Insect Pathogens as Biological Control Agents: Do They Have a Future?
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Adams, 1991, Baculoviridae. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses. Part 1. Nuclear Polyhedrosis Viruses of Insects, 87
Agaisse, 1995, How does Bacillus thuringiensis produce so much insecticidal crystal protein?, J. Bacteriol., 177, 6027, 10.1128/jb.177.21.6027-6032.1995
Akhurst, 1990, Safety to nontarget invertebrates of nematodes of economically important pests, 233
Akhurst, 1993, Bacterial symbionts of entomopathogenic nematodes—The power behind the throne, 127
Alfiler, 1992, Current status of the use of a baculovirus in Oryctes rhinoceros control in the Philippines, 261
Anderson, 1991, Suppression of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by endophytic Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, Environ. Entomol., 20, 1207, 10.1093/ee/20.4.1207
Andreadis, 1990, Discovery of Entomophaga maimaiga in North American gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 2461, 10.1073/pnas.87.7.2461
Aronson, 1993, The two faces of Bacillus thuringiensis: Insecticidal proteins and post-exponential survival, Mol. Microbiol., 7, 489, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1993.tb01139.x
Balch, 1944, A disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.) and its place in natural control, Sci. Agric., 25, 65
Bedding, 1967, Parasitic and free-living cycles in entomogenous nematodes of the genus Deladenus, Nature, 214, 174, 10.1038/214174a0
Bedding, 1972, Biology of Deladenus siricidicola (Neotylenchidae), an entomogenous nematode parasitic in siricid woodwasps, Nematologica, 18, 482, 10.1163/187529272X00098
Bedding, 1984, Large-scale production, storage and transport of the insect-parasitic nematodes Neoaplectana spp. and Heterorhabditis, Ann. Appl. Biol., 101, 117, 10.1111/j.1744-7348.1984.tb05593.x
Bedding, 1990, Logistics and strategies for introducing entomopathogenic nematode technology into developing countries, 233
Bedding, 1993, Biological control of Sirex noctilio using the nematode Deladenus siricidicola, 11
Bedding, 1974, Use of the nematode Deladenus siricidicola in the biological control of Sirex noctilio in Australia, J. Aust. Entomol. Soc., 13, 129, 10.1111/j.1440-6055.1974.tb02163.x
Bedford, 1977, Virus against coconut rhinoceros beetle in Fiji, South Pac. Bull., 27, 27
Bedford, 1980, Biology, ecology, and control of palm rhinoceros beetles, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 25, 309, 10.1146/annurev.en.25.010180.001521
Bedford, 1981, Control of rhinoceros beetle by Baculovirus, 409
Beegle, 1992, History of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner research and development, Can. Entomol., 124, 587, 10.4039/Ent124587-4
Begley, 1990, Efficacy against insects in habitats other than soil, 215
Bell, 1994, Early season application of a baculovirus for area-wide management of Heliothis/Helicoverpa (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): 1992 field trial, J. Entomol. Sci., 29, 192, 10.18474/0749-8004-29.2.192
Berry, 1997, Efficacy and pesistence of Heterorhabditis marelatus (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) against root weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in strawberry, Environ. Entomol., 26, 465, 10.1093/ee/26.2.465
Bietlot, 1990, Characterization of the cysteine residues and disulfide linkages in the protein crystal of Bacillus thuringiensis, Biochem. J., 267, 309, 10.1042/bj2670309
Bird, 1957, A virus disease and introduced parasites as factors controlling the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) in central New Brunswick, Can. Entomol., 89, 371, 10.4039/Ent89371-8
Bonning, 1996, Development of recombinant Baculoviruses for insect control, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 41, 191, 10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.001203
Bosch, 1994, Recombinant Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins with new properties: Possibilities for resistance management, Bio/Technology, 12, 915, 10.1038/nbt0994-915
Brooks, W. M.1988. Entomogenous Protozoa. InHandbook of Natural Pesticides, Vol. V: Microbial Insecticides, Part A: Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi (C. M. Ignoffo and N. B. Mandava, Eds.), pp. 1–149. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Burges, 1981
Burnell, 1996, The genetic improvement of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiont bacteria: Phenotypic targets, enetic limitations and an assessment of possible hazards, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 6, 435, 10.1080/09583159631406
Burnell, 2000, Heterorhabditis, Steinernema and their bacterial symbionts—Lethal pathogens of insects, Nematology, 2, 1, 10.1163/156854100508872
Cabanillas, 1994, Steinernema riobravis sp. nov. (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Texas, Fund. Appl. Nematol., 17, 123
Cabanillas, 1994, Pathogenicity of Steinernema riobravis against corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), Fund. Appl. Nematol., 17, 219
Campbell, 1993, Nictation behaviour and its implications in the host search strategies of entomopathogenic nematodes (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematodae), Behaviour, 126, 155, 10.1163/156853993X00092
Campbell, 1997, Inter-specific variation in entomopathogenic nematode foraging strategy: Dichotomy or variation along a continuum?, Fund. Appl. Nematol., 20, 393
Chapple, 1997, Application systems for microbial pesticides: Necessity not novelty
Charles, 2000
Charles, 1996, Bacillus sphaericus toxins: Molecular biology and mode of action, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 41, 451, 10.1146/annurev.en.41.010196.002315
Charnley, 1997, Towards the improvement of fungal insecticides
Cherry, 1997, The optimization of in vivo nuclear polyhedrosis virus production in Spodoptera exempta (Walker) and Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), J. Invertebr. Pathol., 70, 50, 10.1006/jipa.1997.4664
Choma, 1990, Folding and unfolding of the protoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis: Evidence for a two domain structure of the minimal toxic fragment, Biochemistry, 29, 10971, 10.1021/bi00501a015
Corsaro, B. G., Gijzen, M., Wang, P., and Granados, R. R.1993. Baculovirus enhancing proteins as determinants of viral pathogenesis. InParasites and Pathogens of Insects, Vol. 2: Pathogens (N. E. Beckage, S. N. Thompson, and B. A. Federici, Eds.), pp. 127–145. Academic Press, San Diego.
Couch, 1985
Cunningham, 1982, Field trials with baculoviruses: Control of forest insect pests, 335
Cunningham, 1995, Baculoviruses as microbial insecticides, 261
Dent, D. R.1997. Integrated pest management and microbial insecticides. InMicrobial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity? (H. F. Evans, chair). Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Council Symp. 68, 127–138.
Devi, 1994, Conidia production of the entomopathogenic fungus Nomuraea riley and its evaluation for control of Spodoptera litura (Fab) on Ricinus communis, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 63, 145, 10.1006/jipa.1994.1028
Dwyer, 1998, Spatial scale and the spread of a fungal pathogen of gypsy moth, Am. Nat., 152, 485, 10.1086/286185
Edwards, 1990, The importance of integration in sustainable agricultural systems, 249
Ehlers, 1996, Current and future use of nematodes in biocontrol: Practice and commercial aspects with regard to regulatory policy issues, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 6, 303, 10.1080/09583159631299
Elkinton, 1991, Distribution and apparent spread of Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations in North America, Environ. Entomol., 20, 1601, 10.1093/ee/20.6.1601
Entwistle, 1987, Trials on the control of Panolis flammea with a nuclear polyhedrosis virus, 61
Evans, H. F.1986. Ecology and epizootiology of Baculoviruses. InThe Biology of Baculoviruses. Vol. IIPractical Application for Insect Control (R. R. Granados and B. A. Federici, Eds.), pp. 89–132. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Evans, 1997, The role of microbial insecticides in forest pest management
Falcon, 1968, Preliminary evaluation of a granulosis virus for control of codling moth, J. Econ. Entomol., 61, 1208, 10.1093/jee/61.5.1208
Fargues, 1992, Variabilité de la sensibilité de Spodoptera littoralis [Lep.: Noctuidae] à l'hyphomycete entomopathogene Nomuraea rileyi, Entomophaga, 37, 545, 10.1007/BF02372324
Feitelson, 1992, Bacillus thuringiensis: Insects and beyond, Biotechnology, 10, 271, 10.1038/nbt0392-271
Feng, 1994, Production, formulation and application of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana for insect control: Current status, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 4, 3, 10.1080/09583159409355309
Ferré, 1991, Resistance to the Bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide in a field population of Plutella xylostella is due to a change in midgut membrane receptor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 88, 5119, 10.1073/pnas.88.12.5119
Ferron, 1991, Fungi as microbial insecticides against pests, 665
Forst, 1996, Molecular biology of the symbiotic-pathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp, Microbiol. Rev., 60, 21, 10.1128/MR.60.1.21-43.1996
Friedman, 1990, Commercial production and development, 153
Furlong, 1995, Field and laboratory evaluation of a sex pheromone trap for the autodissemination of the fungal entomopathogen Zoophthora radicans (Entomophthorales) by the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae.), Bull. Entomol. Res., 85, 331, 10.1017/S0007485300036051
Fuxa, 1989, Fate of released entomopathogens with reference to risk assessment of genetically engineered microorganisms, Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am., 35, 12
Fuxa, 1990, Environmental risks of genetically engineered entomopathogens, 203
Fuxa, 1987, Epidemiological concepts applied to insect epizootiology, 3
Gaugler, 1997, Alternative paradigms for commercializing biopesticides, Phytoparasitica, 25, 179, 10.1007/BF02981730
Gaugler, 1996, Genetic engineering of an insect parasite, 135
Gaugler, 1990
Gaugler, 1997, Ecology in the service of biological control: The case of entomopathogenic nematodes, Oecologia, 109, 483, 10.1007/s004420050108
Gaugler, 1997, Field release and environmental fate of a transgenic entomopathogenic nematode, Biol. Control, 9, 75, 10.1006/bcon.1997.0538
Ge, 1989, Location of the Bombyx mori specificity domain on a Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin protein, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 4037, 10.1073/pnas.86.11.4037
Gelernter, 1997, Resistance to microbial insecticides: The scale of the problem and how to manage it
Georgis, 1997, Commercial prospects of microbial insecticides in agriculture
Georgis, 1998, Formulation of entomopathogenic nematodes, 289
Georgis, 1994, Entomopathogenic nematodes: A developing biological control technology, 63
Gill, 1992, The mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 37, 615, 10.1146/annurev.en.37.010192.003151
Glare, 2000
Goettel, 2000, Fungi, 255
Goettel, 1995, The role of fungi in the biological control of grasshoppers, Can. J. Bot., 73, S1, 10.1139/b95-227
Goettel, 1990, Safety to nontarget invertebrates of fungal biocontrol agents, 209
Granados, 1986
Granados, 1995, Insect cell culture methods and their use in virus research, 13
Gröner, 1990, Safety to nontarget invertebrates of baculoviruses, 135
Guillet, 1990, Use of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis for onchocerciasis control in West Africa, 187
Hajek, 1997, Fungal and viral epizootics in gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymatriidae) populations in Central New York, Biol. Control, 10, 58, 10.1006/bcon.1997.0541
Hajek, 1998, Distribution of resting spores of the Lymantria dispar pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga in soil and on bark, BioControl, 43, 189, 10.1023/A:1009933525540
Hajek, 1996, Host range of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in the field versus laboratory, Environ. Entomol., 25, 709, 10.1093/ee/25.4.709
Hajek, 1990, Temperature and moisture relations of sporulation and germination by Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthoraceae), a fungal pathogen of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), Environ. Entomol., 19, 85, 10.1093/ee/19.1.85
Hajek, 2000, Introduction of exotic pathogens and documentation of their establishment and impact, 339
Hajek, 1996, Introduction and spread of the fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) along the leading edge of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) spread, Environ. Entomol., 25, 1235, 10.1093/ee/25.5.1235
Hajek, 1995, Mysterious origin of Entomophaga maimaiga in North America, Am. Entomol., 41, 31, 10.1093/ae/41.1.31
Hajek, 1990, Allozyme and restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses confirm Entomophaga maimaiga responsible for 1989 epizootics in North American gypsy moth populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87, 6979, 10.1073/pnas.87.18.6979
Hajek, 1990, Decline in virulence on Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) with repeated in vitro subculture, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 56, 91, 10.1016/0022-2011(90)90149-Z
Hajek, 1993, Modeling the dynamics of Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) epizootics in Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations, Environ. Entomol., 22, 1172, 10.1093/ee/22.5.1172
Hajek, 1991, Pathogen reservoirs as a biological control resource: Introduction of Entomophaga maimaiga to North American gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, populations, Biol. Control, 1, 29, 10.1016/1049-9644(91)90098-K
Hajek, 1992, Temporal dynamics of Entomophaga maimaiga after death of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) larval hosts, Environ. Entomol., 21, 129, 10.1093/ee/21.1.129
Hajek, 1994, Interactions between fungal pathogens and insect hosts, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 39, 293, 10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.001453
Hajek, 1998, Location and persistence of cadavers of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, containing Entomophaga maimaiga azygospores, Mycologia, 90, 754, 10.2307/3761315
Hajek, 1999, Inoculative augmentation of the fungal entomopathogen Entomophaga maimaiga as a homeowner tactic to control gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), Biol. Control, 14, 11, 10.1006/bcon.1998.0667
Harper, 1987, Applied epizootiology: Microbial control of insects, 473
Harris, J. G.1997. Microbial insecticides—An industry perspective. InMicrobial Insecticides: Novelty or Necessity? (H. F. Evans, chair). Proc. Br. Crop Prot. Council Symp. 68, 41–50.
Harvey, 1986, Transport physiology of lepidopteran midgut in relation to the action of Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin, Proc. IV Int. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol., 11
Henry, 1981, Pest control by Nosema locustae, a pathogen of grasshoppers and crickets, 573
Hofmann, 1988, Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins is correlated with the presence of high-affinity binding sites in the brush-border membrane of target insect midguts, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85, 7844, 10.1073/pnas.85.21.7844
Hofmann, 1988, Binding of the delta-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis to brush-border membrane vesicles of the cabbage butterfly (Pieris brassicae), Eur. J. Biochem., 173, 85, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13970.x
Höfte, 1989, Insecticidal crystal proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis, Microbiol. Rev., 53, 242, 10.1128/MR.53.2.242-255.1989
Hokkanen, 1994, OECD workshop on ecological implications of transgenic crop plants containing Bacillus thuringiensis toxin genes, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 4, 395, 10.1080/09583159409355350
Hominick, 1997, Application of ecological information for practical use of insect pathogenic nematodes
Honée, 1991, The C-terminal domain of the toxic fragment of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein determines receptor binding, Mol. Microbiol., 5, 2799, 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01988.x
Hostetter, 1991, A new broad host spectrum nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from a celery looper, Anagrapha falcifera (Kirby) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Environ. Entomol., 20, 1480, 10.1093/ee/20.5.1480
Hougard, 1990, Formulations and persistence of Bacillus sphaericus in Culex quiquefasciatus larval sites in tropical Africa, 295
Huber, 1986, Use of baculoviruses in pest management programs, 181
Hüger, 1966, A virus disease of the Indian rhinoceros beetle Oryctes rhinoceros caused by a new type of insect virus Rhabdinovirus oryctes gen. n., sp. n, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 8, 38, 10.1016/0022-2011(66)90101-7
Hunter, 1970, Pathogenicity of a granulosis virus of the Indian meal moth, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 16, 339, 10.1016/0022-2011(70)90148-5
Hunter-Fujita, 1998
Ignoffo, 1964, Production and virulence of a nuclear-polyhedrons virus from larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner) reared on a semisynthetic diet, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 6, 318
Ignoffo, 1965, The nuclear-polyhedrosis virus of Heliothis zea (Boddie) and Heliothis virescens (Fabricius). I. Virus propagation and its virulence, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 7, 209, 10.1016/0022-2011(65)90040-6
Ignoffo, 1981, The nucleopolyhedrosis virus of Heliothis species as a microbial insecticide, 330
Johnigk, 1999, Juvenile development and life cycle of Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and H. indica (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae), Nematology, 1, 251, 10.1163/156854199508234
Jones, 1997, Product stability: From experimental preparation to commercial reality
Jones, 1997, Formulation: Is it an excuse for poor application?
Kaya, 1976, Insect pathogens in natural and microbial control of forest defoliators, 251
Kaya, 1990, Soil ecology, 93
Kaya, 1993, Entomopathogenic nematodes, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 38, 181, 10.1146/annurev.en.38.010193.001145
Kaya, 1997, Techniques in insect nematology, 281
Keller, 1997, Control of white grubs (Melolontha melolontha L) by treating adults with the fungus Beauveria brongniartii, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 7, 105, 10.1080/09583159731090
Kennedy, 1995, Managing pest resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxins: Constraints and incentives to implementation, Environ. Entomol., 88, 454, 10.1093/jee/88.3.454
Khan, 1993, Muscardine fungi for the biological control of agroforestry termite Odontotermes obesus (Rambur), Insect Sci. Appl., 14, 529
Klein, 1990, Efficacy against soil inhabiting pests, 195
Klein, 1992, Bacterial diseases of scarabs, 43
Klein, 1995, Bacillus and Serratia species for scarab control, Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz, 90, 87, 10.1590/S0074-02761995000100019
Klein, 1999, An attractant trap for autodissemination of entomopathogenic fungi into populations of Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 9, 151, 10.1080/09583159929730
Knowles, 1994, Mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal proteins, Adv. Insect Physiol., 24, 275, 10.1016/S0065-2806(08)60085-5
Knowles, 1993, The crystal d-endotoxins of Bacillus thuringiensis: Models for their mechanism of action in the insect gut, BioEssays, 15, 469, 10.1002/bies.950150706
Knowles, 1987, Colloid-osmotic lysis is a general feature of the mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins with different insect specificity, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 924, 509, 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90167-X
Koppenhöfer, 2000, Nematodes, 283
Koppenhöfer, 2000, Synergism of imidacloprid and entomopathogenic nematodes against white grubs: The mechanism, Entomol. Exp. Appl., 94, 283, 10.1046/j.1570-7458.2000.00630.x
Koppenhöfer, 1998, Synergism of imidacloprid and an entomopathogenic nematode: A novel approach to white grub (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) control in turfgrass, J. Econ. Entomol., 91, 618, 10.1093/jee/91.3.618
Kurtak, 1987, Control of black fly vectors of onchocerciasis in Africa, 341
Lacey, 1996, Global distribution of naturally occurring fungi of Bemisia, their biologies and use as biological control agents, 401
Lacey, 1995, Current developments in microbial control of insect pests and prospects for the early 21st century, Entomophaga, 40, 3, 10.1007/BF02372677
Lacey, 2000
Lacey, 1990, Safety of Bacillus thuringiensis (H-14) and Bacillus sphaericus to nontarget organisms in the aquatic environment, 169
Lacey, 2000, Safety and ecotoxicology of entomopathogenic bacteria, 253
Lacey, 1986, Microbial control of black flies and mosquitoes, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 31, 265, 10.1146/annurev.en.31.010186.001405
Lampel, 1994, Integrative cloning, expression, and stability of the cryIA(c) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in a recombinant strain of Clavibacter xyli subsp. cynodontis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 501, 10.1128/AEM.60.2.501-508.1994
Latgé, 1988, Aphid pathogens, 323
Lewis, 1993, Response of cruiser and ambusher antomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernematidae) to host volatile cues, Can. J. Zool., 71, 765, 10.1139/z93-101
Lisansky, 1997, Microbial biopesticides
Liu, 1996, Heterorhabditis marelatus n. sp. (Rhabditida: Heterorhabditidae) from Oregon, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 67, 48, 10.1006/jipa.1996.0008
Luckow, 1988, Trends in the development of baculovirus expression vectors, Biotechnology, 6, 47, 10.1038/nbt0188-47
Maddox, 1987, Protozoan diseases, 417
Maddox, 1992, Exotic insect pathogens as classical biological control agents with an empahsis on regulatory considerations, 27
Mahaffee, 1994, Bacterial endophytes genetically engineered to express the CryIIA d-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki, 245
Mamiya, 1989, Comparison of the infectivity of Steinernema kushidai (Nematode: Steinernematidae) and other steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes for three different host insects, Appl. Entomol. Zool., 24, 302, 10.1303/aez.24.302
Martignoni, 1978, Activity standardization of technical preparations of douglas-fir tussock moth baculovirus, J. Econ. Entomol., 71, 473, 10.1093/jee/71.3.473
McCoy, C. W., Samson, R. A., and Boucias, D. G.1988. Entomogenous fungi. InHandbook of Natural Pesticides, Vol. V: Microbial Insecticides, Part A: Entomogenous Protozoa and Fungi (C. M. Ignoffo and N. B. Mandava, Eds.), pp. 151–236. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
McGaughey, 1988, Resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in colonies of Indianmeal moth and almond moth (Lapidoptera: Pyralidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 81, 28, 10.1093/jee/81.1.28
Melin, 1990, Safety to nontarget invertebrates of Lepidopteran strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and their β-exotoxins, 149
Miller, 1988, Baculoviruses as gene expression vectors, Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 42, 177, 10.1146/annurev.mi.42.100188.001141
Miller, 1995, Genetically engineered insect virus pesticides: Present and future, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 65, 211, 10.1006/jipa.1995.1032
Milner, 1997, Prospects for biopesticides for aphid control, Entomophaga, 42, 227, 10.1007/BF02769900
Milner, 1994, Susceptibility of Australian plague locust, Chortoicetes terminifera, and wingless grasshopper, Phaulacridium vittatum, to the fungi Metarhizium spp, Biol. Control, 4, 132, 10.1006/bcon.1994.1021
Moscardi, 2000, Microbial control of insect pests of soybean, 447
Nguyen, 1991, Pathogenicity of Steinernema scapterisci to selected invertebrates, J. Nematol., 23, 7
Nicolas, 1994, Role of the exosporium in the stability of the Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 124, 271, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1994.tb07296.x
Nielsen-Leroux, 1997, Resistance to Bacillus sphaericus involves different mechanisms in Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicdae) larvae, J. Med. Entomol., 34, 321, 10.1093/jmedent/34.3.321
Nielsen-Leroux, 1995, Resistance in a laboratory population of Culex quinquefasciatus (dipetra; culicidae) to Bacillus sphaericus binary toxin is due to a change in the receptor on midgut brush-border membranes, Eur. J. Biochem., 228, 206, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20251.x
Obukowicz, 1986, Tn5-mediated integration of the delta-endotoxin gene from Bacillus thuringiensis into the chromosome of root-colonizing pseudomonads, J. Bacteriol., 168, 982, 10.1128/jb.168.2.982-989.1986
Obukowicz, 1986, Integration of the delta-endotoxin gene of Bacillus thuringiensis into the chromosome of root-colonizing pseudomonads using Tn5, Gene, 45, 327, 10.1016/0378-1119(86)90031-4
Ogura, 1993, Control of scarabaeid grubs with an entomogenous nematode, Steinernema kushidai, Jpn. Agric. Res. Q., 27, 49
Parkman, 1996, Entomopathogenic nematodes, a case study, introduction of Steinernema scapterisci in Florida, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 6, 413, 10.1080/09583159631389
Parkman, 1993, Establishment and persistence of Steinernema scapterisci (Rhabditida, Steinernematidae) in field populations of Scapteriscus spp. mole crickets (Orthoptera: Gryllotalpidae), J. Entomol. Sci., 28, 182, 10.18474/0749-8004-28.2.182
Petersen, 1985, Nematode parasites, 110
Poinar, 1979
Poinar, 1990, Taxonomy and biology of Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, 23
Porter, 1993, Mosquitocidal toxins of Bacilli and their genetic manipulation for effective biological control of mosquitoes, Microbiol. Rev., 57, 838, 10.1128/MR.57.4.838-861.1993
Possee, 1993, Viral approaches for insect control, 99
Powell, 1995, Recent advances in structure and function research on Bacillus thuringiensis crystal proteins, 1
Rao, 1995, Development of a high level of resistance to Bacillus sphaericus in a field population of Culex quinquefasciatus from Kochi, India, J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 11, 1
Reardon, 1993, Appal. Integr. Pest Manage. Publ.
Reardon, R, Dubois, N, and, McLane, W. 1994, Bacillus thuringiensis for Managing Gypsy Moth: A Review. Natl. Center Forest Hlth. Manage. Publ.
Riba, 1994, Molecular methods offer a new challenge for fungal bioinsecticides, Proc. VIth Int. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol., 16
Saik, 1990, Safety of microbial control agents to domestic animals and vertebrate wildlife, 115
Schnepf, 1998, Bacillus thuringiensis and its pesticidal proteins, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 62, 775, 10.1128/MMBR.62.3.775-806.1998
Schwartz, 1991, Early response of cultured lepidopteran cells to exposure to d-endotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis: Involvement of calcium and cationic channels, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1065, 250, 10.1016/0005-2736(91)90237-3
Schwartz, 1993, Lepidopteran-specific crystal toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis form cation- and anion-selective channels in planar lipid bilayers, J. Membr. Biol., 132, 53, 10.1007/BF00233051
Shah, P. A, and, Goettel, M. S. 1999, Directory of microbial control products. Society for Invertebrate Pathology, Division of Microbial Control, http://www.sipweb.org/directory.htm
Shapiro, 1981, In vivo mass production of gypsy moth nucleo-polyhedrosis virus, 140
Shapiro, 1993, The use of fluorescent brighteners as activity enhancers for insect pathogenic viruses, 40
Shelton, 1993, Resistance of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies in the field, J. Econ. Entomol., 3, 697, 10.1093/jee/86.3.697
Shuler, 1995
Siegel, 1990, Safety of microbial insecticides to vertebrates—Humans, 101
Skot, 1990, Expression of insecticidal activity in Rhizobium containing the d-endotoxin gene cloned froim Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. tenebrionis, Plant Soil, 127, 285, 10.1007/BF00014436
Skovmand, 2000, Microbial control of mosquitoes and black flies, 767
Slatin, 1990, Delta-endotoxins form cation-selective channels in planar lipid bilayers, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 169, 765, 10.1016/0006-291X(90)90397-6
Smitley, 1995, Introduction and establishment of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in Michigan, Environ. Entomol., 24, 1685, 10.1093/ee/24.6.1685
Soares, 1995, Challenges and strategies for the wider adoption of Bt insecticides, 223
Solter, 2000, Entomopathogenic microsporida, 231
Soltes-Rak, 1993, Effect of promoter modification on mosquitocidal cryIVB gene expression in Synechococcus sp. strain 7942, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 2404, 10.1128/AEM.59.8.2404-2410.1993
Soper, 1988, Isolation and characterization of Entomophaga maimaiga sp. nov., a fungal pathogen of gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, from Japan, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 51, 229, 10.1016/0022-2011(88)90030-4
St. Leger, 1997, The application of molecular techniques to insect pathology with empahsis on entomopathogenic fungi, 367
St. Leger, 1997, Engineering improved mycoinsecticides, Trends Biotechnol., 15, 83, 10.1016/S0167-7799(96)10071-8
Steinhaus, 1956, Microbial control: The emergence of an idea, Hilgardia, 26, 107, 10.3733/hilg.v26n02p107
Steinhaus, 1975
Steinkraus, 1994, Predicting fungal epizootics on cotton aphids, Arkansas Farm Res., 43, 10
Steinkraus, 1995, Prevalence of Neozygites fresenii (Entomophthorales: Neozygitaceae) on cotton aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Arkansas cotton, Environ. Entomol., 24, 465, 10.1093/ee/24.2.465
Steinkraus, 1991, Neozygites fresenii in Aphis gossypii on cotton, Southwest. Entomol., 16, 118
Stern, 1990, Granulosis virus: Biological control for western grapeleaf skeletonizer, Calif. Agric., 44, 21, 10.3733/ca.v044n03p21
Stevens, 1994, A genetically engineered mosquitocidal cyanobacterium, J. Appl. Physiol., 6, 187
Stock, 1990, Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis crystal protein gene in Pseudomonas cepacia 526, Can. J. Microbiol., 36, 879, 10.1139/m90-152
Straus, 1997, Microbial insecticides: Can farmers be persuaded to use them?
Tabashnik, 1994, Evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis, Annu. Rev. Entomol., 39, 47, 10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.000403
Tabashnik, 1990, Field development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 83, 1671, 10.1093/jee/83.5.1671
Tabashnik, 1991, Managing resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis: Lessons from the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), J. Econ. Entomol., 84, 49, 10.1093/jee/84.1.49
Tanada, 1964, A granulosis virus of the codling moth, Carpocapsa pomonella (Linnaeus) (Olethreutidae, Lepidoptera), J. Insect Pathol., 6, 378
Tanada, 1991, Baculoviridae. Granulosis virus, 227
Tanada, 1993
Tatchell, 1997, Microbial insecticides and IPM: Current and future opportunities for the use of biopesticides
Thanabalu, 1992, Expression of the mosquitocidal toxins of Bacillus sphaericus and Bacillus thuringiensis subsp.israelensis by a recombinant Caulobacter crescentus, a vehicle for biological control of aquatic insect larvae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 58, 905, 10.1128/AEM.58.3.905-910.1992
Thomas, 1983, Mechanism of action of Bacillus thuringiensis var.israelensis insecticidal δ-endotoxin, FEBS Lett., 154, 362, 10.1016/0014-5793(83)80183-5
Quintela, 1997, Pathogenicity enhancement of Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana to first instars of Diaprepes abbreviatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) with sublethal doses of imidacloprid, Environ. Entomol., 26, 1173, 10.1093/ee/26.5.1173
Udayasuryian, 1995, Transfer of an insecticidal protein gene of Bacillus thuringiensis into plant-colonizing Azospirillum, World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 11, 163, 10.1007/BF00704640
Vail, 1993, Viruses for control of arthropod pests, 30
Vail, 1973, New procedures for rearing cabbage loopers and other lepidopterous larvae for propagation of nuclear polyhedrosis viruses, Environ. Entomol., 2, 339, 10.1093/ee/2.3.339
Vail, 1999, Development of the multi-nucleocapsid nucleopolyhedroviruses (MNPVs) infectious to loopers (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae: Plusiinae) as microbial control agents, Int. Pest Manage. Rev., 4, 231, 10.1023/A:1009601212375
Vail, 1971, Cross infectivity of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus isolated from the alfalfa looper, Autographa californica, Proc. IVth Int. Colloq. Insect Pathol., 297
Vail, 1976, Experiments on the integrated control of a cotton and lettuce pest, J. Econ. Entomol., 69, 787, 10.1093/jee/69.6.787
Vail, 1991, Efficacy and persistance of a granulosis virus against infestations of Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) on raisins, J. Stored Prod. Res., 27, 103, 10.1016/0022-474X(91)90019-9
van Frankenhuyzen, 2000, Forest defoliators, 767
Van Rie, 1989, Specificity of Bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxins. Importance of specific receptors on the brush-border membrane of the mid-gut of target insects, Eur. J. Biochem., 186, 239, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb15201.x
Vega, 1995, Dissemination of microbial agents using an autoinoculating device and several insect species as vectors, Biol. Control, 5, 545, 10.1006/bcon.1995.1064
Vega, 2000, Dissemination of beneficial microbial agents by insects, 152
Weiss, S. A., and Vaughn, J. L.1986. Cell culture methods for large-scale propagation of Baculoviruses. InThe Biology of Baculoviruses. Vol. IIPractical Application for Insect Control (R. R. Granados and B. A. Federici, Eds.), pp. 63–87. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
Weiss, 1994, Production of baculoviruses on industrial scale, Proc. VIth Int. Colloq. Invertebr. Pathol., 440
Weseloh, 1998, Possibility of recent origin of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in North America, Environ. Entomol., 27, 171, 10.1093/ee/27.2.171
Weseloh, 1999, Entomophaga maimaiga (Zygomycete: Entomophthorales) resting spores and biological control of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), Environ. Entomol., 28, 1162, 10.1093/ee/28.6.1162
Weseloh, 1992, Epizootiology of the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga, and its impact in gypsy moth populations, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 59, 133, 10.1016/0022-2011(92)90023-W
Weseloh, 1992, Mechanisms of transmission of the gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) fungus, Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomphthorales: Entomophthoraceae) and effects of site conditions on its prevalence, Environ. Entomol., 21, 901, 10.1093/ee/21.4.901
Weseloh, 1997, Persistence of resting spores of Entomophaga maimaiga, a fungal pathogen of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 69, 195, 10.1006/jipa.1996.4645
Weseloh, 1993, Modeling the influence of rainfall and temperature on the phenology of infection of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar larvae by the fungus Entomophaga maimaiga, Biol. Control, 3, 311, 10.1006/bcon.1993.1040
Wilson, 2000, Terrestrial mollusc pests, 787
Wilson, 1993, The rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita as a potential biological control agent for slugs, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 3, 503, 10.1080/09583159309355306
Wilson, 1995, Biocontrol of slugs in protected lettuce using the rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 5, 233, 10.1080/09583159550039954
Wilson, 1994, Mini-plot field experiments using the rhabditid nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita for biological control, Biocontr. Sci. Technol., 4, 103, 10.1080/09583159409355318
Wood, 1991, Development of genetically enhanced baculovirus pesticides, 69
Wood, 1995, Development and testing of genetically improved baculovirus insecticides, 91
Woods, 1987, Bimodal patterns of mortality from nuclear polyhedrosis virus in gypsy moth (Lymanntria dispar) populations, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 50, 151, 10.1016/0022-2011(87)90115-7
Young, 1974, The epizootiology of two pathogens of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 24, 82, 10.1016/0022-2011(74)90167-0
Young, 1981, The epizootiology of the baculovirus of the coconut palm rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) in Tonga, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 38, 362, 10.1016/0022-2011(81)90102-6
Young, 1986, Formulation and application of baculoviruses, 157
Zelazny, 1972, Studies on Rhabdionvirus rhinoceros. I. Effects on larvae of Oryctes rhinoceros and inactivation of virus, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 20, 235, 10.1016/0022-2011(72)90150-4
Zelazny, 1973, Studies on Rhabdionvirus rhinoceros. II. Effects on adults of Oryctes rhinoceros, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 22, 122, 10.1016/0022-2011(73)90020-7
Zelazny, 1976, Transmission of a Baculovirus in populations of Oryctes rhinoceros, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 27, 221, 10.1016/0022-2011(76)90149-X
Zelazny, 1977, Oryctes rhinoceros populations and behavior influenced by a baculovirus, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 29, 210, 10.1016/0022-2011(77)90195-1
Zelazny, 1978, Methods for inoculating and diagnosing the baculovirus disease of Oryctes rhinoceros, FAO Plant Prot. Bull., 26, 163
Zelazny, 1991, Ecology of baculovirus-infected and healthy adults of Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidea) on coconut palms in the Philippines, Ecol. Entomol., 16, 253, 10.1111/j.1365-2311.1991.tb00215.x
Zelazny, 1990, Introduction and field comparison of Baculovirus strains against Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) in the Maldives, Environ. Entomol., 19, 1115, 10.1093/ee/19.4.1115
Zelazny, 1992, Oryctes rhinoceros (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) populations suppressed by a baculovirus, J. Invertebr. Pathol., 59, 61, 10.1016/0022-2011(92)90112-H