Inkskinned: Gender and Personality Aspects Affecting Heavy Tattooing—A Moderation Model

Anderson-Fye, E. P. (2012). Anthropological perspectives on physical appearance and body image. In T. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (Vol. 1, pp. 15–22). San Diego: Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00003-1. Arnstein, R. L. (1980). The student, the family, the university, and transition to adulthood. Adolescent Psychiatry,8, 160–172. Atkinson, M. (2003). Tattooed: The sociogenesis of a body art. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. Behling, O., & Law, K. S. (2000). Translating questionnaires and other research instruments: Problems and solutions (Vol. 133). Newcastle upon Tyne: Sage. Bell, S. (1999). Tattooed: A participant observer’s exploration of meaning. Journal of American Culture,22(2), 53–58. Benson, S. (2000). Inscriptions of the self: Reflections on tattooing and piercing in contemporary Euro-America. In J. Caplan (Ed.), Written on the body: The tattoo in European and American history (pp. 234–240). London: Reaktion Books. Blanchard, M. (1994). Post–bourgeois tattoo: Reflections on skin writing in late capitalist societies. Visual Anthropology Review,7(2), 11–21. Blos, P. (1979). Adolescent passage. New York, NY: International Universities Press. Breuner, C. C., & Levine, D. A. (2017). Adolescent and young adult tattooing, piercing, and scarification. Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2017-1962. Carroll, S. T., Riffenburgh, R. H., Roberts, T. A., & Myhre, E. B. (2002). Tattoos and body piercings as indicators of adolescent risk-taking behaviors. Pediatrics,109(6), 1021–1027. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.109.6.1021. Cash, T. F. (2004). Body image: Past, present, and future. Body Image,1(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1740-1445(03)00011-1. Chickering, A. W. (1969). Education and identity. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. Chodorow, N. J. (1999). The reproduction of mothering: Psychoanalysis and the sociology of gender. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Choi, K. H. (2002). Psychological separation-individuation and adjustment to college among Korean American students: The roles of collectivism and individualism. Journal of Counseling Psychology,49(4), 468–475. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0020029. Clerici, R., & Meggiolaro, S. (2011). The context of body art: Body piercing and tattooing among high school students in a northeastern Italian region. SAGE Open,1(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244011425833. DeMello, M., & Rubin, G. S. (2000). Bodies of inscription: A cultural history of the modern tattoo community. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Deschesnes, M., Finès, P., & Demers, S. (2006). Are tattooing and body piercing indicators of risk-taking behaviours among high school students? Journal of Adolescence,29(3), 379–393. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2005.06.001. Dzukaeva, V. (2014). Adaptation of Psychological Separation Inventory (PSI) for Russian sample. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,146, 216–221. Fernández-Balboa, J. M., & González-Calvo, G. (2018). A critical narrative analysis of the perspectives of physical trainers and fitness instructors in relation to their body image, professional practice and the consumer culture. Sport, Education and Society,23(9), 866–878. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2017.1289910. Fischer, A. R., & Good, G. E. (1998). Perceptions of parent-child relationships and masculine role conflicts of college men. Journal of Counseling Psychology,45(3), 346–352. Fisher, S. (1963). A further appraisal of the body boundary concept. Journal of Consulting Psychology,27(1), 62–74. Frederick, C. M., & Bradley, K. A. (2000). A different kind of normal? Psychological and motivational characteristics of young adult tattooers and body piercers. North American Journal of Psychology,2(2), 380–394. Fulmer, R. H., Medalie, J., & Lord, D. A. (1982). Life cycles in transition: A family systems perspective on counselling the college student. Journal of Adolescence,5(3), 195–217. Galbarczyk, A., & Ziomkiewicz, A. (2017). Tattooed men: Healthy bad boys and good-looking competitors. Personality and Individual Differences,106, 122–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2016.10.051. Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Heywood, W., Patrick, K., Smith, A. M., Simpson, J. M., Pitts, M. K., Richters, J., et al. (2012). Who gets tattoos? Demographic and behavioral correlates of ever being tattooed in a representative sample of men and women. Annals of Epidemiology,22(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.10.005. Hoffman, J. A. (1984). Psychological separation of late adolescents from their parents. Journal of Counseling Psychology,31(2), 170–178. Kang, M., & Jones, K. (2007). Why do people get tattoos? Contexts,6(1), 42–47. Kenyon, D. B., & Koerner, S. S. (2007). 62: College student psychological well-being during the transition to college: Examining individuation from parents. Journal of Adolescent Health,40(2), S45–S46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.11.116. Kluger, N. (2015). Epidemiology of tattoos in industrialized countries. In J. Serup, N. Kluger, & W. Bäumler (Eds.), Tattooed skin and health. Current Problems in Dermatology (Vol. 48, pp. 6–20). Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers. Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2010). Body art, deviance, and American college students. The Social Science Journal,47(1), 151–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2009.10.001. Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2015). Tattoos, gender, and well-being among American college students. The Social Science Journal,52(4), 536–541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2015.08.001. Koch, J. R., Roberts, A. E., Cannon, J. H., Armstrong, M. L., & Owen, D. C. (2005). College students, tattooing, and the health belief model: Extending social psychological perspectives on youth culture and deviance. Sociological Spectrum,25(1), 79–102. https://doi.org/10.1080/027321790500121. Lande, R. G., Bahroo, B. A., & Soumoff, A. (2013). United States military service members and their tattoos: A descriptive study. Military Medicine,178(8), 921–925. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00131. Laumann, A. E., & Derick, A. J. (2006). Tattoos and body piercings in the United States: A national data set. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology,55(3), 413–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2006.03.026. Lemma, A. (2010). Under the skin: A psychoanalytic study of body modification. Abington: Routledge. Lucas, M. (1997). Identity development, career development, and psychological separation from parents: Similarities and differences between men and women. Journal of Counseling Psychology,44(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.44.2.123. Moscovitch, D. A. (2009). What is the core fear in social phobia? A new model to facilitate individualized case conceptualization and treatment. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice,16(2), 123–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2008.04.002. Oliveira, M. D. D. S., Matos, M. A., Martins, R. M., & Teles, S. A. (2006). Tattooing and body piercing as lifestyle indicator of risk behaviors in Brazilian adolescents. European Journal of Epidemiology,21(7), 559–560. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-006-9028-7. Patterson, M., & Schroeder, J. (2010). Borderlines: Skin, tattoos and consumer culture theory. Marketing Theory,10(3), 253–267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593110373191. Phelan, M. P., & Hunt, S. A. (1998). Prison gang members’ tattoos as identity work: The visual communication of moral careers. Symbolic Interaction,21(3), 277–298. Reed, D. L., Thompson, J. K., Brannick, M. T., & Sacco, W. P. (1991). Development and validation of the physical appearance state and trait anxiety scale (PASTAS). Journal of Anxiety Disorders,5(4), 323–332. Rice, K. G., Cole, D. A., & Lapsley, D. K. (1990). Separation-individuation, family cohesion, and adjustment to college: Measurement validation and test of a theoretical model. Journal of Counseling Psychology,37(2), 195–202. Roggenkamp, H., Nicholls, A., & Pierre, J. M. (2017). Tattoos as a window to the psyche: How talking about skin art can inform psychiatric practice. World Journal of Psychiatry,7(3), 148–158. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v7.i3.148. Sagoe, D., Pallesen, S., & Andreassen, C. S. (2017). Prevalence and correlates of tattooing in Norway: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,58(6), 562–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12399. Sanders, C. R. (1988). Marks of mischief: Becoming and being tattooed. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography,16(4), 395–432. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891241688164001. Santos, P. J., & Coimbra, J. L. (2000). Psychological separation and dimensions of career indecision in secondary school students. Journal of Vocational Behavior,56(3), 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.2000.1719. Shelton, J. A., & Okleshen Peters, C. L. (2006). Actions speak as loud as products: Disposition as a self-perceptive method of identity incorporation. Consumption, Markets and Culture,9(3), 207–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/10253860600772248. Shilling, C. (1993). The body and social theory. Newcastle upon Tyne: Sage. Stieger, S., Pietschnig, J., Kastner, C. K., Voracek, M., & Swami, V. (2010). Prevalence and acceptance of tattoos and piercings: A survey of young adults from the southern German-speaking area of Central Europe. Perceptual and Motor Skills,110(3), 1065–1074. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.110.C.1065-1074. Strübel, J., & Jones, D. (2017). Painted bodies: Representing the self and reclaiming the body through tattoos. The Journal of Popular Culture,50(6), 1230–1253. Suris, J. C., Jeannin, A., Chossis, I., & Michaud, P. A. (2007). Piercing among adolescents: Body art as risk marker: A population-based survey. Journal of Family Practice,56(2), 126–131. Swami, V. (2011). Marked for life? A prospective study of tattoos on appearance anxiety and dissatisfaction, perceptions of uniqueness, and self-esteem. Body Image,8(3), 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2011.04.005. Swami, V. (2012). Written on the body? Individual differences between British adults who do and do not obtain a first tattoo. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology,53(5), 407–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9450.2012.00960.x. Swami, V., & Harris, A. S. (2012). Body art: Tattooing and piercing. In T. Cash (Ed.), Encyclopedia of body image and human appearance (Vol. 1, pp. 58–65). Oxford: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384925-0.00012-2. Swami, V., Tran, U. S., Kuhlmann, T., Stieger, S., Gaughan, H., & Voracek, M. (2016). More similar than different: Tattooed adults are only slightly more impulsive and willing to take risks than non-tattooed adults. Personality and Individual Differences,88, 40–44. Sweetman, P. (1999). Anchoring the (postmodern) self? Body modification, fashion and identity. Body & Society,5(2–3), 51–76. Tate, J. C., & Shelton, B. L. (2008). Personality correlates of tattooing and body piercing in a college sample: The kids are alright. Personality and Individual Differences,45(4), 281–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.04.011. Timming, A. R., & Perrett, D. I. (2017). An experimental study of the effects of tattoo genre on perceived trustworthiness: Not all tattoos are created equal. Journal of Trust Research,7(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/21515581.2017.1289847. Tokar, D. M., Withrow, J. R., Hall, R. J., & Moradi, B. (2003). Psychological separation, attachment security, vocational self-concept crystallization, and career indecision: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology,50(1), 3–19. Wohlrab, S., Stahl, J., & Kappeler, P. M. (2007). Modifying the body: Motivations for getting tattooed and pierced. Body Image,4(1), 87–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2006.12.001.