Insight into the self-discharge suppression of electrochemical capacitors: Progress and challenges

Abdul, 2020, Investigating the effects of renewable energy on international trade and environmental quality, J. Environ. Manag., 272 Gozgor, 2020, The impact of economic globalization on renewable energy in the OECD countries, Energy Pol., 139, 10.1016/j.enpol.2020.111365 Liu, 2019, China’ s renewable energy law and policy : A critical review, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 99, 212, 10.1016/j.rser.2018.10.007 Mbungu, 2020, An overview of renewable energy resources and grid integration for commercial building applications, J. Energy Storage, 29 Shang, 2019, Achieving high energy density and efficiency through integration: Progress in hybrid zinc batteries, J. Mater. Chem. A., 7, 15564, 10.1039/C9TA04710G Pickl, 2019, The renewable energy strategies of oil majors – from oil to energy?, Energy Strategy Rev., 26, 10.1016/j.esr.2019.100370 Shindell, 2019, Climate and air-quality benefits of a realistic phase-out of fossil fuels, Nature, 573, 408, 10.1038/s41586-019-1554-z Gong, 2019, Advances in solar energy conversion, Chem. Soc. Rev., 48, 1862, 10.1039/C9CS90020A Gielen, 2019, The role of renewable energy in the global energy transformation, Energy Strategy Rev., 24, 38, 10.1016/j.esr.2019.01.006 Koohi-Fayegh, 2020, A review of energy storage types, applications and recent developments, J. Energy Storage, 27 Mahmoud, 2020, A review of mechanical energy storage systems combined with wind and solar applications, Energy Convers. Manag., 210, 10.1016/j.enconman.2020.112670 Majumdar, 2019, Recent progress in ruthenium oxide-based composites for supercapacitor applications, Chemelectrochem, 6, 4343, 10.1002/celc.201900668 Shang, 2020, Rechargeable alkaline zinc batteries: progress and challenges, Energy Storage Mater., 31, 44, 10.1016/j.ensm.2020.05.028 Wang, 2022, Designing carbon anodes for advanced potassium-ion batteries: Materials, modifications, and mechanisms, Adv. Powder Mater., 1 Deng, 2021, High content anion (S/Se/P) doping assisted by defect engineering with fast charge transfer kinetics for high-performance sodium ion capacitors, Sci. Bull., 66, 1858, 10.1016/j.scib.2021.04.042 Xiao, 2022, High-throughput production of cheap mineral-based heterostructures for high power sodium ion capacitors, Adv. Funct. Mater., 32, 10.1002/adfm.202110476 Sharma, 2019, Review of supercapacitors: Materials and devices, J. Energy Storage, 21, 801, 10.1016/j.est.2019.01.010 Forouzandeh, 2020, Electrode materials for supercapacitors: A review of recent advances, Catalysts, 10, 1, 10.3390/catal10090969 Raza, 2018, Recent advancements in supercapacitor technology, Nano Energy, 52, 441, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2018.08.013 Wang, 2022, Recent progress in template-assisted synthesis of porous carbons for supercapacitors, Adv. Powder Mater., 1 Sun, 2019, Leakage current and self-discharge in lithium-ion capacitor, J. Electroanal. Chem., 850, 10.1016/j.jelechem.2019.113386 Andreas, 2015, Self-discharge in electrochemical capacitors: A perspective article, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, A5047, 10.1149/2.0081505jes Utsunomiya, 2011, Self-discharge behavior and its temperature dependence of carbon electrodes in lithium-ion batteries, J. Power Sources, 196, 8598, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2011.05.066 Liu, 2022, Progress and prospect of low-temperature zinc metal batteries, Adv. Powder Mater., 1 Ike, 2016, Understanding performance limitation and suppression of leakage current or self-discharge in electrochemical capacitors: A review, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 661, 10.1039/C5CP05459A Sun, 2020, Min-max game based energy management strategy for fuel cell/supercapacitor hybrid electric vehicles, Appl. Energy, 267, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115086 Yuhimenko, 2014, Dynamics of supercapacitor bank with uncontrolled active balancer for engine starting, Energy Convers. Manag., 88, 106, 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.033 Roberts, 2014, Internal combustion engine cold-start efficiency: A review of the problem, causes and potential solutions, Energy Convers. Manag., 82, 327, 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.03.002 Niu, 2004, Comparative studies of self-discharge by potential decay and float-current measurements at C double-layer capacitor and battery electrodes, J. Power Sources, 135, 332, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2004.03.068 Oickle, 2011, Examination of water electrolysis and oxygen reduction as self-discharge mechanisms for carbon-based, aqueous electrolyte electrochemical capacitors, J. Phys. Chem. C, 115, 4283, 10.1021/jp1067439 Conway, 1997, Diagnostic analyses for mechanisms of self-discharge of electrochemical capacitors and batteries, J. Power Sources, 65, 53, 10.1016/S0378-7753(97)02468-3 Gao, 2015, Porous carbon made from rice husk as electrode material for electrochemical double layer capacitor, Appl. Energy, 153, 41, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.12.070 Yusran, 2020, Exfoliated mesoporous 2d covalent organic frameworks for high-rate electrochemical double-layer capacitors, Adv. Mater., 32, 1, 10.1002/adma.201907289 Chodankar, 2020, True meaning of pseudocapacitors and their performance metrics: asymmetric versus hybrid supercapacitors, Small, 16, 1, 10.1002/smll.202002806 Song, 2022, Ultra-low-dose pre-metallation strategy served for commercial metal-ion capacitors, Nano-Micro Lett., 14, 53, 10.1007/s40820-022-00792-x Yang, 2019, Carbon nanotube- and graphene-based nanomaterials and applications in high-voltage supercapacitor: A review, Carbon, 141, 467, 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.10.010 Simon, 2020, Perspectives for electrochemical capacitors and related devices, Nat. Mater., 19, 1151, 10.1038/s41563-020-0747-z Wang, 2018, Nickel/cobalt based materials for supercapacitors, Chin. Chem. Lett., 29, 1731, 10.1016/j.cclet.2018.12.005 Kim, 2012, The effect of crystallinity on the rapid pseudocapacitive response of Nb2O5, Adv. Energy Mater., 2, 141, 10.1002/aenm.201100494 Brousse, 2015, To be or not to be pseudocapacitive?, J. Electrochem. Soc., 162, 10.1149/2.0201505jes Jiang, 2018, All pseudocapacitive MXene-RuO2 asymmetric supercapacitors, Adv. Energy Mater., 8, 1, 10.1002/aenm.201703043 Augustyn, 2014, Pseudocapacitive oxide materials for high-rate electrochemical energy storage, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 1597, 10.1039/c3ee44164d Wu, 2019, An aqueous Zn-ion hybrid supercapacitor with high energy density and ultrastability up to 80 000 cycles, Adv. Energy Mater., 9, 1 Gonçalves, 2021, Recent progress in water splitting and hybrid supercapacitors based on nickel-vanadium layered double hydroxides, J. Energy Chem., 57, 496, 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.08.047 Cai, 2022, Advanced pre-diagnosis method of biomass intermediates toward high energy dual-carbon potassium-ion capacitor, Adv. Energy Mater., 12, 10.1002/aenm.202103221 Wang, 2017, Nonaqueous hybrid lithium-ion and sodium-ion capacitors, Adv. Mater., 29, 10.1002/adma.201702093 Zou, 2021, Correction: Highly stable zinc metal anode enabled by oxygen functional groups for advanced Zn-ion supercapacitors, Chem. Commun., 57, 2571, 10.1039/D1CC90077C Avireddy, 2019, Stable high-voltage aqueous pseudocapacitive energy storage device with slow self-discharge, Nano Energy, 64, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2019.103961 Madabattula, 2018, Insights into charge-redistribution in double layer capacitors, J. Electrochem. Soc., 165, A636, 10.1149/2.0941803jes Hor, 2021, High energy density carbon supercapacitor with ionic liquid-based gel polymer electrolyte: Role of redox-additive potassium iodide, J. Energy Storage Huang, 2021, Effects of anion carriers on capacitance and self-discharge behaviors of zinc ion capacitors, Angew. Chem., 133, 1024, 10.1002/ange.202012202 Zhang, 2021, Carbon-based materials for a new type of zinc-ion capacitor, Chemelectrochem, 8, 1541, 10.1002/celc.202100282 Soltani, 2021, A comprehensive review of lithium ion capacitor: Development, modelling, thermal management and applications, J. Energy Storage, 34 Wang, 2019, A new free-standing aqueous zinc-ion capacitor based on MnO2–CNTs cathode and mxene anode, Nano-Micro Lett., 11, 1, 10.1007/s40820-019-0301-1 Andreas, 2014, Self-discharge in manganese oxide electrochemical capacitor electrodes in aqueous electrolytes with comparisons to faradaic and charge redistribution models, Electrochim. Acta, 140, 116, 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.03.104 Ricketts, 2000, Self-discharge of carbon-based supercapacitors with organic electrolytes, J. Power Sources, 89, 64, 10.1016/S0378-7753(00)00387-6 Black, 2010, Pore shape affects spontaneous charge redistribution in small pores, J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 114, 12030 Tevi, 2013, Application of poly (p-phenylene oxide) as blocking layer to reduce self-discharge in supercapacitors, J. Power Sources, 241, 589, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.04.150 Liu, 2021, Recent research advances of self-discharge in supercapacitors: Mechanisms and suppressing strategies, J. Energy Chem., 58, 94, 10.1016/j.jechem.2020.09.041 Niu, 2006, Requirements for performance characterization of C double-layer supercapacitors: Applications to a high specific-area C-cloth material, J. Power Sources, 156, 725, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2005.06.002 Kaus, 2010, Modelling the effects of charge redistribution during self-discharge of supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta, 55, 7516, 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.01.002 Zhang, 2011, Modeling and characterization of supercapacitors for wireless sensor network applications, J. Power Sources, 196, 4128, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2010.11.152 Chung, 2021, Electropolymerizable isocyanate-based electrolytic additive to mitigate diffusion-controlled self-discharge for highly stable and capacitive activated carbon supercapacitors, Electrochim. Acta, 369, 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.137698 Oickle, 2016, Carbon oxidation and its influence on self-discharge in aqueous electrochemical capacitors, Carbon, 110, 232, 10.1016/j.carbon.2016.09.011 Levi, 2004, Self-discharge of graphite electrodes at elevated temperatures studied by CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, J. Electrochem. Soc., 151, A781, 10.1149/1.1697411 Zhao, 2021, Chain-elongated ionic liquid electrolytes for low self-discharge all-solid-state supercapacitors at high temperature, ChemSusChem, 14, 3895, 10.1002/cssc.202101294 Zhang, 2011, A divided potential driving self-discharge process for single-walled carbon nanotube based supercapacitors, RSC Adv., 1, 989, 10.1039/c1ra00318f Wang, 2019, Mitigating self-discharge of carbon-based electrochemical capacitors by modifying their electric-double layer to maximize energy efficiency, J. Energy Chem., 38, 214, 10.1016/j.jechem.2019.04.004 Zhang, 2014, Tunable self-discharge process of carbon nanotube based supercapacitors, Nano Energy, 4, 14, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2013.12.005 Wang, 2020, Unraveling and regulating self-discharge behavior of Ti3C2Tx MXene-based supercapacitors, ACS Nano, 14, 4916, 10.1021/acsnano.0c01056 Jin, 2021, A high-rate, long life, and anti-self-discharge aqueous N-doped Ti3C2/Zn hybrid capacitor, Mater, Today Energy, 19 Zhao, 2021, Self-discharge of supercapacitors based on carbon nanosheets with different pore structures, Electrochim. Acta, 390, 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138783 Wang, 2014, A hybrid redox-supercapacitor system with anionic catholyte and cationic anolyte, J. Electrochem. Soc., 161, A1090, 10.1149/2.058406jes Chun, 2015, Design of aqueous redox-enhanced electrochemical capacitors with high specific energies and slow self-discharge, Nat. Commun., 6, 1, 10.1038/ncomms8818 Shul, 2016, Self-discharge of electrochemical capacitors based on soluble or grafted quinone, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 18, 19137, 10.1039/C6CP02356H Chen, 2014, Mechanism investigation and suppression of self-discharge in active electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Sci., 7, 1750, 10.1039/C4EE00002A Kamarudin, 2018, Composite liquid crystal-polymer electrolytes in dye-sensitised solar cells: Effects of mesophase alkyl chain length, Liq. Cryst., 45, 112, 10.1080/02678292.2017.1302011 Liu, 2019, Lyotropic liquid crystal as an electrolyte additive for suppressing self-discharge of supercapacitors, Chemelectrochem, 6, 2531, 10.1002/celc.201900173 Haque, 2020, Self-discharge and leakage current mitigation of neutral aqueous-based supercapacitor by means of liquid crystal additive, J. Power Sources, 453, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.227897 Su, 2021, Mitigating self-discharge of activated carbon-based supercapacitors with hybrid liquid crystal as an electrolyte additive, J. Energy Storage, 41 Zheng, 2021, MXene-manganese oxides aqueous asymmetric supercapacitors with high mass loadings, high cell voltages and slow self-discharge, Energy Storage Mater., 38, 438, 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.03.011 Shi, 2021, Reducing the self-discharge rate of supercapacitors by suppressing electron transfer in the electric double layer, J. Electrochem. Soc., 168, 10.1149/1945-7111/ac44b9 Wang, 2018, A flexible dual solid-stateelectrolyte supercapacitor with suppressed self-discharge and enhanced stability, Sustain. Energy Fuels, 2, 2727, 10.1039/C8SE00364E Ge, 2019, Suppression of self-discharge in solid-state supercapacitors using a zwitterionic gel electrolyte, Chem. Commun., 55, 7167, 10.1039/C9CC02424G Wang, 2019, Extremely low self-discharge solid-state supercapacitors via the confinement effect of ion transfer, J. Mater. Chem. A., 7, 8633, 10.1039/C9TA01028A Wan, 2021, Flexible asymmetric supercapacitors with extremely slow self-discharge rate enabled by a bilayer heterostructure polymer electrolyte, Adv. Funct. Mater., 2108794, 1 Shi, 2022, Hydrogels with highly concentrated salt solution as electrolytes for solid-state supercapacitors with a suppressed self-discharge rate, J. Mater. Chem. A., 10, 2966, 10.1039/D1TA08709F Sutarsis, 2021, An interfacial wetting water based hydrogel electrolyte for high-voltage flexible quasi solid-state supercapacitors, Energy Storage Mater., 38, 489, 10.1016/j.ensm.2021.03.028 Zhao, 2021, Reduced self-discharge of supercapacitors using piezoelectric separators, ACS Appl. Energy Mater., 4, 8070, 10.1021/acsaem.1c01373 Wang, 2018, Suppressing the self-discharge of supercapacitors by modifying separators with an ionic polyelectrolyte, Adv. Mater. Interfac., 5, 1 Peng, 2019, Preparation of a cheap and environmentally friendly separator by coaxial electrospinning toward suppressing self-discharge of supercapacitors, J. Power Sources, 435, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2019.226800 Liang, 2022, A graphdiyne oxide composite membrane for active electrolyte enhanced supercapacitors with super long self-discharge time, J. Mater. Chem. C, 10, 2821, 10.1039/D1TC04406K Hou, 2010, Design and synthesis of hierarchical MnO2 nanospheres/carbon nanotubes/conducting polymer ternary composite for high performance electrochemical electrodes, Nano Lett., 10, 2727, 10.1021/nl101723g Sheng, 2011, High-performance self-assembled graphene hydrogels prepared by chemical reduction of graphene oxide, Carbon, 49, 2878, 10.1016/j.carbon.2011.02.032 Zou, 2020, Insights into enhanced capacitive behavior of carbon cathode for lithium ion capacitors: The coupling of pore size and graphitization engineering, Nano-Micro Lett., 12, 121, 10.1007/s40820-020-00458-6 Lee, 2017, Nanoconfinement of redox reactions enables rapid zinc iodide energy storage with high efficiency, J. Mater. Chem. A., 5, 12520, 10.1039/C7TA03589F Rhodes, 2004, Nanoscale polymer electrolytes: Ultrathin electrodeposited poly (phenylene oxide) with solid-state ionic conductivity, J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 13079, 10.1021/jp047671u Tevi, 2015, Modeling and simulation study of the self-discharge in supercapacitors in presence of a blocking layer, J. Power Sources, 273, 857, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.09.133 Wang, 2019, A desolvated solid–solid interface for a high-capacitance electric double layer, Adv. Energy Mater., 9 Wei, 2012, Nanostructured activated carbons from natural precursors for electrical double layer capacitors, Nano Energy, 1, 552, 10.1016/j.nanoen.2012.05.002 Demarconnay, 2010, A symmetric carbon/carbon supercapacitor operating at 1.6 V by using a neutral aqueous solution, Electrochem. Commun., 12, 1275, 10.1016/j.elecom.2010.06.036 Sun, 2012, A comparative study of activated carbon-based symmetric supercapacitors in Li2SO4 and KOH aqueous electrolytes, J. Solid State Electrochem., 16, 2597, 10.1007/s10008-012-1678-7 Suo, 2015, Water-in-salt” electrolyte enables high-voltage aqueous lithium-ion chemistries, Science, 350, 938, 10.1126/science.aab1595 Leonard, 2018, Water-in-salt electrolyte for potassium-ion batteries, ACS Energy Lett., 3, 373, 10.1021/acsenergylett.8b00009 Bu, 2019, A low-cost “water-in-salt” electrolyte for a 2.3 V high-rate carbon-based supercapacitor, J. Mater. Chem. A., 7, 7541, 10.1039/C9TA00154A Zheng, 2022, Aqueous electrolytes, MXene-based supercapacitors and their self-discharge, Adv. Energy Sustain. Res., 3, 10.1002/aesr.202100147 Forse, 2016, New perspectives on the charging mechanisms of supercapacitors, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 138, 5731, 10.1021/jacs.6b02115 He, 2016, Ageing phenomena in high-voltage aqueous supercapacitors investigated by in situ gas analysis, Energy Environ. Sci., 9, 623, 10.1039/C5EE02875B Petit, 2008, Ab initio molecular dynamics study of a highly concentrated LiCl aqueous solution, J. Chem. Theor. Comput., 4, 1040, 10.1021/ct800007v Fard, 2019, PVA-based supercapacitors, Ionics, 25, 2951, 10.1007/s11581-019-03048-8 Yang, 2020, A mini-review: Emerging all-solid-state energy storage electrode materials for flexible devices, Nanoscale, 12, 3560, 10.1039/C9NR08722B Alipoori, 2020, Review of PVA-based gel polymer electrolytes in flexible solid-state supercapacitors: Opportunities and challenges, J. Energy Storage, 27 Mei, 2018, Physical interpretations of nyquist plots for edlc electrodes and devices, J. Phys. Chem. C, 122, 194, 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b10582 Li, 2020, Hydroxide ion conducting polymer electrolytes and their applications in solid supercapacitors: A review, Energy Storage Mater., 24, 6, 10.1016/j.ensm.2019.08.012 Wang, 2016, A 1.8 V aqueous supercapacitor with a bipolar assembly of ion-exchange membranes as the separator, J. Electrochem. Soc., 163, A1853, 10.1149/2.0311609jes Jamieson, 2021, Postulation of optimal charging protocols for minimal charge redistribution in supercapacitors based on the modelling of solid phase charge density, J. Energy Storage, 33 Wang, 2018, Self-discharge of a hybrid supercapacitor with incorporated galvanic cell components, Energy, 159, 1035, 10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.170 Shang, 2022, Optimizing the charging protocol to address the self-discharge issues in rechargeable alkaline Zn–Co batteries, Appl. Energy, 308, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118366 Davis, 2018, Identification and isolation of carbon oxidation and charge redistribution as self-discharge mechanisms in reduced graphene oxide electrochemical capacitor electrodes, Carbon, 139, 299, 10.1016/j.carbon.2018.06.065 Shi, 2021, Pyrrolic-dominated nitrogen redox enhances reaction kinetics of pitch-derived carbon materials in aqueous zinc ion hybrid supercapacitors, ACS Mater. Lett., 3, 1291, 10.1021/acsmaterialslett.1c00325 Yang, 2021, Investigation of voltage range and self-discharge in aqueous zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors, ChemSusChem, 14, 1700, 10.1002/cssc.202002931 Huang, 2020, Phosphorene as cathode material for high-voltage, anti-self-discharge zinc ion hybrid capacitors, Adv. Energy Mater., 10, 1, 10.1002/aenm.202001024 Chen, 2021, Diffusion enhancement to stabilize solid electrolyte interphase, Adv. Energy Mater., 11, 10.1002/aenm.202101774 Hu, 2022, Understanding the coffee ring effect on self-discharge behavior of printed micro-supercapacitors, Energy Environ. Mater., 5, 321, 10.1002/eem2.12179