Informe 2017 de la Iniciativa Global para el Diagnóstico, Tratamiento y Prevención de la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica: Resumen Ejecutivo de GOLD
Tài liệu tham khảo
Woodruff, 2016, Clinical Significance of Symptoms in Smokers with Preserved Pulmonary Function, N Engl J Med, 374, 1811, 10.1056/NEJMoa1505971
Regan, 2015, Clinical and Radiologic Disease in Smokers With Normal Spirometry, JAMA Intern Med, 175, 1539, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.2735
Lamprecht, 2011, COPD in never smokers: results from the population-based burden of obstructive lung disease study, Chest, 139, 752, 10.1378/chest.10-1253
Thomsen, 2013, Characteristics and outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never smokers in Denmark: a prospective population study, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 1, 543, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70137-1
Barker, 1991, Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease, BMJ, 303, 671, 10.1136/bmj.303.6804.671
Todisco, 1993, Mild prematurity and respiratory functions, Eur J Pediatr, 152, 55, 10.1007/BF02072517
Stern, 2007, Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study, Lancet, 370, 758, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61379-8
Lawlor, 2005, Association of birth weight with adult lung function: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis, Thorax, 60, 851, 10.1136/thx.2005.042408
Kohansal, 2009, The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: an analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180, 3, 10.1164/rccm.200901-0047OC
Raad, 2011, Effects of water-pipe smoking on lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Chest, 139, 764, 10.1378/chest.10-0991
She, 2014, Chinese water-pipe smoking and the risk of COPD, Chest, 146, 924, 10.1378/chest.13-1499
Gunen, 2016, Waterpipe tobacco smoking, Tuberk Toraks, 64, 94, 10.5578/tt.13935
Tan, 2009, Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study, CMAJ, 180, 814, 10.1503/cmaj.081040
Yin, 2007, Passive smoking exposure and risk of COPD among adults in China: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study, Lancet, 370, 751, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61378-6
Tager, 1995, Maternal smoking during pregnancy. Effects on lung function during the first 18 months of life, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 152, 977, 10.1164/ajrccm.152.3.7663813
Paulin, 2015, Occupational exposures are associated with worse morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 191, 557, 10.1164/rccm.201408-1407OC
Eisner, 2010, An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 182, 693, 10.1164/rccm.200811-1757ST
Orozco-Levi, 2006, Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 27, 542, 10.1183/09031936.06.00052705
Gan, 2013, Associations of ambient air pollution with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalization and mortality, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 187, 721, 10.1164/rccm.201211-2004OC
Ezzati, 2005, Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries, Lancet, 366, 104, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66845-6
Zhou, 2014, Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: a 9-year prospective cohort study, PLoS Med, 11, e1001621, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001621
Silva, 2004, Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study, Chest, 126, 59, 10.1378/chest.126.1.59
Rijcken, 1987, The relationship of nonspecific bronchial responsiveness to respiratory symptoms in a random population sample, Am Rev Respir Dis, 136, 62, 10.1164/ajrccm/136.1.62
Hospers, 2000, Histamine airway hyper-responsiveness and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study, Lancet, 356, 1313, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02815-4
Tashkin, 1996, Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study Research Group, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 153, 1802, 10.1164/ajrccm.153.6.8665038
de Marco, 2011, Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a European cohort of young adults, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, 891, 10.1164/rccm.201007-1125OC
Drummond, 2014, HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases: insights and implications for the clinician, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2, 583, 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70017-7
Menezes, 2007, Tuberculosis and airflow obstruction: evidence from the PLATINO study in Latin America, Eur Respir J, 30, 1180, 10.1183/09031936.00083507
Jordan, 2010, Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and chronic airflow obstruction, Respirology, 15, 623, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01749.x
Byrne, 2015, Tuberculosis and chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review, International journal of infectious diseases: IJID: official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases, 32, 138, 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.016
Buist, 2007, International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study, Lancet, 370, 741, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61377-4
Miravitlles, 2014, Observational study to characterise 24-hour COPD symptoms and their relationship with patient-reported outcomes: results from the ASSESS study, Respir Res, 15, 122, 10.1186/s12931-014-0122-1
Elliott, 1991, The language of breathlessness. Use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiopulmonary disease, Am Rev Respir Dis, 144, 826, 10.1164/ajrccm/144.4.826
Medical Research Council Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis, 1965, Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis, Lancet, 1, 775
von Haehling, 2010, Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers, Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 1, 1, 10.1007/s13539-010-0002-6
Schols, 1993, Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation, Am Rev Respir Dis, 147, 1151, 10.1164/ajrccm/147.5.1151
Holleman, 1995, Does the clinical examination predict airflow limitation?, Jama, 273, 313, 10.1001/jama.1995.03520280059041
Kesten, 1993, Physician perceptions and management of COPD, Chest, 104, 254, 10.1378/chest.104.1.254
van Dijk, 2015, Clinical relevance of fixed ratio vs lower limit of normal of FEV1/FVC in COPD: patient-reported outcomes from the CanCOLD cohort, Annals of family medicine, 13, 41, 10.1370/afm.1714
Guder, 2012, GOLD or lower limit of normal definition?. A comparison with expert-based diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a prospective cohort-study”, Respir Res, 13, 13, 10.1186/1465-9921-13-13
Vaz Fragoso, 2015, Phenotype of normal spirometry in an aging population, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 192, 817, 10.1164/rccm.201503-0463OC
Vaz Fragoso, 2016, Phenotype of Spirometric Impairment in an Aging Population, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 193, 727, 10.1164/rccm.201508-1603OC
Albert, 2012, Bronchodilator responsiveness as a phenotypic characteristic of established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 67, 701, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201458
Hansen, 2014, Is an increase in FEV(1) and/or FVC>/= 12% of control and >/= 200mL the best way to assess positive bronchodilator response?, No. Chest, 146, 538, 10.1378/chest.14-0437
Hill, 2010, Prevalence and underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients at risk in primary care, CMAJ, 182, 673, 10.1503/cmaj.091784
Lopez Varela, 2016, Development of a simple screening tool for opportunistic COPD case finding in primary care in Latin America: The PUMA study, Respirology, 21, 1227, 10.1111/resp.12834
Dirven, 2013, Early detection of COPD in general practice: implementation, workload and socioeconomic status. A mixed methods observational study, Prim Care Respir J, 22, 338, 10.4104/pcrj.2013.00071
Fletcher, 1960, Standardised questionnaire on respiratory symptoms: a statement prepared and approved by the MRC Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis (MRC breathlessness score), BMJ, 2, 1662
Bestall, 1999, Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 54, 581, 10.1136/thx.54.7.581
Sundh, 2012, The Dyspnoea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive of mortality in COPD, Prim Care Respir J, 21, 295, 10.4104/pcrj.2012.00054
Nishimura, 2002, Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD, Chest, 121, 1434, 10.1378/chest.121.5.1434
Jones, 2001, Health status measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 56, 880, 10.1136/thorax.56.11.880
Guyatt, 1987, A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease, Thorax, 42, 773, 10.1136/thx.42.10.773
Jones, 1992, A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire, Am Rev Respir Dis, 145, 1321, 10.1164/ajrccm/145.6.1321
Agusti, 2010, Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort, Respir Res, 11, 122, 10.1186/1465-9921-11-122
Nishimura, 2013, COPD and disease-specific health status in a working population, Respir Res, 14, 61, 10.1186/1465-9921-14-61
Miravitlles, 2009, Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities, Thorax, 64, 863, 10.1136/thx.2009.115725
Jones, 2011, Creating scenarios of the impact of COPD and their relationship to COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores, BMC Pulm Med, 11, 42, 10.1186/1471-2466-11-42
Hurst, 2010, Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 363, 1128, 10.1056/NEJMoa0909883
Soler-Cataluna, 2005, Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 60, 925, 10.1136/thx.2005.040527
Pascoe, 2015, Blood eosiophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parrallel randomised controlled trials, Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 3, 435, 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00106-X
Siddiqui, 2015, Blood Eosinophils: A Biomarker of Response to Extrafine Beclomethasone/Formoterol in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 192, 523, 10.1164/rccm.201502-0235LE
Soriano, 2005, Patterns of comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in primary care, Chest, 128, 2099, 10.1378/chest.128.4.2099
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management, in press. 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-cgwave0704/documents (accessed 1 August 2016).
Vanfleteren, 2013, Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 187, 728, 10.1164/rccm.201209-1665OC
Soriano, 2015, Mortality prediction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comparing the GOLD 2007 and 2011 staging systems: a pooled analysis of individual patient data, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 3, 443, 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00157-5
Goossens, 2014, Does the 2013 GOLD classification improve the ability to predict lung function decline, exacerbations and mortality: a post-hoc analysis of the 4-year UPLIFT trial, BMC Pulm Med, 14, 163, 10.1186/1471-2466-14-163
Kim, 2015, Lung function decline rates according to GOLD group in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 10, 1819, 10.2147/COPD.S87766
Han, 2013, GOLD 2011 disease severity classification in COPDGene: a prospective cohort study, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 1, 43, 10.1016/S2213-2600(12)70044-9
WHO meeting participants, 1997, Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: memorandum from a WHO meeting, Bull World Health Organ, 75, 397
Celli, 2004, The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 350, 1005, 10.1056/NEJMoa021322
Jones, 2009, Derivation and validation of a composite index of severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the DOSE Index, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180, 1189, 10.1164/rccm.200902-0271OC
Puhan, 2009, Expansion of the prognostic assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the updated BODE index and the ADO index, Lancet, 374, 704, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61301-5
van Eerd, 2016, Smoking cessation for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD010744
The tobacco use and dependence clinical practice guideline panel, staff, and consortium representatives, 2000, A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence, JAMA, 28, 3244, 10.1001/jama.283.24.3244
van der Meer, 2003, Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002999
2008, A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report, American journal of preventive medicine, 35, 158, 10.1016/j.amepre.2008.04.009
McNeill, 2015
McRobbie, 2014, Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, CD010216
Kalkhoran, 2016, E-cigarettes and smoking cessation - Authors’ reply, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 4, e26, 10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30025-X
Malas, 2016, Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review, Nicotine Tob Res, 18, 1926, 10.1093/ntr/ntw119
Beard, 2016, Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends, Bmj, 354, i4645, 10.1136/bmj.i4645
Tashkin, 2011, Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial, Chest, 139, 591, 10.1378/chest.10-0865
Tashkin, 2001, Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial, Lancet, 357, 1571, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04724-3
Cahill, 2013, Pharmacological interventions for smoking cessation: an overview and network meta-analysis, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD009329
The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, 2000, A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: A US Public Health Service report, JAMA, 283, 3244, 10.1001/jama.283.24.3244
The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panel, 2000, A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence, JAMA, 28, 3244
Glynn, 1990, How to help your patients stop smoking
Stead, 2013, Physician advice for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 5, CD000165
Stead, 2016, Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD008286
Wongsurakiat, 2004, Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study, Chest, 125, 2011, 10.1378/chest.125.6.2011
Poole, 2006, Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002733
Wongsurakiat, 2003, Economic evaluation of influenza vaccination in Thai chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, J Med Assoc Thai, 86, 497
Nichol, 1994, The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community, N Engl J Med, 331, 778, 10.1056/NEJM199409223311206
Fiore, 2009, Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009, MMWR Recomm Rep, 58, 1
Huang, 2013, Influenza vaccination and reduction in risk of ischemic heart disease among chronic obstructive pulmonary elderly, Comput Methods Programs Biomed, 111, 507, 10.1016/j.cmpb.2013.05.006
Edwards, 1994, A randomized controlled trial of cold-adapted and inactivated vaccines for the prevention of influenza A disease, J Infect Dis, 169, 68, 10.1093/infdis/169.1.68
Hak, 1998, Is immunising all patients with chronic lung disease in the community against influenza cost effective?. Evidence from a general practice based clinical prospective cohort study in Utrecht, The Netherlands, J Epidemiol Community Health, 52, 120, 10.1136/jech.52.2.120
Burge, 2000, Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial, BMJ, 320, 1297, 10.1136/bmj.320.7245.1297
Anthonisen, 1994, Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1, The Lung Health Study. JAMA, 272, 1497
Pauwels, 1999, Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, N Engl J Med, 340, 1948, 10.1056/NEJM199906243402503
Vestbo, 1999, Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 353, 1819, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)10019-3
Tashkin, 2008, A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 359, 1543, 10.1056/NEJMoa0805800
O’Donnell, 2004, Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD, Eur Respir J, 23, 832, 10.1183/09031936.04.00116004
O’Donnell, 2006, Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol on lung hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD, Chest, 130, 647, 10.1378/chest.130.3.647
Appleton, 2006, Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Cd006101
Karner, 2014, Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD009285
Melani, 2015, Long-acting muscarinic antagonists, Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol, 8, 479, 10.1586/17512433.2015.1058154
Kesten, 2008, Improvement in self-reported exercise participation with the combination of tiotropium and rehabilitative exercise training in COPD patients, Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 3, 127, 10.2147/COPD.S2389
Casaburi, 2005, Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD, Chest, 127, 809, 10.1378/chest.127.3.809
Vogelmeier, 2011, Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD, N Engl J Med, 364, 1093, 10.1056/NEJMoa1008378
Decramer, 2013, Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 1, 524, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70158-9
Anthonisen, 2002, Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166, 333, 10.1164/rccm.2110093
Michele, 2010, The safety of tiotropium--the FDA's conclusions, N Engl J Med, 363, 1097, 10.1056/NEJMp1008502
Wise, 2013, Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD, N Engl J Med, 369, 1491, 10.1056/NEJMoa1303342
Ram, 2002, Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD003902
ZuWallack, 2001, Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD, Chest, 119, 1661, 10.1378/chest.119.6.1661
Zacarias, 2007, Effect of theophylline associated with short-acting or long-acting inhaled beta2-agonists in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review, J Bras Pneumol, 33, 152, 10.1590/S1806-37132007000200009
Cosio, 2016, Oral Low-dose Theophylline on Top of Inhaled Fluticasone-Salmeterol Does Not Reduce Exacerbations in Patients With Severe COPD: A Pilot Clinical Trial, Chest, 150, 123, 10.1016/j.chest.2016.04.011
Zhou, 2006, Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year, Respirology, 11, 603, 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00897.x
McKay, 1993, Value of theophylline treatment in patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease, Thorax, 48, 227, 10.1136/thx.48.3.227
Cazzola, 2010, The scientific rationale for combining long-acting beta2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD, Pulm Pharmacol Ther, 23, 257, 10.1016/j.pupt.2010.03.003
van der Molen, 2012, Beyond lung function in COPD management: effectiveness of LABA/LAMA combination therapy on patient-centred outcomes, Prim Care Respir J, 21, 101, 10.4104/pcrj.2011.00102
Mahler, 2014, Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 reduces patient-reported dyspnoea in COPD: the BLAZE study, Eur Respir J, 43, 1599, 10.1183/09031936.00124013
Singh, 2015, Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life, Respir Med, 109, 1312, 10.1016/j.rmed.2015.08.002
Bateman, 2015, Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate as a fixed-dose combination in COPD: pooled analysis of symptoms and exacerbations from two six-month, multicentre, randomised studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT), Respir Res, 16, 92, 10.1186/s12931-015-0250-2
Mahler, 2015, FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2: Efficacy and Safety of QVA149 (Indacaterol/Glycopyrrolate) versus Its Monocomponents and Placebo in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 192, 1068, 10.1164/rccm.201505-1048OC
Wedzicha, 2013, Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 1, 199, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70052-3
Wedzicha, 2016, Indacaterol-Glycopyrronium versus Salmeterol-Fluticasone for COPD, N Engl J Med, 374, 2222, 10.1056/NEJMoa1516385
Nannini, 2012, Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting beta(2)-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 9, CD006829
Nannini, 2013, Combined corticosteroid and long-acting beta(2)-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 8, CD006826
Calverley, 2007, Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 356, 775, 10.1056/NEJMoa063070
Vestbo, 2016, Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 387, 1817, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30069-1
Yang, 2012, Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 7, CD002991
Crim, 2015, Pneumonia risk with inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol compared with vilanterol alone in patients with COPD, Annals of the American Thoracic Society, 12, 27, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201409-413OC
Johnell, 2002, Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide Turbuhaler, Eur Respir J, 19, 1058, 10.1183/09031936.02.00276602
Ferguson, 2009, Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: results from the TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health study, Chest, 136, 1456, 10.1378/chest.08-3016
Dransfield, 2013, Once-daily inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol versus vilanterol only for prevention of exacerbations of COPD: two replicate double-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trials, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 1, 210, 10.1016/S2213-2600(13)70040-7
Loke, 2011, Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies, Thorax, 66, 699, 10.1136/thx.2011.160028
Suissa, 2010, Inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of diabetes onset and progression, Am J Med, 123, 1001, 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.06.019
Wang, 2009, Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids and the long-term risk of cataract, Ophthalmology, 116, 652, 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.12.001
Andrejak, 2013, Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis, Thorax, 68, 256, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-201772
Dong, 2014, Use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD and the risk of TB and influenza: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, Chest, 145, 1286, 10.1378/chest.13-2137
Lee, 2013, Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of tuberculosis, Thorax, 68, 1105, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-203175
Nadeem, 2011, Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD--a systematic review and comment on trial methodology, Respir Res, 12, 107, 10.1186/1465-9921-12-107
van der Valk, 2002, Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166, 1358, 10.1164/rccm.200206-512OC
Wouters, 2005, Withdrawal of fluticasone propionate from combined salmeterol/fluticasone treatment in patients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease deterioration: a randomised controlled trial, Thorax, 60, 480, 10.1136/thx.2004.034280
Kunz, 2015, Relapse in FEV1 Decline After Steroid Withdrawal in COPD, Chest, 148, 389, 10.1378/chest.14-3091
Magnussen, 2014, Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD, N Engl J Med, 371, 1285, 10.1056/NEJMoa1407154
Welte, 2009, Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 180, 741, 10.1164/rccm.200904-0492OC
Singh, 2008, Superiority of «triple» therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium bromide versus individual components in moderate to severe COPD, Thorax, 63, 592, 10.1136/thx.2007.087213
Jung, 2012, Comparison of tiotropium plus fluticasone propionate/salmeterol with tiotropium in COPD: a randomized controlled study, Respir Med, 106, 382, 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.09.004
Hanania, 2012, Benefits of adding fluticasone propionate/salmeterol to tiotropium in moderate to severe COPD, Respir Med, 106, 91, 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.09.002
Frith, 2015, Glycopyrronium once-daily significantly improves lung function and health status when combined with salmeterol/fluticasone in patients with COPD: the GLISTEN study, a randomised controlled trial, Thorax, 70, 519, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206670
Siler, 2016, Efficacy and Safety of Umeclidinium Added to Fluticasone Propionate/Salmeterol in Patients with COPD: Results of Two Randomized, Double-Blind Studies. COPD, 13, 1
Singh, 2016, Single inhaler triple therapy versus inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting beta2-agonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRILOGY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 388, 963, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31354-X
Aaron, 2007, Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 146, 545, 10.7326/0003-4819-146-8-200704170-00152
Calverley, 2009, Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials, Lancet, 374, 685, 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61255-1
Chong, 2013, Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, CD002309
Seemungal, 2008, Long-term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 178, 1139, 10.1164/rccm.200801-145OC
Uzun, 2014, Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2, 361, 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70019-0
Albert, 2011, Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD, N Engl J Med, 365, 689, 10.1056/NEJMoa1104623
Sethi, 2010, Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial, Respir Res, 11, 10, 10.1186/1465-9921-11-10
Cazzola, 2015, Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis, Eur Respir Rev, 24, 451, 10.1183/16000617.00002215
Poole, 2015, Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001287
Collet, 1997, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 156, 1719, 10.1164/ajrccm.156.6.9612096
Li, 2004, Protective effect of a bacterial extract against acute exacerbation in patients with chronic bronchitis accompanied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Chin Med J (Engl), 117, 828
Lee, 2015, The Effectiveness of Anti-leukotriene Agents in Patients with COPD: A Systemic Review and Meta-analysis, Lung, 193, 477, 10.1007/s00408-015-9743-5
Rennard, 2007, The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 175, 926, 10.1164/rccm.200607-995OC
Criner, 2014, Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD, N Engl J Med, 370, 2201, 10.1056/NEJMoa1403086
Ingebrigtsen, 2015, Statin use and exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 70, 33, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205795
Lehouck, 2012, High doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial, Ann Intern Med, 156, 105, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-2-201201170-00004
Melani, 2011, Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control, Respir Med, 105, 930, 10.1016/j.rmed.2011.01.005
Rootmensen, 2010, Predictors of incorrect inhalation technique in patients with asthma or COPD: a study using a validated videotaped scoring method, J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv, 23, 323, 10.1089/jamp.2009.0785
Dantic, 2014, A critical review of the effectiveness of «teach-back» technique in teaching COPD patients self-management using respiratory inhalers, Health Educ J, 73, 41, 10.1177/0017896912469575
Chapman, 2009, Augmentation therapy for alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency: a meta-analysis, Copd, 6, 177, 10.1080/15412550902905961
Chapman, 2015, Intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, Lancet, 386, 360, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60860-1
Dirksen, 1999, A randomized clinical trial of alpha(1)-antitrypsin augmentation therapy, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 160, 1468, 10.1164/ajrccm.160.5.9901055
Dirksen, 2009, Exploring the role of CT densitometry: a randomised study of augmentation therapy in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, Eur Respir J, 33, 1345, 10.1183/09031936.00159408
Schildmann, 2011, Levodropropizine in the management of cough associated with cancer or nonmalignant chronic disease--a systematic review, J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother, 25, 209, 10.3109/15360288.2011.583979
Barbera, 1996, Worsening of pulmonary gas exchange with nitric oxide inhalation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Lancet, 347, 436, 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)90011-2
Blanco, 2013, Sildenafil to improve respiratory rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a controlled trial, Eur Respir J, 42, 982, 10.1183/09031936.00176312
Goudie, 2014, Tadalafil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2, 293, 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70013-X
Spruit, 2013, An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 188, e13, 10.1164/rccm.201309-1634ST
Puhan, 2011, Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD005305
Greening, 2014, An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 349, g4315, 10.1136/bmj.g4315
Vogiatzis, 2016, American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society Task Force on Policy in Pulmonary Rehabilitation, Increasing implementation and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation: key messages from the new ATS/ERS policy statement. Eur Respir J, 47, 1336
Zwerink, 2014, Self management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 3, CD002990
Fan, 2012, A comprehensive care management program to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med, 156, 673, 10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00003
Peytremann-Bridevaux, 2014, Mortality of patients with COPD participating in chronic disease management programmes: a happy end?, Thorax, 69, 865, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-204983
Kruis, 2013, Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 10, CD009437
Kruis, 2014, Effectiveness of integrated disease management for primary care chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: results of cluster randomised trial, BMJ, 349, g5392, 10.1136/bmj.g5392
Cartwright, 2013, Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 346, f653, 10.1136/bmj.f653
2004, Journal of palliative medicine, 7, 611, 10.1089/jpm.2004.7.611
Halpin, 2009, Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with respiratory diseases, Eur Respir Monograph, 43, 327
Weber, 2014, Can early introduction of specialized palliative care limit intensive care, emergency and hospital admissions in patients with severe and very severe COPD?. a randomized study, BMC Palliat Care, 13, 47, 10.1186/1472-684X-13-47
Ek, 2015, The unpredictable death”-The last year of life for patients with advanced COPD: Relatives’ stories, Palliat Support Care, 13, 1213, 10.1017/S1478951514001151
Cranston, 2005, Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD001744
Long-term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group, 2016, A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation, NEJM, 375, 1617, 10.1056/NEJMoa1604344
Galli, 2014, Home non-invasive ventilation use following acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in COPD, Respir Med, 108, 722, 10.1016/j.rmed.2014.03.006
Coughlin, 2015, Retrospective Assessment of Home Ventilation to Reduce Rehospitalization in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Journal of clinical sleep medicine: JCSM: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 11, 663
Clini, 2002, The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, Eur Respir J, 20, 529, 10.1183/09031936.02.02162001
Kohnlein, 2014, Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial, The Lancet Respiratory medicine, 2, 698, 10.1016/S2213-2600(14)70153-5
Struik, 2014, Nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with prolonged hypercapnia after ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, parallel-group study, Thorax, 69, 826, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205126
Casanova, 2000, Long-term controlled trial of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD, Chest, 118, 1582, 10.1378/chest.118.6.1582
Marin, 2010, Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 182, 325, 10.1164/rccm.200912-1869OC
Fishman, 2003, A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema, N Engl J Med, 348, 2059, 10.1056/NEJMoa030287
National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group, 2001, Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery, N Engl J Med, 345, 1075, 10.1056/NEJMoa11798
Marchetti, 2015, Surgical Approaches to Treating Emphysema: Lung Volume Reduction Surgery, Bullectomy, and Lung Transplantation, Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 36, 592, 10.1055/s-0035-1556064
Christie, 2012, The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report-2012, J Heart Lung Transplant, 31, 1073, 10.1016/j.healun.2012.08.004
Stavem, 2006, Lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national cohort is without obvious survival benefit, J Heart Lung Transplant, 25, 75, 10.1016/j.healun.2005.06.025
Thabut, 2008, Survival after bilateral versus single lung transplantation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective analysis of registry data, Lancet, 371, 744, 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60344-X
Criner, 2011, The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Part II: Lessons learned about lung volume reduction surgery, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 184, 881, 10.1164/rccm.201103-0455CI
Shah, 2011, Bronchoscopic lung-volume reduction with Exhale airway stents for emphysema (EASE trial): randomised, sham-controlled, multicentre trial, Lancet, 378, 997, 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61050-7
Come, 2015, A randomised trial of lung sealant versus medical therapy for advanced emphysema, Eur Respir J, 46, 651, 10.1183/09031936.00205614
Sciurba, 2010, A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema, N Engl J Med, 363, 1233, 10.1056/NEJMoa0900928
Davey, 2015, Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves for patients with heterogeneous emphysema and intact interlobar fissures (the BeLieVeR-HIFi trial): study design and rationale, Thorax, 70, 288, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-205127
Klooster, 2015, Endobronchial Valves for Emphysema without Interlobar Collateral Ventilation, N Engl J Med, 373, 2325, 10.1056/NEJMoa1507807
Deslee, 2016, Lung Volume Reduction Coil Treatment vs Usual Care in Patients With Severe Emphysema: The REVOLENS Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA, 315, 175, 10.1001/jama.2015.17821
Sciurba, 2016, Effect of Endobronchial Coils vs Usual Care on Exercise Tolerance in Patients With Severe Emphysema: The RENEW Randomized Clinical Trial, JAMA, 315, 2178, 10.1001/jama.2016.6261
Barr, 2005, Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD002876
Karner, 2012, Long-acting beta(2)-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting beta(2)-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Cd008989
Vogelmeier, 2011, Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD, N Engl J Med, 364, 1093, 10.1056/NEJMoa1008378
Martinez, 2015, Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 385, 857, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62410-7
Martinez, 2016, Effect of Roflumilast and Inhaled Corticosteroid/Long-Acting beta2-Agonist on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations (RE(2)SPOND). A Randomized Clinical Trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 194, 559, 10.1164/rccm.201607-1349OC
Vogiatzis, 2016, Increasing implementation and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation: key messages from the new ATS/ERS policy statement, Eur Respir J, 47, 1336, 10.1183/13993003.02151-2015
Garvey, 2016, Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise Prescription in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Review of Selected Guidelines: An official statement from the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation, J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev, 36, 75, 10.1097/HCR.0000000000000171
Ortega, 2002, Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 166, 669, 10.1164/rccm.2107081
Bernard, 1999, Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 159, 896, 10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9807034
Velloso, 2013, Evaluation of effects of shoulder girdle training on strength and performance of activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 8, 187
Au, 2012, A randomized trial to improve communication about end-of-life care among patients with COPD, Chest, 141, 726, 10.1378/chest.11-0362
Tomczyk, 2014, Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged >/=65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 63, 822
Struik, 2014, Nocturnal noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in stable COPD: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis, Respir Med, 108, 329, 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.10.007
Tiong, 2006, Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Cd001001
Weill, 2015, A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014--an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation, J Heart Lung Transplant, 34, 1, 10.1016/j.healun.2014.06.014
ISHLT Slide Sets - Overall Lung Transplantation Statistics. International Society for Heart & Lung Transplantation; 2016. Disponible en: https://www.ishlt.org/registries/slides.asp?slides=heartLungRegistry.
Wedzicha, 2007, COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention, Lancet, 370, 786, 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61382-8
Seemungal, 1998, Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1418, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.5.9709032
Anthonisen, 1987, Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ann Intern Med, 106, 196, 10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-196
Woodhead, 2005, Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections, Eur Respir J, 26, 1138, 10.1183/09031936.05.00055705
White, 2003, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 58, 73, 10.1136/thorax.58.1.73
Papi, 2006, Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 173, 1114, 10.1164/rccm.200506-859OC
Bafadhel, 2012, Blood eosinophils to direct corticosteroid treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 186, 48, 10.1164/rccm.201108-1553OC
Seemungal, 2000, Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 161, 1608, 10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9908022
Hurst, 2009, Temporal clustering of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 179, 369, 10.1164/rccm.200807-1067OC
Wells, 2012, Pulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPD, N Engl J Med, 367, 913, 10.1056/NEJMoa1203830
Han, 2011, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes, Radiology, 261, 274, 10.1148/radiol.11110173
Kim, 2011, The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene Study, Chest, 140, 626, 10.1378/chest.10-2948
Burgel, 2009, Cough and sputum production are associated with frequent exacerbations and hospitalizations in COPD subjects, Chest, 135, 975, 10.1378/chest.08-2062
Martinez, 2006, Role of infection and antimicrobial therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Expert review of anti-infective therapy, 4, 101, 10.1586/14787210.4.1.101
Hurst, 2010, Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 363, 1128, 10.1056/NEJMoa0909883
Celli, 2008, Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 178, 332, 10.1164/rccm.200712-1869OC
Tashkin, 2008, Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD, Eur Respir J, 31, 742, 10.1183/09031936.00129607
Hoogendoorn, 2011, Case fatality of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis and statistical modelling approach, Eur Respir J, 37, 508, 10.1183/09031936.00043710
Piquet, 2013, High-risk patients following hospitalisation for an acute exacerbation of COPD, Eur Respir J, 42, 946, 10.1183/09031936.00180312
Singanayagam, 2013, Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 10, 81, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201208-043OC
Garcia-Aymerich, 2011, Lung function impairment, COPD hospitalisations and subsequent mortality, Thorax, 66, 585, 10.1136/thx.2010.152876
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. NICE Guideline CG012010. Disponible en: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG101.
Celli, 2004, ATS ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper, Eur Respir J, 23, 932, 10.1183/09031936.04.00014304
Turner, 1997, Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis, Arch Intern Med, 157, 1736, 10.1001/archinte.1997.00440360162018
Barr, 2003, Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials, BMJ, 327, 643, 10.1136/bmj.327.7416.643
Duffy, 2005, Intravenous aminophylline in patients admitted to hospital with non-acidotic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial, Thorax, 60, 713, 10.1136/thx.2004.036046
Davies, 1999, Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 354, 456, 10.1016/S0140-6736(98)11326-0
Maltais, 2002, Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 165, 698, 10.1164/ajrccm.165.5.2109093
Niewoehner, 1999, Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group, N Engl J Med, 340, 1941, 10.1056/NEJM199906243402502
Thompson, 1996, Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 154, 407, 10.1164/ajrccm.154.2.8756814
Alia, 2011, Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support, Arch Intern Med, 171, 1939, 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.530
Aaron, 2003, Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 348, 2618, 10.1056/NEJMoa023161
Leuppi, 2013, Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial, Jama, 309, 2223, 10.1001/jama.2013.5023
de Jong, 2007, Oral or IV prednisolone in the treatment of COPD exacerbations: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study, Chest, 132, 1741, 10.1378/chest.07-0208
Bafadhel, 2011, Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 184, 662, 10.1164/rccm.201104-0597OC
Vollenweider, 2012, Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 12, Cd010257
Miravitlles, 2012, Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations: a pooled analysis, Eur Respir J, 39, 1354, 10.1183/09031936.00042111
Stockley, 2000, Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD, Chest, 117, 1638, 10.1378/chest.117.6.1638
Ram, 2006, Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD004403
Schuetz, 2009, Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial, Jama, 302, 1059, 10.1001/jama.2009.1297
Schuetz, 2012, Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, Cd007498
Nouira, 2001, Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo- controlled trial, Lancet, 358, 2020, 10.1016/S0140-6736(01)07097-0
Masterton, 2001, Randomized, double-blind study comparing 5- and 7-day regimens of oral levofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 18, 503, 10.1016/S0924-8579(01)00435-6
Adams S, 2000, Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Chest, 117, 1345, 10.1378/chest.117.5.1345
Miravitlles, 1999, Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD, Chest, 116, 40, 10.1378/chest.116.1.40
Soler, 1998, Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 157, 1498, 10.1164/ajrccm.157.5.9711044
Austin, 2010, Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 341, c5462, 10.1136/bmj.c5462
Brochard, 1995, Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, N Engl J Med, 333, 817, 10.1056/NEJM199509283331301
Lightowler, 2003, Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis, BMJ, 326, 185, 10.1136/bmj.326.7382.185
Meyer, 1994, Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure, Ann Intern Med, 120, 760, 10.7326/0003-4819-120-9-199405010-00008
Chandra, 2012, Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998-2008, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 185, 152, 10.1164/rccm.201106-1094OC
1999, Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation--a consensus conference report, Chest, 116, 521, 10.1378/chest.116.2.521
Bott, 1993, Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease, Lancet, 341, 1555, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)90696-E
Kramer, 1995, Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 151, 1799, 10.1164/ajrccm.151.6.7767523
Plant, 2000, Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 355, 1931, 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)02323-0
Conti, 2002, Noninvasive vs. conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after failure of medical treatment in the ward: a randomized trial, Intensive Care Med, 28, 1701, 10.1007/s00134-002-1478-0
Jennings, 2015, Predischarge bundle for patients with acute exacerbations of COPD to reduce readmissions and ED visits: a randomized controlled trial, Chest, 147, 1227, 10.1378/chest.14-1123
Singh, 2016, Association of Psychological Disorders With 30-Day Readmission Rates in Patients With COPD, Chest, 149, 905, 10.1378/chest.15-0449
Ringbaek, 2015, Effect of tele health care on exacerbations and hospital admissions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial, Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 10, 1801
Hartl, 2016, Risk of death and readmission of hospital-admitted COPD exacerbations: European COPD Audit, Eur Respir J, 47, 113, 10.1183/13993003.01391-2014
Jordan, 2015, Supported self-management for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence synthesis and economic analysis, Health Technol Assess, 19, 1, 10.3310/hta19360
Gavish, 2015, The Association Between Hospital Readmission and Pulmonologist Follow-up Visits in Patients With COPD, Chest, 148, 375, 10.1378/chest.14-1453
Oga, 2011, Predictive properties of different multidimensional staging systems in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis, 6, 521, 10.2147/COPD.S24420
Martinez-Garcia, 2013, Prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 187, 823, 10.1164/rccm.201208-1518OC
Barnes, 2009, Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD, Eur Respir J, 33, 1165, 10.1183/09031936.00128008
Mannino, 2008, Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD, Eur Respir J, 32, 962, 10.1183/09031936.00012408
Sin, 2006, Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities, Eur Respir J, 28, 1245, 10.1183/09031936.00133805
Iversen, 2010, The prognostic importance of lung function in patients admitted with heart failure, Eur J Heart Fail, 12, 685, 10.1093/eurjhf/hfq050
Almagro, 2014, Short- and medium-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: the CODEX index, Chest, 145, 972, 10.1378/chest.13-1328
Miller, 2013, Comorbidity, systemic inflammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort, Respir Med, 107, 1376, 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.05.001
Campo, 2013, Impact of a recent hospitalization on treatment and prognosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, Int J Cardiol, 167, 296, 10.1016/j.ijcard.2012.09.200
Fabbri, 2008, Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD, Eur Respir J, 31, 204, 10.1183/09031936.00114307
Bhatt, 2013, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease, Transl Res, 162, 237, 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.05.001
Matamis, 2014, Targeting occult heart failure in intensive care unit patients with acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: effect on outcome and quality of life, J Crit Care, 29, 315.e7, 10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.11.011
MacDonald, 2016, Cardiac dysfunction during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Lancet Respir Med, 4, 138, 10.1016/S2213-2600(15)00509-3
Lipworth, 2016, Beta-blockers in COPD: time for reappraisal, Eur Respir J., 48, 880, 10.1183/13993003.01847-2015
Hoiseth, 2011, Elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T is associated with increased mortality after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Thorax, 66, 775, 10.1136/thx.2010.153122
Singh, 2013, Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications, Thorax, 68, 114, 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-201275
Wilchesky, 2012, Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 2: reassessment in the larger Quebec cohort, Chest, 142, 305, 10.1378/chest.11-1597
Salpeter, 2004, Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis, Chest, 125, 2309, 10.1378/chest.125.6.2309
Tashkin, 2010, Long-acting beta-agonists in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future agents, Respir Res, 11, 149, 10.1186/1465-9921-11-149
Calverley, 2003, Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 361, 449, 10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12459-2
Szafranski, 2003, Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 21, 74, 10.1183/09031936.03.00031402
Calverley, 2003, Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Eur Respir J, 22, 912, 10.1183/09031936.03.00027003
Calverley, 2010, Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results, Thorax, 65, 719, 10.1136/thx.2010.136077
Vestbo, 2016, Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 387, 1817, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30069-1
Houben-Wilke, 2016, Peripheral Artery Disease and its Clinical Relevance in Patients with COPD in the COSYCONET Study, Am J Respir Crit Care Med
Divo, 2012, Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 186, 155, 10.1164/rccm.201201-0034OC
Bon, 2011, Radiographic emphysema predicts low bone mineral density in a tobacco-exposed cohort, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 183, 885, 10.1164/rccm.201004-0666OC
McAllister, 2007, Arterial stiffness is independently associated with emphysema severity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 176, 1208, 10.1164/rccm.200707-1080OC
Bolton, 2008, What community measurements can be used to predict bone disease in patients with COPD?, Respir Med, 102, 651, 10.1016/j.rmed.2007.12.027
Bolton, 2004, Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 170, 1286, 10.1164/rccm.200406-754OC
Jaramillo, 2015, Reduced Bone Density and Vertebral Fractures in Smokers. Men and COPD Patients at Increased Risk, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 12, 648, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201412-591OC
Jaramillo, 2015, Erratum: reduced bone density and vertebral fractures in smokers. men and COPD patients at increased risk, Ann Am Thorac Soc, 12, 1112, 10.1513/AnnalsATS.201412-591OC
Ng, 2007, Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life, Arch Intern Med, 167, 60, 10.1001/archinte.167.1.60
Eisner, 2010, Influence of anxiety on health outcomes in COPD, Thorax, 65, 229, 10.1136/thx.2009.126201
de Torres, 2007, Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest, Chest, 132, 1932, 10.1378/chest.07-1490
Wilson, 2011, Quantitative computed tomography analysis, airflow obstruction, and lung cancer in the pittsburgh lung screening study, J Thorac Oncol, 6, 1200, 10.1097/JTO.0b013e318219aa93
Wilson, 2008, Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 178, 738, 10.1164/rccm.200803-435OC
de-Torres, 2015, Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Development and validation of the COPD Lung Cancer Screening Score, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 191, 285, 10.1164/rccm.201407-1210OC
Aberle, 2011, Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening, N Engl J Med, 365, 395, 10.1056/NEJMoa1102873
Infante, 2015, Long-Term Follow-up Results of the DANTE Trial, a Randomized Study of Lung Cancer Screening with Spiral Computed Tomography, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 191, 1166, 10.1164/rccm.201408-1475OC
Cebron Lipovec, 2016, The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome In Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Systematic Review, COPD, 13, 399, 10.3109/15412555.2016.1140732
Martinez, 2014, Impact of self-reported gastroesophageal reflux disease in subjects from COPDGene cohort, Respir Res, 15, 62, 10.1186/1465-9921-15-62
Ingebrigtsen, 2015, Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Respirology, 20, 101, 10.1111/resp.12420
Patel, 2004, Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 170, 400, 10.1164/rccm.200305-648OC
Shepard, 1985, Relationship of ventricular ectopy to nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Am J Med, 78, 28, 10.1016/0002-9343(85)90457-7
Bradley, 1985, Role of daytime hypoxemia in the pathogenesis of right heart failure in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Am Rev Respir Dis, 131, 835
Weitzenblum, 1988, Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, Am Rev Respir Dis, 138, 345, 10.1164/ajrccm/138.2.345