World Health Organization: Control of the leishmaniasis. Executive Board 118th session. 2006, WHO/EB 118.4 Geneva, Switzerland
El-Hassan AM, Zijlstra EE: Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95 (Suppl 1): 1-17.
Zijlstra EE, El-Hassan AM: Leishmaniasis in Sudan. Visceral leishmaniasis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2001, 95 (Suppl 1): 27-58.
Hassan MM, Widaa SO, Ibrahim MA, AbuShara R, Osman MO, Numairy MSM, Khider EM: Studies on ecology of sand flies in Sudan: the First Records of Phlebotomus orientalis and Phlebotomus rodhaini (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Northern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2007, 101 (7): 653-655.
Singh R, Das RK, Sharma SK: Resistance of sandflies to DDT in Kala-azar endemic districts of Bihar, India. Bull World Health Organ. 2001, 79 (8): 793-
Kishore K, Kumar V, Kesari S, Dinesh DS, Kumar AJ, Das P, Bhattacharya SK: Vector control in leishmaniasis. Indian J Med Res. 2006, 123: 467-472.
Surendran SN, Karunaratne SHP, Adams Z, Hemingway J, Hawkes NJ: Molecular and biochemical characterization of a sand fly population from Sri Lanka: evidence for insecticide resistance due to altered esterases and insensitive acetylcholinesterase. Bull Entomol Res. 2005, 95: 371-380.
Lins R, Souza NA, Peixoto AA: Genetic divergence between two sympatric species of the Lutzomyia longipalpis complex in the paralytic gene, a locus associated with insecticide resistance and lovesong production. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008, 103 (7): 736-740. 10.1590/S0074-02762008000700019.
Liu Y, Zhang H, Qiao C, Lu X, Cui F: Correlation between carboxylesterase alleles and insecticide resistance in Culex pipiens complex from China. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 236-10.1186/1756-3305-4-236.
El-Sayed SM, Hemingway J, Lane RP: Susceptibility baselines for DDT metabolism and related enzyme systems in the sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) (Diptera: Psychodidae). Bull Entomol Res. 1989, 79: 679-684. 10.1017/S0007485300018836.
Himeidan YE, Abdel Hamid MM, Jones CM, Ranson H: Extensive permethrin and DDT resistance in Anopheles arabiensis from eastern and central Sudan. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 154-10.1186/1756-3305-4-154.
Abdallah H, Matamboa TS, Koekemoera LL, Mnzavae AP, Hunta RH, Coetzeea M: Insecticide susceptibility and vector status of natural populations of Anopheles arabiensis from Sudan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2008, 102: 263-271. 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.10.008.
Khalil EA, Musa AM, Elgawi SH, Meshasha A, Gamar Eldawla I, Elhassan MO, Eljaleel KA, Younis BM, Elfaki ME, Elhassan AM: Revival of a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in central Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2008, 102 (1): 79-80. 10.1179/136485908X252269.
Elnaiem DA, Hassan KH, Ward RD: Phlebotomine sandflies in a focus of visceral leishmaniasis in a border area of eastern Sudan. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 1997, 91: 307-318. 10.1080/00034989761157.
Hassan MM, Elhassan AM, Musa AM, Osman OF, El Raba'a FMA, Balkew M, Elhassan IM: Establishment and maintenance of a laboratory colony of the sandfly Phlebotomus orientalis (Diptera: Psychodidae) the vector of visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan. Khartoum Med J. 2010, 3 (2): 420-424.
Kirk R, Lewis DJ: The phlebotomine of the Ethiopian region. Trans R Entomol Soc London. 1951, 102: 383-510.
World Health Organization: Test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria vectors, bio-efficacy and persistence of insecticide on treated surfaces. WHO/CDS/MAL/98.12 Geneva, Switzerland. 1998
Fahmy AR, Khater EIM, El Sawaf B, Shehata M: Insecticide susceptibility status of field populations of sandfly in the Sinai Peninsula, Egypt. 1996, WHO/LEISH/96.38
Hemingway J: 1998, WHO/CDS/MAL/98.6
Braford MM: A rapid and sensitive for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle-dye binding. Anal Biochem. 1976, 72: 248-254. 10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3.
Mukhopadhyay AK, Kumar K, Rahman SJ: Host preference of phlebotomine sandflies in and around Delhi. J Comm Dis. 1987, 19 (4): 408-411.
Amalraj DD, Sivagnaname N, Srinivasan R: Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) to insecticides. J Commun Dis. 1999, 31 (3): 177-180.
Tetreault GE, Zayed AE, Hanafi HA, Beavers GM, Zeichner BC: Susceptibility of sand flies to selected insecticides in North Africa and the Middle East. J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2001, 17 (1): 23-27.
Morali M, Cianchi T, Bianchi R, Khoury C: Testing insecticide susceptibility of Phlebotomus perniciosus and P. papatasi (Diptera: Psychodidae) in Italy. Ann Ist Super Sanità. 2002, 38 (4): 419-423.
Alexander B, Maroli M: Control of phlebotomine sandflies. Med Vet Entomol. 2003, 17: 1-18. 10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00420.x.
Dinesh DS, Das ML, Picado A, Roy L, Rijal S, Singh SP, Das P, Boelaert M, Coosemans M: Insecticide Susceptibility of Phlebotomus argentipes in Visceral Leishmaniasis Endemic Districts in India and Nepal. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010, 4 (10): e859-10.1371/journal.pntd.0000859.
Ranson H, Abdallah H, Badolo A, Guelbeogo WM, Kerah-Hinzoumbe C, Yangalbe-Kalnone E, Sagnon N, Simard F, Coetzee M: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae: data from the first year of a multi-country study highlight the extent of the problem. Malar J. 2009, 8: 299-10.1186/1475-2875-8-299.
Balkew M, Ibrahim M, Koekemoer LL, Basil D, Brooke BD, Engers H, Aseffa A, Gebre-Michael T, Elhassen I: Insecticide resistance in Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidae) from villages in central, northern and south west Ethiopia and detection of kdr mutation. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 40-10.1186/1756-3305-3-40.
Hunt RH, Fuseini G, Knowles S, Stiles-Ocran J, Verster R, Kaiser ML, Choi KS, Koekemoer LL, Coetzee M: Insecticide resistance in malaria vector mosquitoes at four localities in Ghana, West Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 107-10.1186/1756-3305-4-107.
Kamgang B, Marcombe S, Chandre F, Nchoutpouen E, Nwane P, Etang J, Corbel V, Paupy C: Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Central Africa. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 79-10.1186/1756-3305-4-79.
Hunt RH, Edwardes M, Coetzee M: Pyrethroid resistance in southern African Anopheles funestus extends to Likoma Island in Lake Malawi. Parasit Vectors. 2010, 3: 112-10.1186/1756-3305-3-112.
Kloke RG, Nhamahanga E, Hunt RH, Coetzee M: Vectorial status and insecticide resistance of Anopheles funestus from a sugar estate in southern Mozambique. Parasit Vectors. 2011, 4: 16-10.1186/1756-3305-4-16.
Jamal AE, Nugud AD, Abdalmagid MA, Bashir AI, Elnaiem IH: Susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus Say (Diptera: Culicidae) in Khartoum locality (Sudan) to Malathion, Temephos, Lambdacyhalothrin and Permethrin insecticides. Sudanese J Pub Health. 2010, 6 (2): 56-62.
El Gadal AA, Haridi AA, Hassan FT, Hussein H: Malaria control in the Gezira-Managil Irrigated Scheme of the Sudan. J Trop Med Hyg. 1985, 88 (2): 153-159.
Hemingway J, Miyamoto J, Herath PRJ: A possible novel link between organophosphorus and DDT insecticide resistance genes in Anopheles: supporting evidence from fenitrothion metabolism studies. Pesticide Biochem Physiol. 1991, 39: 49-56. 10.1016/0048-3575(91)90213-6.
Berge JB, Feyereisen R, Amichot M: Cytochrome p450 monooxygenases and insecticide resistance in insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 1998, 353: 1701-1705. 10.1098/rstb.1998.0321.
Prapanthadara LA, Kuttastep S, Hemingway J, Ketterman AJ: Characterization of the major form of glutathione transferase in the mosquito Anopheles dirus A. Biochem Soc Trans. 1995, 23 (1): 81S-
Weill M, Lutfalla G, Mogensen K, Chandre F, Berthomieu A, Berticat C, Pateur N, Philips A, Fort P, Raymond M: Insecticide resistence in mosquito vectors. Nature (Lond.). 2003, 423: 136-137.
Coutinho-Abreu IV, Balbino VQ, Valenzuela JG, Sonoda IV, Ramalho-Ortigão JM: Structural characterization of acetylcholinesterase 1 from the sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae). J Med Entomol. 2007, 44 (4): 639-650. 10.1603/0022-2585(2007)44[639:SCOAFT]2.0.CO;2.
World Health Organization: Resistance of vectors of disease to pesticides.5th report of expert committee on vector biology and control. WHO Tech Rep Ser. 1980, 655 Geneva Switzerland
Rivero A, Vézilier J, Weill M, Read AF, Gandon S: Insecticide Control of Vector-Borne Diseases: When Is Insecticide Resistance a Problem?. A review, PLoS Pathog. 2010, 6 (8): e1001000-10.1371/journal.ppat.1001000.
United Nations Environment Programme: Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs). 2002, UNEP/Chemicals/2002/9 Geneva, Switzerland
World Health Organization: The Use of DDT in Malaria Vector Control. WHO Position Statement. 2007, WHO/HTM/GMP/2007 Geneva Switzerland