration theory and a test case, J. Appl. Ecol., 12, 839, 10.2307/2402094

Norman, 1995, Source approach for estimating soil and vegetation energy fluxes in observations of directional radiometric surface temperature, Agric. For. Meteorol., 77, 263, 10.1016/0168-1923(95)02265-Y

Oki, 2006, Global hydrological cycles and world water resources, Science, 313, 1068, 10.1126/science.1128845

Ollinger, 2008, Canopy nitrogen, carbon assimilation, and albedo in temperate and boreal forests: Functional relations and potential climate feedbacks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 105, 19,336, 10.1073/pnas.0810021105

Osmond, 1980, Physiological Processes in Plant Ecology: Towards a Synthesis With Atriplex, 10.1007/978-3-642-67637-6

Paw U, 1988, Applications of solutions to non-linear energy budget equations, Agric. For. Meteorol., 43, 121, 10.1016/0168-1923(88)90087-1

Pisek, 2010, Expanding global mapping of the foliage clumping index with multi-angular POLDER three measurements: Evaluation and topographic compensation, ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 65, 341, 10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2010.03.002

Prata, 1996, A new long-wave formula for estimating downward clear-sky radiation at the surface, Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc., 122, 1127, 10.1002/qj.49712253306

Priestley, 1972, On the assessment of surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters, Mon. Weather Rev., 100, 81, 10.1175/1520-0493(1972)100<0081:OTAOSH>2.3.CO;2

Rambal, 2003, Drought controls over conductance and assimilation of a Mediterranean evergreen ecosystem: Scaling from leaf to canopy, Global Change Biol., 9, 1813, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00687.x

Reich, 1997, From tropics to tundra: Global convergence in plant functioning, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 13,730, 10.1073/pnas.94.25.13730

Reichstein, 2003, Inverse modeling of seasonal drought effects on canopy CO2/H2O exchange in three Mediterranean ecosystems, J. Geophys. Res., 108, 10.1029/2003JD003430

Reichstein, 2005, On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: Review and improved algorithm, Global Change Biol., 11, 1424, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x

Rodell, 2004, Basin scale estimates of evapotranspiration using GRACE and other observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, 10.1029/2004GL020873

Ruimy, 1996, TURC: A diagnostic model of continental gross primary productivity and net primary productivity, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 10, 269, 10.1029/96GB00349

Running, 2004, A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial primary production, Bioscience, 54, 547, 10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0547:ACSMOG]2.0.CO;2

Ryu, 2008, Evaluation of land surface radiation balance derived from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) over complex terrain and heterogeneous landscape on clear sky days, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, 1538, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.05.008

Ryu, 2008, Interannual variability of evapotranspiration and energy exchanges over an annual grassland in California, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 10.1029/2007JD009263

Ryu, 2010, On the correct estimation of effective leaf area index: Does it reveal information on clumping effects?, Agric. For. Meteorol., 150, 463, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.01.009

Ryu, 2010, How to quantify tree leaf area index in a heterogeneous savanna ecosystem: A multi-instrument and multi-model approach, Agric. For. Meteorol., 150, 63, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.08.007

Ryu, 2010, Testing the performance of a novel spectral reflectance sensor, built with light emitting diodes (LEDs), to monitor ecosystem metabolism, structure and function, Agric. For. Meteorol., 150, 1597, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.08.009

Ryu, 2012, On the temporal upscaling of evapotranspiration from instantaneous remote sensing measurements to 8-day mean daily sums, Agric. For. Meteorol., 152, 212, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.09.010

Schulze, 1994, Relationships among maximum stomatal conductance, ecosystem surface conductance, carbon assimilation rate, and plant nitrogen nutrition-A global ecology scaling exercise, Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 25, 629, 10.1146/annurev.es.25.110194.003213

Scott, 2010, Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought-induced vegetation change, J. Geophys. Res., 115, 10.1029/2010JG001348

Sims, 2008, A new model of gross primary productivity for North American ecosystems based solely on the enhanced vegetation index and land surface temperature from MODIS, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 1633, 10.1016/j.rse.2007.08.004

Sinclair, 1976, Development and evaluation of simplified models for simulating canopy photosynthesis and transpiration, J. Appl. Ecol., 13, 813, 10.2307/2402257

Still, 2003, Global distribution of C3 and C4 vegetation: Carbon cycle implications, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 17, 10.1029/2001GB001807

Strahler, 2008, Retrieval of forest structural parameters using a ground-based lidar instrument (Echidna (R)), Can. J. Rem. Sens., 34, S426, 10.5589/m08-046

Su, 2002, The Surface Energy Balance System (SEBS) for estimation of turbulent heat fluxes, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 6, 85, 10.5194/hess-6-85-2002

Thomas, 2009, Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semiarid mature ponderosa pine forest in central Oregon, J. Geophys. Res., 114, 10.1029/2009JG001010

Werf, 2009, CO2 emissions from forest loss, Nat. Geosci., 2, 737, 10.1038/ngeo671

Van Laake, 2004, Simplified atmospheric radiative transfer modelling for estimating incident PAR using MODIS atmosphere products, Remote Sens. Environ., 91, 98, 10.1016/j.rse.2004.03.002

Vermote, 1997, Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum, 6S: An overview, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 35, 675, 10.1109/36.581987

Wang, 2008, Annual and seasonal variations in photosynthetic capacity of Fagus crenata along an elevation gradient in the Naeba Mountains, Japan, Tree Physiol., 28, 277, 10.1093/treephys/28.2.277

Wang, 1998, A two-leaf model for canopy conductance, photosynthesis and partitioning of available energy I: Model description and comparison with a multi-layered model, Agric. For. Meteorol., 91, 89, 10.1016/S0168-1923(98)00061-6

Wang, 2007, Estimating parameters in a land-surface model by applying nonlinear inversion to eddy covariance flux measurements from eight FLUXNET sites, Global Change Biol., 13, 652, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01225.x

Wentz, 2007, How much more rain will global warming bring?, Science, 317, 233, 10.1126/science.1140746

Wilson, 2000, Factors controlling evaporation and energy partitioning beneath a deciduous forest over an annual cycle, Agric. For. Meteorol., 102, 83, 10.1016/S0168-1923(00)00124-6

Wilson, 2001, Leaf age affects the seasonal pattern of photosynthetic capacity and net ecosystem exchange of carbon in a deciduous forest, Plant Cell Environ., 24, 571, 10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00706.x

Wolfe, 1998, MODIS land data storage, gridding, and compositing methodology: Level 2 grid, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens., 36, 1324, 10.1109/36.701082

Wong, 1979, Stomatal conductance correlates with photosynthetic capacity, Nature, 282, 424, 10.1038/282424a0

Wright, 2004, The worldwide leaf economics spectrum, Nature, 428, 821, 10.1038/nature02403

Wullschleger, 1993, Biochemical limitations to carbon assimilation in C3 plants-A retrospective analysis of the A/Ci curves from 109 species, J. Exp. Bot., 44, 907, 10.1093/jxb/44.5.907

Xiao, 2010, A continuous measure of gross primary production for the conterminous United States derived from MODIS and AmeriFlux data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 576, 10.1016/j.rse.2009.10.013

Xu, 2003, Seasonal trends in photosynthetic parameters and stomatal conductance of blue oak (Quercus douglasii) under prolonged summer drought and high temperature, Tree Physiol., 23, 865, 10.1093/treephys/23.13.865

Xu, 2004, Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterranean annual grassland in California, Agric. For. Meteorol., 123, 79, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.10.004

Yuan, 2010, Global estimates of evapotranspiration and gross primary production based on MODIS and global meteorology data, Remote Sens. Environ., 114, 1416, 10.1016/j.rse.2010.01.022

Zhang, 2010, A continuous satellite-derived global record of land surface evapotranspiration from 1983 to 2006, Water Resour. Res., 46, 10.1029/2009WR008800

Zhao, 2005, Improvements of the MODIS terrestrial gross and net primary production global data set, Remote Sens. Environ., 95, 164, 10.1016/j.rse.2004.12.011

Zhao, 2006, Sensitivity of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) terrestrial primary production to the accuracy of meteorological reanalyses, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 10.1029/2004JG000004