Initiation of crustal-scale thrusts triggered by metamorphic reactions at depth: Insights from a comparison between the Himalayas and Scandinavian Caledonides
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Andersen, 1993, The role of extensional tectonics in the Caledonides of South Norway: Discussion, J. Struct. Geol., 15, 1379, 10.1016/0191-8141(93)90114-P
Andersen, 1998, Extensional tectonics in the Caledonides of southern Norway, an overview, Tectonophysics, 285, 333, 10.1016/S0040-1951(97)00277-1
Andersen, 1994, Stratigraphy, tectonostratigraphy and the accretion of outboard terranes in the Caledonides of Sunnhordland, W. Norway, Tectonophysics, 231, 71, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90122-8
Andersen, 1990, The Sunnfjord Melange, evidence of Silurian ophiolite accreation in the West-Norwegian Caledonides, J. Geol. Soc., 147, 59, 10.1144/gsjgs.147.1.0059
Andersen, 2002, The aftermath of the Caledonian continental collision in the North Atlantic region: A structural template for later events?, Abstr. Proc. Norw. Geol. Soc., 2, 12
Atherton, 2002, Slab breakoff: A model for Caledonian late granite syn-collisional magmatism in the orthotectonic (metamorphic) zone of Scotland and Donegal, Ireland, Lithos, 62, 65, 10.1016/S0024-4937(02)00111-1
Austrheim, 1987, Eclogitisation of lower crustal granulites by fluid migration through shear zones, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 81, 221, 10.1016/0012-821X(87)90158-0
Austrheim, 1991, Eclogite formation and dynamics of crustal roots under collision zones, Terra Nova, 3, 492, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1991.tb00184.x
Austrheim, 1994, Pseudotachylites generated during seismic faulting and eclogitisation of the deep crust, Science, 265, 82, 10.1126/science.265.5168.82
Austrheim, 1988, The lower continental crust in the root of the Caledonian mountain chain: Evidence from former deep crustal sections in western Norway, Norg, Geol. Unders. Spec. Publ., 3, 102
Austrheim, 1996, Garnets recording deep crustal earthquakes, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 139, 223, 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00232-2
Austrheim, 1996, Processing in the root of the Caledonian continental collision zones: The role of eclogitisation, Tectonophysics, 273, 129, 10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00291-0
Beaumont, 2009, Crustal structure: A key constraint on the mechanism of ultra-high-pressure rock exhumation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 287, 116, 10.1016/j.epsl.2009.08.001
Bjørnerud, 2002, Processes leading to eclogitisation (densification) of subducted and tectonically buried crust, J. Geophys. Res., 107, 10.1029/2001JB000527
Bollinger, 2006, Mountain building in the Nepal Himalaya: Thermal and kinematic model, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 244, 58, 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.01.045
Boundy, 1992, Structural development and petrofabrics of eclogite facies shear zones, Bergen Arcs, western Norway: Implications dor deep crustal deformation processes, J. Metamorph. Geol., 10, 127, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1992.tb00075.x
Brueckner, 2004, Dunk tectonics: A multiple subduction/eduction model for the evolution of Scandinavian Caledonides, Tectonics, 23, 10.1029/2003TC001502
Brun, 2008, Exhumation of high-pressure rocks driven by slab rollback, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 272, 1, 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.02.038
Burbank, 1997, The Tectonic Evolution of Asia, 149
Cattin, 2001, Gravity anomalies, crustal structure and thermomechanical support of the Himalaya of central Nepal, Geophys. J. Int., 147, 381, 10.1046/j.0956-540x.2001.01541.x
Chemenda, 1995, A mechanism for syn-collisional rock exhumation and associated normal faulting: Results from physical modeling, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 132, 225, 10.1016/0012-821X(95)00042-B
Connolly, 2005, Computation of phase equilibria by linear programming: A tool for geodynamic modeling and its application to subduction zone decarbonation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 236, 524, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.04.033
Corfield, 2001, Tectonic setting, origin, and obduction history of the Spontang Ophiolite, Ladakh Himalaya, NW India, J. Geol., 109, 715, 10.1086/323191
Corfu, 2003, A late Ordovician U-Pb age for the Tromsø nappe complex, uppermost allochthon of the Scandinavian Caledonides, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 145, 502, 10.1007/s00410-003-0466-x
Corfu, 2006, Early Silurian mafic-ultramafic and granitic plutonism in contemporaneous flysch, Magerøy, northern Norway: U-Pb ages and regional significance, J. Geol. Soc., 163, 291, 10.1144/0016-764905-014
Corrie, 2007, 21 Ma Eclogite from the Main Central Thrust, eastern Nepal Himalaya, Eos Trans. AGU, 88
Cottle, 2009, Geochronology of granulitized eclogite from the Ama Drime Massif: Implications for the tectonic evolution of the south Tibetan Himalaya, Tectonics, 28, 10.1029/2008TC002256
Davies, 2005, A revised stratigraphy for the Ringerike Group (Upper Silurian, Oslo region), Norw. J. Geol., 85, 193
DeCelles, 1998, Eocene-early Miocene foreland basin development and the history of Himalayan thrusting, western and central Nepal, Tectonics, 17, 741, 10.1029/98TC02598
de Sigoyer, 2004, Exhumation processes of the high-pressure low-temperature Tso Morari dome in a convergent context (eastern Ladakh, NW Himalaya), Tectonics, 23
Ding, 2005, Paleocene-Eocene record of ophiolite obduction and initial India-Asia collision, south central Tibet, Tectonics, 24, 10.1029/2004TC001729
Dunning, 1988, U/Pb dating of ophiolites and arc-related plutons of the Norwegian Caledonides: Implications for the development of Iapetus, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 98, 13, 10.1007/BF00371904
Eide, 2005, Modern techniques and Old Red problems - determining the age of continental sedimentary deposits with 40Ar/39Ar provenance analysis in west-central Norway, Norw. J. Geol., 85, 133
Erambert, 1993, The effect of fluid and deformation on zoning and inclusion patterns in poly metamorphic garnets, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 115, 204, 10.1007/BF00321220
Essex, 1997, Early Ordovician U-Pb metamorphic ages of the eclogite-bearing Seve nappes, Northern Scandinavian Caledonides, J. Metamorph. Geol., 15, 665, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.1997.tb00642.x
Fossen, 1992, The role of extensional tectonics in the Caledonides of south Norway, J. Struct. Geol., 14, 1033, 10.1016/0191-8141(92)90034-T
Fossen, 1998, Timing and kinematics of Caledonian thrusting and extensional collapse, southern Norway: Evidence from 40Ar/39Ar thermochronology, J. Struct. Geol., 20, 765, 10.1016/S0191-8141(98)00007-8
Fountain, 1994, Eclogite-facies shear zones-deep crustal reflectors?, Tectonophysics, 232, 411, 10.1016/0040-1951(94)90100-7
Gaetani, 1991, Multicyclic history of the Northern India Continental Margin (Northwestern Himalaya), AAPG Bull., 75, 1427
Gansser , A. 1964 Geology of the Himalayas 289 Wiley Interscience London, U. K.
Gee , D. G. B. A. Sturt 1985 The Caledonide Orogen: Scandinavia ans Related Areas John Wiley New York
Glodny, 2008, Geochronology of fluid-induced eclogite and amphibolite metamorphic reactions in a subduction-collision system, Bergen Arcs, Norway, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 156, 27, 10.1007/s00410-007-0272-y
Gorbatschev, 1985, The Caledonide Orogen-Scandinavia and Related Areas, 197
Groppo, 2007, Clockwise exhumation path of granulitized eclogites from the Ama Drime rage (eastern Himalayas), J. Metamorph. Geol., 25, 51, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2006.00678.x
Guillot, 2003, Reconstructing the total shortening history of the NW Himalaya, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 4
Guillot, 2008, Tethyan and Indian subduction viewed from the Himalayan high- to ultrahigh-pressure metamorphic rocks, Tectonophysics, 451, 225, 10.1016/j.tecto.2007.11.059
Hacker, 2007, Ascent of the ultrahigh-pressure Western Gneiss Region, Geol. Soc. Spec. Pap., 2009, 105
Hacker, 2004, Subduction Factory 3: An Excel worksheet and macro for calculating the densities, seismic wave speeds, and H2O contents of minerals and rocks at pressure and temperature, Geochem. Geophys. Geosyst., 5, 10.1029/2003GC000614
Hacker, 2005, Continental collisions and the creation of ultrahigh-pressure terranes: Petrology and thermochronology of nappes in the central Scandinavian Caledonides, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 117, 117, 10.1130/B25549.1
Hacker, 2003, Exhumation of high-pressure rocks beneath the Solund Basin, western gneiss region of Norway, J. Metamorph. Geol., 21, 612, 10.1046/j.1525-1314.2003.00468.x
Hetényi , G. 2007 Evolution de la déformation du prisme Himalayen: De l'imagerie à la modélisation
Hetényi, 2006, The effective elastic thickness of the India Plate from receiver function imaging, gravity anomalies and thermomechanical modelling, Geophys. J. Int., 167, 1106, 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03198.x
Hetényi, 2007, Density distribution of the India plate beneath the Tibetan plateau: Geophysical and petrological constraints on the kinetics of lower-crustal eclogitisation, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 264, 226, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.09.036
Hetényi , G. R. Cattin J. Vergne 2010 Geodynamics of Tibet and the Himalayas Lambert Acad. Publ. Saarebrücken, Germany
Hodges, 2000, Tectonics of the Himalaya and southern Tibet from two perspectives, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 112, 324, 10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<324:TOTHAS>2.0.CO;2
Hodges, 1996, Tectonic evolution of the central Annapurna Range, Nepalese Himalayas, Tectonics, 15, 1264, 10.1029/96TC01791
Hossack, 1985, The Caledonide Orogen-Scandinavia and Related Areas, 443
Jackson, 2004, Metastability, mechanical strength and the support of mountain belts, Geology, 32, 625, 10.1130/G20397.1
Jin, 2001, Eclogite rheology: Implications for subducted lithosphere, Geology, 29, 667, 10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0667:ERIFSL>2.0.CO;2
John, 2009, Generation of intermediate-depth earthquakes by self-localizing thermal runaway, Nat. Geosci., 2, 137, 10.1038/ngeo419
Jolivet, 2005, Softening triggered by eclogitisation, the first step toward exhumation during continental subduction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 237, 532, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.06.047
Kali, 2010, Exhumation history of the deepest central Himalayan rocks (Ama Drime range): Key P-T-D-t constraints on orogenic models, Tectonics, 29, 10.1029/2009TC002551
Klootwijk, 1992, An early India contact: Paleomagnetic constraints from Ninetyeast ridge, ODP Leg 121, Geology, 20, 395, 10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0395:AEIACP>2.3.CO;2
Krabbendam, 2000, Pre-Caledonian granulite and gabbro enclaves in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: Indications of incomplete transition at high pressure, Geol. Mag., 137, 235, 10.1017/S0016756800004015
Kuhn, 2001, The Caledonian tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Lindas nappe: Constraints from U-Pb, Sm-Nd and Rb-Sr ages of granitoid dykes, Norw. J. Geol., 82, 45
Kumar, 2001, Crustal structure of the Indian Shield: New constraints from teleseismic receiver functions, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 5735
Kylander-Clark, 2007, Coupled Lu-Hf and Sm-Nd geochronology constrains prograde and exhumation histories of high- and ultrahigh-pressure eclogites from western Norway, Chem. Geol., 242, 137, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.03.006
Labrousse, 2002, Crustal-scale boudinage and migmatization of gneiss during their exhumation in the UHP province of western Norway, Terra Nova, 14, 263, 10.1046/j.1365-3121.2002.00422.x
Ladenberger, 2009, Interpreting Himalayan orogeny via the Paleozoic Scandian Analogue, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 73
Leech, 2005, The onset of India-Asia continental collision: Early, steep subduction required by timing of UHP metamorphism in the western Himalaya, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 234, 83, 10.1016/j.epsl.2005.02.038
Le Fort, 1975, Himalayas: The collided range. Present knowledge of the continental arc, Am. J. Sci., 275-A, 1
Le Fort, 1997, HP metamorphic belt along the Indus suture zone of NW Himalaya: New discoveries and significance, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 325, 773
Lombardo, 2000, Two contrasting eclogite types in the Himalayas: Implications for the Himalayan orogeny, J. Geodyn., 30, 37, 10.1016/S0264-3707(99)00026-5
Lund, 2003, High-pressure metamorphism and deep-crustal seismicity: Evidence from contemporaneous formation of pseudotachylites and eclogite facies coronas, Tectonophysics, 372, 59, 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00232-4
Lundmark, 2007, Age and origin of the Ardal dike complex, SW Norway: False isochrons, incomplete mixing and the origin of Caledonian granites in basement nappes, Tectonics, 26, 10.1029/2005TC001844
Mahéo, 2007, Post 4 Ma initiation of normal faulting in southern Tibet. Constraints from the Kung Co half-graben, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 256, 233, 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.01.029
Monsalve, 2006, Seimiscity and one-dimensional velocity structure of the Himalayan collision zone: Earthquakes in the crust and upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 111, 10.1029/2005JB004062
Monsalve, 2008, Seismic structure of the crust and the upper mantle beneath the Himalayas: Evidence for eclogitisation of lower crustal rocks in the Indian Plate, J. Geophys. Res., 113, 10.1029/2007JB005424
Nábělek, 2009, Underplating in the Himalaya-Tibet collision zone revealed by the Hi-CLIMB experiment, Science, 325, 1371, 10.1126/science.1167719
Nickelsen, 1985, The Caledonide Orogen-Scandinavia and Related Areas, 367
Orzol, 2002, An experimental study of the rheology of jadeite, Eos Trans. AGU, 83
Parrish, 2006, Plate velocity exhumation of ultrahigh-pressure eclogites in the Pakistan Himalaya, Geology, 34, 989, 10.1130/G22796A.1
Pedersen, 1991, A U/Pb age for the Sulitjelma Gabbro, North Norway: Further evidence for the development of a Caledonian marginal basin in Ashgill-Llandovery time, Geol. Mag., 128, 141, 10.1017/S0016756800018331
Ragnhildsveit , J. D. Helliksen 1997 Geologisk kart over Noreg, berggrunnskart Bergen Norwegian Geological Survey Trondheim, Norway
Raimbourg, 2005, Kinematics of syneclogite deformation in the Bergen Arcs, Norway: Implications for exhumation mechanisms, Geol. Soc. Spec. Publ., 243, 175, 10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.243.01.13
Raimbourg, 2007, Garnet reequilibration and growth in the eclogite facies and geodynamical evolution near peak metamorphic conditions, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 153, 1, 10.1007/s00410-006-0130-3
Raimbourg, 2007, Consequences of progressive eclogitisation on crustal exhumation, a mechanical study, Geophys, J. Int., 168, 379
Rey, 1997, Orogeny Through Time, 121, 179
Riel , N. K. H. Hattori S. Guillot N. Rayner B. Davis M. Latif A. B. Kausar 2008 SHRIMP zircon ages of eclogites in the Stak massif, northern Pakistan 23rd Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop India
Roberts, 2003, The Scandinavian Caledonides: Event chronology, palaeogeographic settings and likely modern analogues, Tectonophysics, 365, 283, 10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00026-X
Roberts, 1985, The Caledonide Orogen: Scandinavia and Related Areas, 55
Roberts, 2002, Carbonate formations and early NW-directed thrusting in the highest allochtohons of the Norwegian Caledonides: Evidence of a Laurentian ancestry, J. Geol. Soc., 159, 117, 10.1144/0016-764901-128
Rolfo , F. R. Carosi C. Montomoli D. Visona 2008 Discovery of granulitized eclogite in North Sikkim expands the Eastern Himalaya high-pressure province 23rd Himalayan-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop India
Root, 2005, Discrete ultra-high pressure domains in the Western Gneiss Region, Norway: Implications for formation and exhumation, J. Metamorph. Geol., 23, 45, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00561.x
Rowley, 1996, Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 145, 1, 10.1016/S0012-821X(96)00201-4
Rybacki, 2000, Dislocation and diffusion creep of synthetic anorthite aggregates, J. Geophys. Res., 105, 26,017, 10.1029/2000JB900223
Smit, 2008, Aragonite and magnesite in eclogites from the Jaeren nappe, SW Norway: Disequilibrium in the system CaCO3MgCO3 and petrological implications, J. Metamorph. Geol., 26, 959, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2008.00795.x
Smit, 2009, Timing of eclogite facies metamorphism in the southernmost Scandinavian Caledonides by LuĐHf and Sm-Nd geochronology, Contrib. Mineral. Petrol., 159, 521, 10.1007/s00410-009-0440-3
Stephens, 1985, The Caledonide Orogen-Scandinavia and Related Areas, 623
St-Onge, 2006, Trans-Hudson orogen of North America and Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibetan orogen of Asia: Structural and thermal characteritics of the lower and upper plates, Tectonics, 25, 10.1029/2005TC001907
Straume, 1999, Importance of fracturing during retro-metamorphism of eclogites, J. Metamorph. Geol., 17, 637, 10.1046/j.1525-1314.1999.00218.x
Terry, 2006, Deformation-enhanced metamorphic reactions and the rheology of high-pressure shear zones, Western Gneiss Region, Norway, J. Metamorph. Geol., 24, 3, 10.1111/j.1525-1314.2005.00618.x
Torsvik, 1996, Continental break-up and collision in the Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic: A tale of Baltica and Laurentia, Earth Sci. Rev., 40, 229, 10.1016/0012-8252(96)00008-6
Van der Beek, 2006, Late Miocene - Recent denudation of the central Himalaya and recycling in the foreland basin assessed by detrital apatite fission-track thermochronology of Siwalik sediments, Nepal, Basin Res., 18, 413, 10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00305.x
Warren, 2008, Deep subduction and rapid exhumation: Role of crustal strength and strain weakening in continental subduction and ultrahigh-pressure rock exhumation, Tectonics, 27, 10.1029/2008TC002292
Wibberley, 2005, High Strain Zones, Structure and Physical Properties, 347
Yin, 2000, Geologic evolution of the Himalayan-Tibetan Orogen, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., 28, 211, 10.1146/annurev.earth.28.1.211
Zhang, 2006, Rheology of omphacite at high temperature and pressure and significance of its lattice preferred orientations, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 24, 432, 10.1016/j.epsl.2006.04.006