Integrated Measures of Anthropogenic Stress in the U.S. Great Lakes Basin

Environmental Management - Tập 39 - Trang 631-647 - 2007
Nicholas P. Danz1, Gerald J. Niemi1, Ronald R. Regal2, Tom Hollenhorst1, Lucinda B. Johnson1, JoAnn M. Hanowski1, Richard P. Axler1, Jan J. H. Ciborowski3, Thomas Hrabik4, Valerie J. Brady1, John R. Kelly5, John A. Morrice5, John C. Brazner6, Robert W. Howe7, Carol A. Johnston8, George E. Host1
1Center for Water and the Environment Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth, Duluth, USA
2Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, USA
3Department of Biological Sciences, University of Windsor, Windsor, Canada
4Department of Biology, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, USA
5Mid-Continent Ecology Division, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Duluth, USA
6Inland Waters Ecoservices, Nova Scotia, Canada
7Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin Green Bay, Green Bay, USA
8Center for Biocomplexity Studies, South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA

Tóm tắt

Integrated, quantitative expressions of anthropogenic stress over large geographic regions can be valuable tools in environmental research and management. Despite the fundamental appeal of a regional approach, development of regional stress measures remains one of the most important current challenges in environmental science. Using publicly available, pre-existing spatial datasets, we developed a geographic information system database of 86 variables related to five classes of anthropogenic stress in the U.S. Great Lakes basin: agriculture, atmospheric deposition, human population, land cover, and point source pollution. The original variables were quantified by a variety of data types over a broad range of spatial and classification resolutions. We summarized the original data for 762 watershed-based units that comprise the U.S. portion of the basin and then used principal components analysis to develop overall stress measures within each stress category. We developed a cumulative stress index by combining the first principal component from each of the five stress categories. Maps of the stress measures illustrate strong spatial patterns across the basin, with the greatest amount of stress occurring on the western shore of Lake Michigan, southwest Lake Erie, and southeastern Lake Ontario. We found strong relationships between the stress measures and characteristics of bird communities, fish communities, and water chemistry measurements from the coastal region. The stress measures are taken to represent the major threats to coastal ecosystems in the U.S. Great Lakes. Such regional-scale efforts are critical for understanding relationships between human disturbance and ecosystem response, and can be used to guide environmental decision-making at both regional and local scales.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Albert D. A., L. D. Minc. 2004. Plants as regional indicators of Great Lakes coastal wetland health. Aquatic Ecosyst Health Manage 7:233–247 Ameel J., E. Ruzycki, C. J. Owen, R. Axler. 1998. (revised 2003) Analytical chemistry and quality assurance procedures for natural water, wastewater, and sediment samples. Natural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota, Duluth Technical Report NRRI/TR-98/28. Duluth, Minnesota 55811 Arbia G. 1989. Statistical effect of data transformations: a proposed general framework. In M. Goodchild, S. Gopal (eds), The accuracy of spatial data bases. Taylor and Francis, London Pages 249–259 Axler R. P., C. J. Owen. 1994. Fluorometric measurement of chlorophyll and phaeophytin: Whom should you believe? Lake Reservoir Manage 8:143–151 Bailey R.G. 1989. Explanatory supplement to the ecoregions map of the continents. Envir Conserv 15:307–309 Beanlands G. E., W. J. Erckmann, G. H. Orians, J. O’Riordan, D. Policansky, M. S. Sada, B. Sadler (eds), 1986. Cumulative environmental effects: a binational perspective. Canadian Environmental Assessment Research Council/U.S. National Research Council, Ottawa and Washington, DC Becker G. V. 1983. Fishes of Wisconsin. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Wisconsin Bhagat Y. 2005. Fish indicators of anthropogenic stress at Great Lakes coastal margins: multimetric and multivariate approaches. MS Thesis, University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada, 119 pp Borcard D., P. Legendre, P. Drapeau. 1992. Partialling out the spatial component of ecological variation. Ecology 73:1045–1055 Boughton D. A., E. R. Smith, R. V. O’Neill. 1999. Regional vulnerability: a conceptual framework. Ecosystem Health 5:312–322 Brazner J. C. 1997. Regional, habitat, and human development influences on coastal wetland and beach fish assemblages in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. J Great Lakes Res 23:36–51 Brazner J.C., D. K. Tanner, D. A. Jensen, A. Lemke. 1998. Relative abundance and distribution of ruffe (Gymnocephalus cernuus) in a Lake Superior coastal wetland fish assemblage. J Great Lakes Res 24:293–303 Brazner J. C., D. A. Jensen. 1999. Zebra mussel [Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)] colonization of rusty crayfish [Orconectes rusticus (Girard)] in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Am Midland Naturalist 143:250–256 Bryce S. A., D. P. Larsen, R. M. Hughes, P. Kaufmann. 1999. Assessing relative risks to aquatic ecosystems: a mid-Appalachian case study. J Am Water Resources Assoc 35:23–36 Crosbie B., P. Chow-Fraser. 1999. Percentage land use in the watershed determines the water and sediment quality of 22 marshes in the Great Lakes basin. Can J Fisheries Aquatic Sci 56:1781–1791 Danz N. P., R. R. Regal, G. J. Niemi, V. Brady, T. Hollenhorst, L. B. Johnson, G. E. Host, J. M. Hanowski, C. A. Johnston, T. Brown, J. Kingston, J. R. Kelly. 2005. Environmentally stratified sampling design for the development of Great Lakes environmental indicators. Envir Monitoring Assessment 102:41–65 Detenbeck N. E., S. M. Galatowitsch, J. Atkinson, H. Ball. 1999. Evaluating perturbations and developing restoration strategies for inland wetlands in the Great Lakes Basin. Wetlands 19:789–820 Environment Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2003. State of the Great Lakes 2003. EPA 905-R-03-004, Governments of Canada and the U.S. Fore L. 2003. Developing biological indicators: Lessons learned from Mid-Atlantic streams. EPA 903/R-003/003. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Environmental Information and Mid-Atlantic Integrated Assessment Program, Region 3, Ft. Meade, Maryland Goodchild M. F., N. S-N. Lam. 1980. Areal interpolation: a variant of the traditional spatial problem. Geo-Processing 1:297–312 Gotway C. A., L. J. Young. 2002. Combining incompatible spatial data. J the American Statistical Association 97:632–648 Government of Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Association. 1995. The Great Lakes: An environmental atlas and resource book. 3rd ed. EPA 905-B-95-001, Chicago, Illinois Grabas G., S. Pemanen, A. Dove, M. Galloway, K. Holmes. 2004. Durham Region Coastal Wetland Monitoring Project: Year 2 Technical Report. Environment Canada and Central Lake Ontario Conservation Authority, Downsview, Ontario Hanowski J., N. Danz, J. Lind, G. Niemi, J. Sales. 2003. Birds of western Great Lakes forests. http://www.nrri.umn.edu/mnbirds/ Hartmann H. C. 1990. Climate change impacts on Laurentian Great Lakes levels. Climate Change 17:49–67 Hocutt C. H., E. O. Wiley. 1986. The zoogeography of North American freshwater fishes. Wiley, New York Holeck K. T., E. L. Mills, H. J. MacIsaac, M. R. Dochoda, R. I. Colautti, A. Ricciardi. 2004. Bridging troubled waters: biological invasions, transoceanic shipping, and the Laurentian Great Lakes. BioScience 54:919–929 Host G. E., J. Schuldt, J. J. Ciborowski, L. B. Johnson, T. Hollenhorst, C. Richards. 2005. Use of GIS and remotely sensed data for a priori identification of reference areas for Great Lakes coastal ecosystems. Int J Remote Sensing 26(23):5325–5341 Howe R. W., G. J. Niemi, S. J. Lewis, D. A. Welsh. 1998. A standard method for monitoring songbird populations in the Great Lakes region. Loon 70:188–197 Hughes R. M., P. R. Kaufman, A. T. Herlihy, T. M. Kincaid, L. Reynolds, D. P. Larsen. 1998. A process for developing and evaluating indices of fish assemblage integrity. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55:1618–1631 Hunsaker C. T., R. L. Graham, G. W. Suter II, R. V. O’Neill, L. W. Barnthouse, R. H. Gardner. 1990. Assessing ecological risk on a regional scale. Envir Manage 14:325–332 International Joint Commission. 2003. Status of restoration activities in Great Lakes Areas of Concern: a special report. http://www.ijc.org/php/publications/html/aoc_rep/english/report/index.html James F. C., C. E. McCulloch. 1990. Multivariate analysis in ecology and systematics: panacea or Pandora’s box? Annu Rev Ecol System 21:129–166 Karr J. R. 1995. Using biological criteria to protect ecological health. in D. J. Rapport, C. Gaudet, P. Calow (eds), Evaluating and monitoring the health of large scale ecosystems. Springer-Verlag, New York pp 137–152 Karr J. R., E. W. Chu. 1999. Restoring life in running waters: better biological monitoring. Island Press, Washington, DC Kerans B. L., J. R. Karr. 1994. A benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) for rivers of the Tennessee Valley. Ecol Applic 4:768–785 Kling G. W., K. Hayhoe, L. B. Johnson, J. J. Magnuson, S. Polasky, S. K. Robinson, B. J. Shuter, M. M. Wander, D. J. Wuebbles, D. R. Zak, R. L. Lindroth, S. C. Moser, M. L. Wilson. 2003. Confronting climate change in the Great Lakes region: impacts on our communities and ecosystems. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and Ecological Society of America, Washington, DC Kunkel K., S. A. Changon, T. E. Croley II, F. H. Quinn. 1998. Transposed climates for study of water supply variability on the Laurentian Great Lakes. Climate Change 38:387–404 Locantore N. W., L. T. Tran, R. V. O’Neill, P. W. McKinnis, E. R. Smith, M. O’Connell. 2004. An overview of data integration methods for regional assessment. Envir Monit Assess 94:249–261 Lougheed V. L., B. Crosbie, P. Chow-Fraser. 2001. Primary determinants of macrophyte community structure in 62 marshes across the Great Lakes basin: latitude, land use, and water quality effects. Can J Fish Aquatic Sci 58:1603–1612 Magnuson J. J., K. E. Webster, R. A. Assel, C. J. Bowser, P. J. Dillon, J. G. Eaton, H. E. Evans, R. J. Fee, R. I. Hall, L. R. Mortsch, D. W. Schindler, F. W. Quinn. 1997. Potential effects of climate changes on aquatic systems: Laurentian Great Lakes and Precambrian shield region. Hydrol Processes 11:825–871 Markhoff J., G. Shapiro. 1973. The linkage of data describing overlapping geographical units. Historical Methods Newslett 7:34–46 Miller C. M. 2003. Effects of anthropogenic development on breeding bird abundance and communities. MS Thesis, University of Minnesota Duluth, 67 pp Mortsch L. D. 1998. Assessing the impact of climate change on the Great Lakes shoreline wetlands. Climate Change 40:391–416 Mortsch L. D., F. H. Quinn. 1996. Climate change scenarios for Great Lakes Basin ecosystem studies. Limnol Oceanography 41:903–416 Nichols J., S. Bradbury, J. Swartout. 1999. Derivation of wildlife values for mercury. J Toxicol Envir Health Part B 2:325–355 Niemi G. J., M. E. McDonald. 2004. Application of ecological indicators. Annu Rev Ecol Evolution Systematics 35:89–111 Niemi G. J., D. Wardrop, R. Brooks, S. Anderson, V. Brady, H. Paerl, C. Rakocinski, M. Brouwer, B. Levinson, M. McDonald. 2004. Rationale for a new generation of indicator for coastal waters. Envir Health Perspect 112:979–986 O’Connell T. J., L. E. Jackson, R. P. Brooks. 1998. Bird guilds as indicators of ecological condition in the central Appalachians. Ecol Applic 10:1706–1721 O’Neill R. V., C. T. Hunsaker, K. B. Jones, K. H. Riiters, J. D. Wickham, P. Schwarz, I. A. Goodman, B. Jackson, W. S. Baillargeon. 1997. Monitoring environmental quality at the landscape scale. BioScience 47:513–519 Reavie E. D., R. P. Axler, G. V. Sgro, J. C. Kingston, A. R. Kireta, T. N. Brown, N. P. Danz, and T. P. Hollenhorst. 2006. Diatom-based weighted-averaging models for Great Lakes coastal water quality: relationships to watershed characteristics. Journal of Great Lakes Research 32:321–347 Rencher A. C. 1995. Methods of multivariate analysis. John Wiley & Sons, New York, New York Ricciardi A. 2001. Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders: is an ‘invasional meltdown’ occurring in the Great Lakes? Can J Fisheries Aquat Sci 58:2513–2525 Richards C., L. B. Johnson, G. E. Host. 1996. Landscape-scale influences on stream habitats and biota. Can J Fisheries Aquat Sci 53:295–311 Shoemaker D. J. 1994. Cumulative environmental assessment. Department of Geography Publication Series, Number 42, University of Waterloo, Ontario Smith E. R., R. V. O’Neill, J. D. Wickham, K. B. Jones, L. Jackson, J. V. Kilaru, R. Reuter. 2000. The U.S. EPA’s Regional Vulnerability Assessment Program: a research strategy for 2001–2006. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina Stehman S. V., J. D. Wickham, J. H. Smith, L. Yang. 2003. Thematic accuracy of the 1992 National Land-Cover Data (NLCD) for the eastern United States: statistical methodology and regional results. Remote Sensing Envir 86:500–516 Strayer D. L., R. E. Beighly, L. C. Thompson, S. Brooks, C. Nilsson, G. Pinay, R. J. Naiman. 2003. Effects of land cover on stream ecosystems: roles of empirical models and scaling issues. Ecosystems 6:407–423 The Nature Conservancy. 1994. The conservation of biological diversity in the Great Lakes ecosystem: Issues and opportunities. The Nature Conservancy Great Lakes Program, Chicago, Illinois ter Braak C. J. F., P. Šmilauer. 1998. CANOCO reference manual and user’s guide to Canoco for Windows: Software for Canonical Community Ordination (version 4). Microcomputer Power, Ithaca, New York Timmermans S. T. A., G. E. Craigie. 2003. The Great Lakes Coastal Wetlands Consortium Year-One Pilot Project research indicator activities: A technical report by Bird Studies Canada. Marsh Monitoring Program, Bird Studies Canada Tran L. T., C. G. Knight, R. V. O’Neill, E. R. Smith, M. O’Connell. 2003. Self-organizing maps for integrated environmental assessment of the mid-Atlantic region. Envir Manage 31:822–825 Tran L. T., C. G. Knight, R. V. O’Neill, E. R. Smith. 2004. Integrated environmental assessment of the mid-Atlantic region with analytical network process. Envir Monit Assess 94:263–277 Trebitz A. S., J. C. Brazner, V. J. Brady, R. Axler, D. K. Tanner. Turbidity tolerances of Great Lakes coastal wetlands fishes. (In review) United States and Canada. 1978. Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement. International Joint Commission, Windsor, Ontario Uzarski D. G., T. M. Burton, J. A. Genet. 2004. Validation and performance of an invertebrate index of biotic integrity for Lakes Huron and Michigan fringing wetlands during a period of lake level decline. Aquatic Ecosyst Health Manage 7:269–288 Uzarski D. G., T. M. Burton, M. J. Cooper, J. W. Ingram, S. Timmermans. 2005. Fish habitat use within and across wetland classes in coastal wetlands of the five Great Lakes: development of a fish-based Index of Biotic Integrity. J Great Lakes Res 31:171–187 Vitousek P. M., J. Aber, R. W. Howarth, G. E. Likens, P. A. Matson, D. W. Schindler, W. H. Schlesinger, G. D. Tilman. 1997. Human alteration of the global nitrogen cycle: causes and consequences. Issues in ecology 1. Special publication, Ecological Society of America, 15 pp Vogelmann J. E., S. M. Howard, L. Yang, C. R. Larson, B. K. Wylie, N. Van Driel. 2001. Completion of the 1990s National Land Cover Data Set for the Conterminous United States from Landsat thematic mapper data and ancillary data sources. Photogram Eng Remote Sensing 67:650–652 Wickham J. D., K. B. Jones, K. H. Riitters, R. V. O’Neill, R. D. Tankersly, E. R. Smith (1999) An integrated environmental assessment of the U.S. mid-Atlantic region. Envir Manage 24:553–560