Integrated, watershed-based management for sustainable water resources
Tóm tắt
Water scarcity is a becoming a critical issue globally, driven largely by the demands of an exponentially growing human population and complicated by the impacts of climate change on the amounts and distribution of precipitation. It is also due to mismanagement as scarce water resources are being used simultaneously for irrigation, power generation, public and industrial water supply, flood reduction, and wastewater disposal without consideration of the cumulative impacts to the water resources themselves. This paper outlines eight ecologically based principles and associated guidelines as the basis for integrated and watershed-based management of the world’s water resources.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arnold C L Jr, Gibbons J (1996). Impervious surface coverage: The emergence of a key environmental indicator. Journal of the American Planning Association, 62(2): 243–258
Belnap J (2003). The world at your feed: desert biological soil crusts. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1(4): 181–189
Belnap J, Gillette D A (1998). Vulnerability of desert biological soil crusts to wind erosion: the influences of crust development, soil texture, and disturbance. Journal of Arid Environments, 39(2): 133–142
Bradley R S, Vuille M, Diaz H F, Vergara W (2006). Threats to water supplies in the Tropical Andes. Science, 312(5781): 1755–1756
Brown J F (1997). Effects of experimental burial on survival, growth, and resource allocation of three species of dune plants. Journal of Ecology, 85(2): 151–158
Chen S, Liu C W, Huang H C (2002). Analysis of water movement in paddy rice fields (II) simulation studies. Journal of Hydrology, 268: 259–271
Chien N (1985). Changes in river regime after the construction of upstream reservoirs. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 10: 143–159
Chow V T (1964). Handbook of Applied Hydrology. New York: A McGraw-Hill Publ
Cushman R M (1985). Review of ecological effects of rapidly varying flows downstream from hydroelectric facilities. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 5: 330–339
Daly C, Bachelet D, Lenihan J M, Neilson R P, Parton W, Ojima D (2000). Dynamic simulations of tree-grass interactions for global change studies. Ecological Applications, 10(2): 449–469
Danielsen F, Sorensen M K, Olwig M F, Selvan V, Parish F, Burgess N D, Hiraishi T, Karunagaran V M, Hiraishi T, Karunagaran V M, Asmussen M S, Hansen L B, Quarto A, Suryadiputra N (2005). The Asian tsunami: A protective role for coastal vegetation. Science, 310–643
Dettinger M D, Diaz H F (2000). Global characteristics of stream flow seasonality and variability. Journal of Hydrometeorology, 1: 289–301
Duncan S H, Bilby R E, Ward J W, Heffner J T (1987). Transport of road-surface sediment through ephemeral stream channels. Water Resources Bulletin, 23(1): 113–119
Farber S, Costanza R (1987). The economic value of wetland systems. Journal of Environmental Management, 24(1): 41–51
Finkenbine J K, Atwater J W, Mavinic D S (2000). Stream health after urbanization. J American Water Resources Assoc, 36: 1149–1160
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2003). Groundwater management: the search for practical approaches. Water Reports 25. ISBN: 92-5-104908-4
Gleick P H (1998). The World’s Water: 1998–1999. Washington D C: Island Press
Gleick P H (2003). Global freshwater resources: soft-path solutions for the 21st century. Science, 302(5650): 1524–1528
Hardy S D, Koontz T M (2008). Reducing nonpoint source pollution through collaboration: policies and programs across the U.S.States. Environmental Management, 41(3): 301–310
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) (2007). Contribution of working group 1 to the 4th assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Jones J A, Swanson F J, Wemple B C, Snyder K U (2000). Effects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, and disturbance patches in stream networks. Conservation Biology, 14(1): 76–85
Junk W J, Bailey P B, Sparks R E (1989). The flood-pulse concept in river-floodplain systems. In: Dodge D P, ed. Proceedings of the International Large River Symposium. Canadian Special Publication of the Fisheries Society, (106): 110–127
Kiley D, Schneider R (2005). Riparian roots through time, space, and disturbance. Plant and Soil, 269(1–2): 259–272
Kozlowski K (2002). Physiological-ecological impacts of flooding on riparian forest ecosystems. Wetlands, 22(3): 550–561
Leach W D, Pelkey N W(2001). Making watershed partnerships work: a review of the empirical literature. Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management, 127(6): 378–385
Luce C H, Wemple B (2001). Introduction to special issue on hydrologic and geomorphic effects of forest roads. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 26: 111–113
Meyer J, Miltner R J, White D, Yoder C (2004). The biotic integrity of streams in urban and suburbanizing landscapes. Landscape and Urban Planning, 69: 87–100
Miles L, Newton A C, DeFries R S, Ravilious C, May I, Blyth S, Kapos V, Gordon J E (2006). A global overview of the conservation status of tropical dry forests. Journal of Biogeography, 33: 491–505
Mitsch W J, Gosselink J G (1993). Wetlands (2nd edition). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold
Mizuno K (2004). Glacial fluctuation and vegetation succession on Tyndall Glacier, Mt. Kenya. Mountain Research and Development, 25(1): 68–75
Moog O (1993). Quantification of daily peak hydropower effects on aquatic fauna and management to minimize environmental impacts. Regulated Rivers, 8: 5–14
Naiman R J, Décamps H (1997). The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 28: 621–658
Patten D T, Rouse L, Stromberg J C (2008). Isolated spring wetlands in the Great Basin and Mojave Deserts, USA: Potential response of vegetation to groundwater withdrawal. Environmental Management, 41(3): 398–413
Poff N L, Allan J D, Bain M B, Karr J R, Prestegaard K L, Richter B D, Sparks R E, Stromberg J C (1997). The natural flow regime. BioScience, 47(11): 769–784
Precoda N (1991). Requiem for the Aral Sea. Ambio, 20: 109–114
Sanford S E, Creed I F, Tague C L, Beall F D, Buttle J M (2007). Scaledependence of natural variability of flow regimes in a forested landscape. Water Resources Research, 43(8): W08414. doi:10.1029/2006WR005299
Scanlon B R, Jolly I, Sophocleous M, Zhang L (2007). Global impacts of conversions from natural to agricultural ecosystems on water resources: Quantity versus quality. Water Resources Research, 43: 363–365
Sebestyen S, Schneider R (2004). Seepage patterns, pore water, and aquatic plants: Hydrological and biogeochemical relationships in lakes. Biogeochemistry, 68(3): 383–409
Shiklomanov I A, Rodda J C (2003). World Water Resources at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Stanford J A, Ward J V (1979). Stream regulation in North America. In: Ward J V, Stanford J A (eds.). The Ecology of Regulated Streams. New York: Plenum Press, 215–236
Sutton P C, Costanza R D (2002). Global estimates of market and nonmarket values derived from nighttime satellite imagery, land cover, and ecosystem service valuation. Ecological Economics, 41: 509–527
Tilman D, Downing J A (1994). Biodiversity and stability in grasslands. Nature, 367: 363–365
Viviroli D, Weingartner R, Messerli B (2002). Assessing the hydrological significance of the world’s mountains. Mountain Research and Development, 23(1): 32–40
Vorosmarty C J, Green P, Salisbury J, Lammers R B (2000). Global water resources: vulnerability from climate change and population growth. Science, 289: 284–288
Wang L, Lyons J, Kanehl P, Bannerman R (2001). Impacts of urbanization on stream habitat and fish across multiple spatial scales. Environmental Management, 28(2): 255–266
Winter T C, Harvey J W, Franke O L, Alley W M (1998). GroundWater and Surface Water A Single Resource. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1139
Wu R S, Sue W, Chien C, Chang J, Lin K (2001). A simulation model for investigating the effects of rice paddy fields on the runoff system. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 33(6–7): 649–717