Insights into Cave Architecture and the Role of Bacterial Biofilm

Schopf JW, Walter MR (1983) Archean microfossils: new evidence of ancient microbes. In: Schopf JW (ed) Earth’s earliest biosphere: its origins and evolution. Princeton University Press, Princeton, pp 214–239

Douglas S (2005) Minerological footprints of microbial life. Am J Sci 305:503–525

Seckbach J, Oren A, Chela-Flores J (2008) EPSC Abstracts 3: EPSC2008-A-00576

Newman DK, Banfield JF (2002) Geomicrobiology: how molecular-scale interactions underpin geochemical systems. Science 296:1071–1077

Barton HA, Northup DE (2007) Geomicrobiology in cave environments: past, current and future perspectives. J Cave Karst Stud 69:163–178

Amann RI, Ludwig W, Schleifer KH (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cells without cultivation. Microbiol Rev 59:143–169

Banfield JF, Nealson KH (1997) Geomicrobiology: interactions between microbes and minerals. In: Ribbe PH (ed) Reviews in minerology, vol 35. Mineralogical Society of America, Washington DC, p 448

Pace NR (1997) A molecular view of microbial diversity and the biosphere. Science 276:734–740

Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR (1998) Impact of culture independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity. J Bacteriol 180:4765–4774

Baskar S, Baskar R, Lee N, Kaushik A, Theophilus PK (2008) Precipitation of iron in microbial mats of the spring waters of Borra Caves, Vishakapatnam, India: some geomicrobiological aspects. Environ Geol 56:237–243

Stevens T (1997) Lithoautotrophy in the subsurface. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20:327–337

Kinkle B, Kane TC (2000) Chemolithoautotrophic microorganisms and their potential role in subsurface environments. In: Wilkens H, Culver DC, Humphreys WF (eds) Ecosystems of the world 30. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 309–318

Sarbu SM, Kane TC, Kinkle BK (1996) A chemoautotrophically based cave ecosystem. Science 272:1953–1955

Vlasceanu L, Sarbu SM, Engel AS, Kinkle BK (2000) Acidic cave wall biofilms located in the Frasassi Gorge, Italy. Geomicrobiol J 17:125–139

Schabereiter-Gurtner C, Saiz-Jimenez C, Pin˜ar G, Lubitz W, Ro¨lleke S (2003) Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria associated with Paleolithic paintings and surrounding rock walls in two Spanish caves (Llony’on and La Garma). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 1606:1–13

Engel AS, Porter ML, Stern LA, Quinlan S, Bennett PC (2004) Bacterial diversity and ecosystem function of filamentous microbial mats from aphotic (cave) sulfidic springs dominated by chemolithoautotrophic ‘‘Epsilonproteobacteria’’. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 51:31–53

Costerton JW, Cheng KJ, Geesey GG, Ladd TI, Nickel JC, Dasgupta M, Marrie TJ (1987) Bacterial biofilms in nature and disease. Annu Rev Microbiol 41:435–464

Baskar S, Baskar R, Kaushik A (2007) Evidences for microbial involvement in the genesis of speleothem carbonates, Borra Caves, Visakhapatnam India. Curr Sci 92(3):350–355

Gillieson D (1996) Caves, processes, development, and management. Blackwell, Oxford, p 324

Baskar S, Baskar R, Lee N, Theophilus PK (2009) Speleothems from Mawsmai and Krem Phyllut caves, Meghalaya, India: some evidences on biogenic activities. Environ Geol 57:1169–1186

Krajick K (2001) Cave biologists unearth buried treasure. Science 293:2378–2381

Barton HA (2006) Introduction to cave microbiology: a review for the non-specialists. J Cave Karst Stud 68(2):43–64

Klimchouk AB, Ford DC, Palmer AN, Dreybrodt W (2000) Speleogenesis: evolution of Karstic aquifers. National Speleological Society, Huntsville 528

Northup DE, Lavoie KH (2001) Geomicrobiology of caves: a review. Geomicrobiol J 18:199–220

Zhou JP, Gu YQ, Zou CS, Mo MH (2007) Phylogenetic diversity of bacteria in an earth-cave in Guizhou province southwest of China. J Microbiol 45(2):105–112

Joshi SR, Saikia P, Pyngrope MH (2009) Microbial communities associated with cave systems in Meghalaya, India. On J Biotech Res 1(3):84–92

Poulson TL, Lavoie KH (2000) The trophic basis of subsurface ecosystems. In: Wilkens DC, Culver DC, Humphreys WF (eds) Ecosystems of the world 30. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 231–249

Simon KS, Benfield EF, Macko SA (2003) Food web structure and the role of epilithic biofilms in cave streams. Ecology 84:2395–2406

Egemeier SJ (1981) Cavern development by thermal waters. NSS Bull 43:31–51

Angert ER, Northup DE, Reysenbach AL, Peek AS, Goebel BM, Pace NR (1998) Molecular phylogenetic analysis of a bacterial community in Sulphur River, Parker Cave, Kentucky. Am Miner 83:1583–1592

Hose LD, Palmer AN, Palmer MV, Northup DE, Boston PJ, DuChene HR (2000) Microbiology and geochemistry in a hydrogen sulphide-rich karst environment. Chem Geol 169:399–423

Biswas J (2009) The biodiversity of Krem Mawkhyrdop of Meghalaya, India, on the verge of extinction. Curr Sci 96(7):904–910

Pasic L, Kovce B, Sket B, Herzog-Velikonja B (2010) Diversity of microbial communities colonizing the walls of a Karstic cave in Slovenia. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 71:50–60

Moore GW (1952) Speleothem-a new cave term. NSS News 10:2

Cox G, James JM, Leggett KEA, Osborne RAL (1989) Cyanobacterially deposited speleothems: subaerial stromatolites. Geomicrobiol J 7:245–252

Provencio PP, Polyak VJ (2001) Iron-oxide-rich filaments: possible fossil bacteria in Lechuguilla Cave, New Mexico. Geomicrobiol J 18:297–309

Sarbu SM, Kinkle BK, Vlasceanu L, Kane TC, Popa R (1994) Microbiological characterization of a sulfide-rich groundwater ecosystem. Geomicrobiol J 12:175–182

Andreychuk VN, Klimchouk AB (2001) Geomicrobiology and redox chemistry of the karstified miocene gypsum aquifer, western Ukraine: the study from Zoloushka Cave. Geomicrobiol J 18:275–295

Hill CA, Forti P (1997) Cave minerals of the world, 2nd edn. Huntsville, Alabama 463

Cañaveras JC, Cuezva S, Sanchez-Moral S, Lario J, Laiz L, Gonzalez JM, Saiz-Jimenez C (2006) On the origin of fiber calcite crystals in moonmilk deposits. Naturwissenschaften 93:27–32

Gradzinski M, Szulc J, Smyk B (1997) Microbial agents: of moonmilk calcification. In: Jeannin PY (ed) Proceedings of the 12th international congress of speleology, vol 1. Swiss Speleological Society, La Chaux-de-Fonds, pp 275–278

Borsato A, Frisia S, Jones B, Van der Borg K (2000) Calcite moonmilk: crystal morphology and environment of formation in caves in the Italian Alps. J Sediment Res 70(5):1179–1190

Forti P (2001) Biogenic speleothems: an overview. Int J Speleol 30A(1/4):39–56

Jones B, Kahle CF (1986) Dendritic calcite crystals formed by calcification of algal filaments in a vadose environment. J Sediment Petrol 56(2):217–227

Phillips SE, Self PG (1987) Morphology, crystallography and origin of needle-fibre calcite in quaternary pedogenic calcretes of South Australia. Aust J Soil Res 25:429–444

Verrecchia EP, Verrecchia KE (1994) Needle-fiber calcite: a critical review and a proposed classification. J Sediment Res A64:650–664

Vlasceanu L, Popa R, Kinkle B (1997) Characterization of Thiobacillus thioparus LV43 and its distribution in a chemoautotrophically based groundwater ecosystem. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3123–3127

Megušar F, Sket B (1977) On the nature of some organic covers on the cave walls. In: Proceedings of the 6th international congress of speleology, Academia, Olomouc, pp 159–161

Mulec J, Zalar P, Zupan Hajna N, Rupnik M (2002) Screening for culturable microorganisms from cave environments (Slovenia). Acta carsologica 31(2):177–187

Sarma B, Acharya C, Joshi SR (2010) Pseudomonads: a versatile bacterial group exhibiting dual resistance to metals and antibiotics. Afr J Microbiol Res 4(25):2828–2835

Groth IR, Vettermann B, Schuetze P, Schumann Saiz-JimenezC (1999) Actinomycetes in Karstic caves of northern Spain (Altamira and Tito Bustillo). J Microbiol Methods 36:115–122

Gerič BT, Pipan MulecJ (2004) Diversity of culturable bacteria and meiofauna in the epikarst of Škocjanske jame caves (Slovenia). Acta carsologica 33(1):301–309

Macalady JL, Jones DS, Lyon EH (2007) Extremely acidic, pendulous cave wall biofilms from the Frasassi cave system Italy. Environ Microbiol 9(6):1402–1414

Roldán M, Hernández-Mariné M (2009) Exploring the secrets of the three dimensional architecture of phototrophic biofilms in caves. Int J Spelaeol 38(1):41–53

Prakash B, Veeregowda BM, Krishnappa G (2003) Biofilms: a survival strategy of bacteria. Curr Sci 85:1299–1307

Golubic S, Schneider J (2003) Microbial endoliths as internal biofilms. In: Krumbein WE, Dornieden T, Volkmann M, Paterson DM, Zavarzin GA (eds) Fossil and recent biofilms: a natural history of life on earth. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 249–263

Brading MG, Boyle J, Lappin-Scott HM (1995) Biofilm formation in laminar flow using Pseudomonas fluorescens EX 101. J Ind Microbiol 15:297–304

Bryers JD (1987) Biologically active surfaces: processes governing the formation and persistence of biofilms. Biotechnol Progr 3:57–68

Bagge D, Hjelm M, Johansen C, Huber I, Gram L (2001) Shewanella putrefaciens adhesion and biofilm formation on food processing surfaces. Appl Environ Microbiol 67:2319–2325

Jones B, Motyka A (1987) Biogenic structures and micrite in stalactites from Grand Cayman Island, British West Indies. Can J Earth Sci 24(7):1402–1411

Jones B (2001) Microbial activity in caves-a geological perspective. Geomicrobiol J 18:345–358

Baskar S, Baskar R, Mauclaire L, McKenzie JA (2006) Microbially induced calcite precipitation in culture experiments: possible origin for stalactites in Sahastradhara caves, Dehradun, India. Curr Sci 90(1):58–64

Movile SarbuSM (2000) Cave: a chemoautotrophically based groundwater ecosystem. In: Culver DC, Humphreys WF, Wilkens H (eds) Subterranean ecosystems. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 319–343

Engel AS, Porter ML, Kinkle BK, Kane TC (2001) Ecological assessment and geological significance of microbial communities from Cesspool cave, Virginia. Geomicrobiol J 18:259–274

Engel AS, Lee N, Porter ML, Stern LA, Bennett PC, Wagner M (2003) Filamentous ‘Epsilonproteobacteria’ dominate microbial mats from sulfidic cave springs. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:5503–5511

Macalady JL, Lyon EH, Koffman B, Albertson LK, Meyer K, Galdenzi S, Mariani S (2006) Dominant microbial populations in limestone-corroding stream biofilms, Frasassi cave system Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 72(8):5596–5609

Contos AK, James JM, Heywood B, Pitt K, Rogers P (2001) Morphoanalysis of bacterially precipitated subaqueous calcium carbonate from Weebubbie cave, Australia. Geomicrobiol J 18:331–343

Orme CA, Noy A, Wierzbicki A, McBride MT, Grantham M, Teng HH, Dove PM, DeYoreo JJ (2001) Formation of chiral morphologies through selective binding of amino acids to calcite surface steps. Nature 411:775–779

Holmes AJ, Tujula NA, Holley M, Contos A, James JM, Rogers P, Gillings MR (2001) Phylogenetic structure of unusual aquatic microbial formations in Nullarbor caves, Australia. Environ Microbiol 3:256–264

Portillo MC, Gonzalez JM, Saiz-Jimenez C (2008) Metabolically active microbial communities of yellow and grey colonizations on the walls of Altamira cave, Spain. J Appl Microbiol 104:681–691

Portillo MC, Porca E, Cuezva S, Sanchez-Moral S, Gonzalez JM (2009) Is the availability of different nutrients a critical factor for the impact of bacteria on subterraneous carbon budgets? Naturwissenschaften 96:1035–1042

Portillo MC, Saiz-Jimenez C, Gonzalez JM (2009) Molecular characterization of total and metabolically active bacterial communities of ‘‘white colonizations’’ in Altamira cave, Spain. Res Microbiol 160:41–47

Cuezva S, Sanchez-Moral S, Saiz-Jimenez C, Can˜averas JC (2009) Microbial communities and associated mineral fabrics in Altamira cave. Intl J Speleol 38:83–92

Butler JN (1982) Carbon dioxide equilibria and their applications. Addison-Wesley, Okhla, p 259

Portillo MC, Gonzalez JM (2010) Differential effects of distinct bacterial biofilms in a cave environment. Curr Microbiol 60:435–438

Stomeo F, Portillo MC, Gonzalez JM (2009) Assessment of bacterial and fungal growth on natural substrates: consequences for preserving caves with prehistoric paintings. Curr Microbiol 59:321–325

Madigan M, Martinko J, Parker J (2003) Brock biology of microorganisms. Prentice Hall Inc, Upper Saddle River

Cunningham KI, Northup DE, Pollastro RM, Wright WG, LaRock EJ (1995) Bacteria, fungi and biokarst in Lechuguilla cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico. Environ Geol 25:2–8

Northup DE, Carr DL, Crocker MT, Cunningham KI, Hawkins LK, Leonard P, Welbourn WC (1994) Biological investigations in Lechuguilla Cave, Carlsbad Caverns National Park New Mexico. Bull NSS 56:54–63

Northup DE, Reysenbach AL, Pace NR (1997) Microorganisms and speleothems. In: Hill CA, Forti P (eds) Cave minerals of the world. Huntsville, NSS, pp 261–266

Rivadeneyra MA, Delgado R, Delgado G, Del Moral A, Ferrer MR, Ramos-Cormenza A (1993) Precipitation of carbonate by Bacillus sp. isolated from saline soils. Geomicrobiol J 11:175–184

Warthmann R, Lith YV, Vasconcelos C, McKenzie JA, Karpoff AM (2000) Bacterially induced dolomite precipitation in anoxic culture experiments. Geology 28:1091–1094

Baskar S, Baskar R, Mauclaire L, McKenzie JA (2005) Role of microbial community in stalactite formation, Sahastradhara caves, Dehradun, India. Curr Sci 88:1305–1308

Melim LA, Shinglman KM, Boston PJ, Northup DE, Spilde MN, Queen JM (2001) Evidence of microbial involvement in pool finger precipitation, Hidden cave, New Mexico. Geomicrobiol J 18:311–330

Boston PJ, Spilde MN, Northup DE, Melim LA, Soroka DA, Kleina LG, Lavoie KH, Hose LD, Mallory LM, Dahm CN, Crossey LJ, Scheble RT (2001) Cave biosignature suites: microbes, minerals and Mars. Astrobiology 1:25–55

Riding R (2000) Microbial carbonates: the geological record of calcified bacterial–algal mats and biofilms. Sedimentology 47:179–214

Castanier S, Le M’etayer-Levrel G, Perthuisot JP (2000) Bacterial roles in the precipitation of carbonate minerals. In: Riding RE, Awramik SM (eds) Microbial sediments. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 32–39

Palmer AN (1991) Origin and morphology of limestone caves. Geol Soc Am Bull 103:1–21

Engel AS (2000) Microbially-enhanced weathering in subsurface habitats: sulfuroxidixing bacteria and the cave environment. In: Onac B, Tamas T (eds) Proceedings of the friends of Karst meeting, Cluj, Romania. Karst studies and problems: 2000 and beyond, pp 130–134

Hose L, Pisarowicz J (1999) Cueva de Villa Luz, Tobasco, Mexico: reconnaissance study of an active sulfur spring cave and ecosystem. J Cave Karst Stud 6:13–21

Hubbard DA, Herman JS, Bell PE (1990) Speleogenesis in a travertine scarp: observations of sulfide oxidation in the subsurface. In: Herman JS, Hubbard DA (eds) Travertinemarl: stream deposits in Virginia: Charlottesville, Virginia Department of Mines, Minerals and Energy, Division of Mineral Resources, pp 177–184

Galdenzi S, Menichetti M (1995) Occurrence of hypogenic caves in a karst region: examples from central Italy. Environ Geol 26:39–47

Hill CA (1990) Sulfuric acid speleogenesis of Carlsbad Cavern and its relationship to hydrocarbons, Delaware Basin, New Mexico and Texas. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull 74:1685–1694

Jagnow DH, Hill CA, Davis DG, DuChene HR, Cunningham KI, Northup DE, Queen JM (2000) History of the sulfuric acid theory of speleogenesis in the Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico. J Cave Karst Stud 62:54–59

Teske A, Nelson DC (2006) The Genera Beggiatoa spp. and Thioploca. Retrieved November 20, 2006, from file:///Volumes/homes/chaprender/jsp/showchap.jsp?chapnum=432

Eastman D (2007) Sulfur-cycling and microorganisms of the Frasassi cave system, Italy. Thesis, University of Vermont Burlington

Vasconcelos C, McKenzie JA, Bernasconi S, Grujic D, Tien AJ (1995) Nature 377:220–222

Singer PC, Stumm W (1970) Acidic mine drainage: the rate determining step. Science 167:1121–1123

Konhauser KO (1998) Diversity of bacterial iron mineralization. Earth Sci Rev 43:91–121

Schieber J (2004) Ground water-fed iron rich microbial mats in a fresh water creek: growth cycles and fossilization potential of microbial features. Lunar Planet Sci 35:1369–1370

Fortin D, Langley S (2005) Formation and occurrence of biogenic iron-rich minerals. Earth Sci Rev 72(1–2):1–19

Faust B (1949) The formation of saltpeter in caves. Bull NSS 11:17–23

Fliermans CB, Schmidt EL (1977) Nitrobacter in Mammoth cave. Int J Spelaeol 9:1–19

Jameson RA, Boyer DG, Alexander EC Jr (1994) Nitrogen isotope analysis of high-nitrate and other karst waters and leached sediments at Friar’s Hole cave, West Virginia. In: Sasowsky ID, Palmer MV (eds) Breakthroughs in karst geomicrobiology and redox geochemistry: Abstracts and field-trip guide for the symposium held February 16 through 19, 1994, Colorado Springs, Colorado, Karst Waters Institute pp 36–37

Jones B (1992) Manganese precipitates in the karst terrain of Grand Cayman, British West Indies. Can J Earth Sci 29:1125–1139

Tebo BM, Ghiorse WC, van Waasbergen LG, Siering PL, Caspi R (1997) Bacterially mediated mineral formation: insights into manganese(II) oxidation from molecular genetic and biochemical studies. Rev Mineral 35:225–266

Onac BP, Pedersen RB, Tysseland M (1997) Presence of rare earth elements in black ferromanganese coatings from Vântului cave (Romania). J Cave Karst Stud 59:128–131

Northup DE, Dahm CN, Melim LA, Spilde MN, Crossey LJ, Lavoie KH, Mallory LM, Boston PJ, Cunningham KI, Barns SM (2000) Evidence for geomicrobiological interactions in Guadalupe caves. J Cave Karst Stud 62:80–90

Jones DS, Tobler DJ, Schaperdoth I, Mainiero M, Macalady JL (2010) Community structure of subsurface biofilms in the thermal sulfidic caves of Acquasanta Terme, Italy. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(17):5902–5910

Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM (1995) Microbial biofilms. Annu Rev Microbiol 49:711–745

Harries DB, Ware FJ, Fischer CW, Biswas J, Kharpran-Daly BD (2008) A review of the biospeleology of Meghalaya, India. J Cave Karst Stud 70(3):163–176

Elton CS (1927) Animal ecology. Macmillan, New York

Hutchinson GE (1959) Homage to Santa Rosalia or why are there so many kinds of animals? Am Nat 93:145–159

Moore JC, Berlow EL, Coleman DC, de Ruiter PC, Dong Q, Hastings A, Collins-Johnson N, McCann KS, Melville K, Morin PJ, Nadelhoffer K, Rosemond AD, Post DM, Sabo JL, Scow KM, Vanni MJ, Wall D (2004) Detritus, trophic dynamics, and biodiversity. Ecol Lett 7:584–600

Chelius MK, Beresford G, Horton H, Quirk M, Selby G, Simpson RT, Horrocks R, Moore JC (2009) Impacts of alterations of organic inputs on the bacterial community within the sediments of Wind cave, South Dakota, USA. Int J Speleol 38(1):1–10

Laiz L, Groth I, Gonzalez I, Saiz-Jimenez C (1999) Microbiological study of the dripping water in Altamira cave (Santillana del Mar, Spain). J Microbiol Methods 36:129–138

Azúa-Bustos A, González-Silva C, Mancilla RA, Salas L, Palma RE, Wynne JJ, McKay CP, Vicuña R (2009) Ancient photosynthetic eukaryote biofilms in an Atacama Desert Coastal cave. Microb Ecol 58:485–496

Sket B (1999) The nature of biodiversity in hypogean waters and how it is endangered. Biodivers Conserv 8:1319–1338

Moore JC, de Ruiter PC (2000) Invertebrates in detrital food webs along gradients of productivity. In: Coleman DC, Hendrix PF (eds) Invertebrates as webmasters in ecosystems. CABI, Oxford, pp 161–184

Head IM, Saunders JR, Pickup RW (1998) Microbial evolution, diversity, and ecology, a decade of ribosomal RNA analysis of uncultivated microorganisms. Microb Ecol 35:1–21

Barton HA, Taylor NM, Kreate MP, Springer AC, Oehrle SA, Bertog JL (2007) The impact of host rock geochemistry on bacterial community structure in oligotrophic cave environments. Int J Speleol 36(2):93–104

Jones DS, Albrecht HL, Dawson KS, Schaperdoth I, Freeman KH, Pi Y, Pearson A, Macalady JL (2012) Community genomic analysis of an extremely acidophilic sulfur-oxidizing biofilm. ISME J 6:158–170

Schleper C, Puehler G, Holz I, Gambacorta A, Janekovic D, Santarius U et al (1995) Picrophilus gen. nov., fam. nov.: a novel aerobic, heterotrophic, thermoacidophilic genus and family comprising archaea capable of growth around pH 0. J Bacteriol 177:7050–7059

Inskeep W, Rusch D, Jay Z, Herrgard M, Kozubal M, Richardson T et al (2010) Metagenomes from high-temperature chemotrophic systems reveal geochemical controls on microbial community structure and function. PLoS ONE 5:e9773

Johnson D, Hallberg K (2003) The microbiology of acidic mine waters. Res Microbiol 154:466–473

Tyson G, Chapman J, Hugenholtz P, Allen E, Ram R, Richardson P et al (2004) Community structure and metabolism through reconstruction of microbial genomes from the environment. Nature 428:37–43

Peck SB (1986) Bacterial deposition of iron and manganese oxides in North American caves. Bull NSS 48:26–30

Campbell BJ, Engel AS, Porter ML, Takai K (2006) The versatile e-proteobacteria: key players in sulphidic habitats. Nat Rev Microbiol 4:458–468

Nakagawa S, Takai K (2008) Deep-sea vent chemoautotrophs: diversity, biochemistry and ecological significance. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 65:1–14

Sievert SM, Scott KM, Klotz MG, Chain PSG, Hauser LJ, Hemp J, Hugler M, Land M, Lapidus A, Larimer FW, Lucas S, Malfatti SA, Meyer F, Paulsen IT, Ren Q, Simon J, USF Genomics Class (2008) Genome of the epsilonproteobacterial chemolithoautotroph Sulfurimonas denitrificans. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1145–1156

Mulec J (2008) Microorganisms in hypogean: examples from Slovenian karst caves. Acta carsologica 37(1):153–160

Zalar P, Hennebert GL, Gunde-Cimerman N, Cimerman A (1997) Mucor troglophilus, a new species from cave crickets. Mycotaxon 65:507–516

Gunde-Cimerman N, Zalar P, Jeram S (1998) Mycoflora of cave cricket Troglophillus neglectus cadavers. Mycopathologia 141:111–114

Glavan G (1997) Production of enzymes by Mucor fungi, isolated from cave cricket Troglophilus neglectus. Graduation thesis, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, pp 64

Danielli HMC, Edington MA (1983) Bacterial calcification in limestone caves. Geomicrobiol J 3:1–16

Seckbach J, Chela-Flores J (2007) Extremophiles and chemotrophs as contributors to astrobiological signatures on Europa: a review of biomarkers of sulfate-reducers and other microorganisms. In: Hoover RB, Levin GV, Rozanov AY, Davies PCW (eds) Instruments, methods, and missions for astrobiology X. Proc SPIE 6694:66940W

Borsodi AK, Knáb M, Krett G, Makk J, Márialigeti K, Erőss A, Mádl-Szőnyi J (2012) Biofilm bacterial communities inhabiting the cave walls of the Buda thermal karst system, Hungary. Geomicrobiol J 29:611–627

Roberts JA, Bennett PC, Gonzalez LA, Macpherson GL, Milliken KL (2004) Microbial precipitation of dolomite in methanogenic groundwater. Geology 32:277–280

Kim J, Dong H, Seabaugh J, Newell SW, Eberl DD (2004) Role of microbes in the smectite-to-illite reaction. Science 303:830–832

Friedmann EI, Ocampo R (1976) Endolithic blue-green algae in the dry valleys: primary producers in the Antarctic Desert ecosystem. Science 193(4259):1247–1249

Bell RA (1993) Cryptoendolithic algae of hot semiarid lands and deserts. J Phycol 29:133–139

Chappelle FH, O’Neill K, Bradley PM, Methé BA, Ciufo SA, Knobel LL, Lovley DR (2002) A hydrogen-based subsurface microbial community dominated by methanogens. Nature 415:312–315

Coveney RM Jr, Goebel ED, Zeller EJ, Dreschoff GAM, Angino EE (1987) Serpentinization and the origin of hydrogen gas in Kansas. Am Assoc Pet Geol Bull 71:39–48

Lin L-H, Slater GF, Lollar BS, Lacrampe-Couloume G, Onstott TC (2005) The yield and isotopic composition of radiolytic H2, a potential energy source for the deep subsurface biosphere. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 69:893–903

Cigna AA (1993) Environmental management of tourist caves: the examples of Grotta di Castellana and Grotta Grande del Vento, Italy. Environ Geol 21:173–180

Bastian F, Alabouvette C (2009) Lights and shadows on the conservation of a rock art cave: the case of Lascaux cave. Int J Speleol 38(1):55–60

Can˜averas JC, Sanchez-Moral S, Soler V, Saiz-Jimenez C (2001) Microorganisms and microbially induced fabrics in cave walls. Geomicrobiol J 18:223–240

Laiz L, Gonzalez-Delvalle M, Hermosin B, Ortiz-Martinez A, Saiz-Jimenez C (2003) Isolation of cave bacteria and substrate utilization at different temperatures. Geomicrobiol J 20:479–489

Hoppert M, Flies C, Pohl W, Gunzl B, Schneider J (2004) Colonization strategies of lithotrophic microorganisms on carbonate rocks. Environ Geol 46:421–428

Rodriguez-Navarro C, Rodriguez-Gallego M, Chekroun KB, Gonzalez-Muñoz MT (2003) Conservation of ornamental stone by Myxococcus xanthus-induced carbonate biomineralization. Appl Environ Microbiol 69:2182–2193

Crispima CA, Gaylardeb CC, Gaylardea PM (2004) Biofilms on church walls in Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil, with special attention to cyanobacteria. Int Biodeterm Biodegrad 54:121–124

Ghosh A (2012) Exploration of microbial diversity for novel products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., India, Sect. B 82(S2):301–304

Nakaew N, Pathom-aree W, Lumyong S (2009) Generic diversity of rare actinomycetes from Thai cave soils and their possible use as new bioactive compounds. Actinomycetologica 23(2):21–26

Huntera KS, Wangb Y, Cappellena PV (1998) Kinetic modeling of microbially-driven redox chemistry of subsurface environments: coupling transport, microbial metabolism and geochemistry. J Hydrol 209:53–80

Rajput Y, Biswas J, Rai V (2012) Potentiality test in antimicrobial activity and antibiotic sensitivity of subterranean Streptomyces strains isolated from Kotumsar cave of India. Int J Biol Chem 6(2):53–60