Information Subsystem of Total Hardness (Ca + Mg) as a Database for Studying Its Influence on Human Health
Tóm tắt
Dalmatia (Southern Croatia) belongs to the Dinaric karst region. The permeability of karst soil allows a great quantity of dissolved organic and toxic matter rendering it hygienically unsafe. The hinterland of the Dinaric karst region is relatively scarcely populated since the largest agglomeration of population and industry is in the coastal zones. Hence, most of the surface flow have preserved their natural characteristics. The water supply authorities and health care institutions are especially interested in observing and monitoring water quality. A relational database has been developed for carrying out chemical analyses expressed by total hardness (Ca + Mg) since it is necessary to organize and integrate a large number of analytical and ecological health-data. The database can serve as a methodological platform for the study of environmental factors influencing human health. The prototype database consists of data obtained by investigations which have been conducted by the Water Examination Department of the Public Health Institute, Split–Dalmatian County (Croatia) and the University of Split Medical School. The database currently contains more than 3000 data.
Tài liệu tham khảo
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency., Quality Criteria for Water. Office of Water and Hazardous Materials Rep. EPA-440/9-76-023, Washington, DC, July 1976.
Sekerka, I., and Lechner, J. F., Simultaneous determination of total non-carbonate and carbonate water hardness by direct potentiometry. Talanta 22:459, 1975.
Environment Canada., Surface Water Quality in Canada–An Overview. Water Quality Branch, Inland Waters Directorate, 1977.
Sawyer, C. N., and Mc Carty, P. L., Chemistry for Sanitary Engineers. 2nd edn. McGraw-Hill Series in Sanitary Science and Water Resources Engineering, McGraw-Hill, Toronto, 1967.
Thomas, J. F. J., Industrial water resources of Canada. Water Survey Report No. 1. Scope, procedure, and interpretation of survey studies. Queen’s Printer, Ottawa, 1953.
De Fulvio, S., and Olori, L., Definitions and classification of naturally soft and naturally hard waters. Chemical and physical characteristics of the water in some member states of the European community. In Amavis, R., Hunter, W. J., and Smeets, J. G. P. M. (eds.), Hardness of Drinking Water and Public Health. Proceedings of the European Scientific Colloquium, Luxembourg, 1975. Pergamon for the Commission of the European Communities, New York, NY. p. 95, 1976.
Kobayashi, J., On geographical relations between the chemical nature of river water and death rate from apoplexy. Berichte des Ohara Institute für Landwirtschaftliche Biologie, Okayama University, 11:12–21, 1957.
Schroeder, H. A., Relation between mortality from cardiovascular disease and treated water supplies. Variations in states and 163 largest municipalities of the United States. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 172:1902–1908, 1960.
Neri, L. C., Hewitt, D., and Mandel, J. S., Relation between mortality and water hardness in Canada. Lancet i:931, 1972.
Anderson, T. W., Neri, L. C., Schreiber, G. B., Talbot, F. D. F., and Zdrojewski, A., Ischemic heart disease, water hardness and myocardial magnesium. J. Can. Med. Assoc. 113:199, 1975.
Anderson, T. W., Riche, W. H., and MacKay, J. S., Sudden death and ischemic heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 280(15):805, 1969.
Crawford, T., and Crawford, M. D., Prevalence and pathological changes of ischaemic heart-disease in a hard-water and in a soft-water area. Lancet i:7484, 1967.
Shaper, A. G., Clayton, D. G., and Morris, J. N., The hardness of water supplies and cardiovascular disease. In Proceedings of the International Water Supply Association, Brighton, U.K., 1974.
Shaper, A. G., Water Hardness and Cardiovascular Disease. Water Research Centre, Medmenham, U.K., 1975.
Crawford, M. D., Hardness of drinking water and cardiovascular disease. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 31(3):346, 1972.
Mc Cabe, L. J., The correlation of drinking water quality and vascular disease. Paper presented at the Conference on Cardiovascular Disease Epidemiology, Chicago, IL, February, 1963.
Crawford, M., Clayton, D. G., Stanley, F., and Shaper, A. G., An epidemiological study of sudden death in hard and soft water areas. J. Chronic Dis. 30:69, 1977.
Crawford, M., Gardner, M. J., and Morris, J. N., Mortality and hardness of local water supplies. Lancet i: 827, 1968.
Stitt, F. W., Crawford, M. D., Clayton, D. G., and Morris, J. N., Clinical and biochemical indicators among men living in hard and soft water areas. Lancet i:122, 1973.
Lyster, W. R., The records of Brisbane water supply and seasonality in local deaths. Int. J. Environ. Stud. 3:329, 1972.
Schroeder, H. A., Relation between mortality from cardiovascular disease and treated water supplies. Variation in states and 163 largest municipalities. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 172:1902, 1960.
Schroeder, H. A., Municipal drinking water and cardiovascular death rates. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 195:125, 1966.
Voors, A. W., Minerals in municipal water and atherosclerotic heart death. Am. J. Epidemiol. 93:259, 1970.
Saurer, H. I., Relationship between trace element content of the drinking water and chronic diseases, observed effects of trace elements in drinking water on human health. Presented at the 16th Water Quality Conference, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 1974.
Hudson, H. E., Jr., and Gilcreas, F. W., Health and economic aspects of water hardness and corrosiveness. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 68:201, 1976.
Allwright, S. P. A., Coulson, A., and Detels, R., Mortality and water hardness in three matched communities in Los Angeles. Lancet ii:860, 1974.
Comstock, G. W., Fatal arteriosclerotic heart disease, water hardness at home, and socioeconomic characteristics. Am. J. Epidemiol. 94:1, 1971.
Tuthill, R. W., Explaining Variations in Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Within a Soft Water Area. Office of Water Research and Technology, Division of Public Health, U.S. Department of Commerce, U7710 PB–263 4882/2S1, 1967.
Stocks, P., Mortality from cancer and cardiovascular disease in the country boroughs of England and Wales classified according to sources and hardness of their water supplies, 1958–1967. J. Hyg. 71:237, 1973.
Meyers, D., Mortality and water hardness. Lancet i:398, 1975.
Valić, F., Health aspects of ecology (Zdravstveni aspekti ekologije), In Health Ecology (Zdravstvena ekologija), Zagreb Medicine University (MF Sveuvilišta u Zagrebu), Zagreb, 1–17, 1992.
Deželić, N., Zebec, M., Vuletić, S., Šošić, Z., Deželić, D., and Kern, J., Health database of rural population as the base for the study of correlation between medical and health ecological data (Zdravstvena baza podataka seoske populacije kao temelj za prouvavanje povezanosti medicinskih i zdravstveno-ekoloških podataka). Lije vjesn 105(10):391–395, 1983.
Matoković, B., and Štambuk-Giljanović, N., The ecological database VODE as the base for monitoring and the study of the water quality parameters correlation. J. Med. Syst. 18(6):315–327, 1994.
Matoković, B., Working-out of Informatical Methods Model for Connecting Data on Malignant Diseases with Ecological Data (Izrada modela informativkih metoda za povezivanje podataka o malignim bolestima s ekološkim podacima) University of Zagreb (Sveuvilište u Zagrebu), Varaždin, 1989.
IBM Corporation, Systems Installation Management. Systems Development Method (SDM), IBM Corporation Technical Publications, New York, 1986.
Tkalac, S., Relational Model of Database (Relacijski model podataka), Informator, Zagreb, 1988.
Borland International., Paradox Relational Database Version 4.0. User’s Guide. Immediate Database Power. Scotts Valley, CA, 1992.
Hammer, M., and McLoed, D., Database description with SDM: A semantic database model. ACM TODS 6(3), 1981.
Matoković, B., Štambuk-Giljanović, N., and Klišmanić, Z., The Health Ecological Base VODE. In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Biomedical Engineering ‘94, Crombes & Corema, Zagreb, pp. 124–129, 1994.
Štambuk-Giljanović, N., The Waters of Neretva River and Its Catchment Area, Public Health Institute Split, Split, 2002.