Influence of tree species on understory vegetation diversity and mechanisms involved—A critical review for temperate and boreal forests
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Alaback, 1988, Long-term response of understory vegetation to stand density in Picea-Tsuga forests, Can. J. For. Res., 18, 1522, 10.1139/x88-233
Amezaga, 1997, The effect of evergreen and deciduous coniferous plantations on the field layer and seed bank of native woodlands, Ecography, 20, 308, 10.1111/j.1600-0587.1997.tb00375.x
Andersson, 1991, Influence of stemflow and throughfall from common oak (Quercus robur) on soil chemistry and vegetation patterns, Can. J. For. Res., 21, 917, 10.1139/x91-127
Aubert, 2004, Effect of tree mixture on the humic epipedon and vegetation diversity in managed beech forests (Normandy, France), Can. J. For. Res., 34, 233, 10.1139/x03-205
Aubin, 2000, Light extinction coefficients specific to the understory vegetation of the southern boreal forest, Quebec, Can. J. For. Res., 30, 168, 10.1139/x99-185
Auclair, 1971, Diversity relations of upland forests in the western Great Lakes area, Am. Nat., 105, 499, 10.1086/282742
Augusto, 2003, Effects of tree species on understory vegetation and environmental conditions in temperate forests, Ann. For. Sci., 60, 823, 10.1051/forest:2003077
Augusto, 2002, Impact of several common tree species of European temperate forests on soil fertility, Ann. For. Sci., 59, 233, 10.1051/forest:2002020
Austin, 2002, Spatial prediction of species distribution: an interface between ecological theory and statistical modelling, Ecol. Model., 157, 101, 10.1016/S0304-3800(02)00205-3
Baker, 1998, Relations between density of rhododendron thickets and diversity of riparian forests, For. Ecol. Manage., 109, 21, 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00259-X
Balandier, 2006, Designing forest vegetation management strategies based on the mechanisms and dynamics of crop tree competition by neighbouring vegetation, Forestry, 79, 3, 10.1093/forestry/cpi056
Barbier, S., Balandier, P., Gosselin, F., Submitted for publication. Rainfall partitioning in temperate and boreal forests: a review of tree species effect.
Barkman, 1992, Canopies and microclimate of tree species mixtures, 181
Bauhus, 1999, Soil exploitation strategies of fine roots in different tree species of the southern boreal forest of eastern Canada, Can. J. For. Res., 29, 260
Bazzaz, 1990, Plant–plant interactions in successional environments, 239
Beatty, 1984, Influence of microtopography and canopy species on spatial patterns of forest understory plants, Ecology, 65, 1406, 10.2307/1939121
Beck, 1969, L’effet litière: II. Etude expérimentale du pouvoir inhibiteur des composés hydrosolubles des feuilles et des litières forestières vis-à-vis de la microflore tellurique, Acta Oecol., 4, 237
Becker, 1988, Démarche méthodologique préconisée pour la typologie des stations forestières, 299
Becker, 1984, Rôle de l’allélopathie dans les difficultés de régénération du sapin (Abies alba Mill). I. Propriétés phytotoxiques des hydrosolubles d’aiguilles de sapin, Acta Oecol., 5, 347
Becker, 1985, Rôle de l’allélopathie dans les difficultés de régénération du sapin (Abies alba Mill.). II. Etude des lessivats naturels de feuillage, de litière et d’humus, Acta Oecol., 6, 31
Berger, 2000, Overstory composition and stand structure influence herbaceous plant diversity in the mixed aspen forest of northern Minnesota, Am. Midl. Nat., 143, 111, 10.1674/0003-0031(2000)143[0111:OCASSI]2.0.CO;2
Bertin, 2003, The role of root exudates and allelochemicals in the rhizosphere, Pl. Soil, 256, 67, 10.1023/A:1026290508166
Bezkorovaynaya, 2005, The formation of soil invertebrate communities in the Siberian afforestation experiment, 307
Binkley, 1995, The influence of tree species on forest soils: processes and patterns, 1
Bladon, 2006, Differential transpiration by three boreal tree species in response to increased evaporative demand after variable retention harvesting, Agr. For. Meteorol., 138, 104, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.03.015
Bolstad, 1990, Estimation of leaf area index in fourteen southern Wisconsin forest stands using a portable radiometer, Tree Physiol., 7, 115, 10.1093/treephys/7.1-2-3-4.115
Bratton, 1976, Resource division in an understory herb community: responses to temporal and microtopographic gradients, Am. Nat., 110, 679, 10.1086/283097
Bray, 1964, Litter production in forests of the world, Adv. Ecol. Res., 2, 101, 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60331-1
Brêthes, 1989, La typologie des stations forestières. Recommandations méthodologiques, Rev. For. Fr., 41, 7, 10.4267/2042/25949
Brosofske, 2001, Understory vegetation and site factors: implications for a managed Wisconsin landscape, For. Ecol. Manage., 146, 75, 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00447-3
Brown, 1982, The effects of tree species, planted pure and in mixtures, on vegetation and soils at Gisburn, 74
Brown, 1970, The effects of planting trees, 51
Brunet, 1996, Herb layer vegetation of South Swedish beech and oak forests—effects of management and soil acidity during one decade, For. Ecol. Manage., 88, 259, 10.1016/S0378-1127(96)03845-5
Bürger, 1991, Immissionen und Kronenverlichtung als Ursachen für Veränderungen der Waldbodenvegetation im Schwarzwald, Tuexenia, 11, 407
Canham, 1994, Causes and consequences of resource heterogeneity in forests: interspecific variation in light transmission by canopy trees, Can. J. For. Res., 24, 337, 10.1139/x94-046
Coomes, 2000, Impacts of root competition in forests and woodlands: a theoretical framework and review of experiments, Ecol. Monogr., 70, 171, 10.1890/0012-9615(2000)070[0171:IORCIF]2.0.CO;2
Coulson, 1960, Polyphenols in plant, humus and soil, J. Soil Sci., 11, 20, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1960.tb02198.x
Crozier, 1984, Correlations of understory herb distribution patterns with microhabitats under different tree species in a mixed mesophytic forest, Oecologia, 62, 337, 10.1007/BF00384265
Curt, 2003, Root biomass and rooting profile of naturally regenerated beech in mid-elevation Scots pine woodlands, Plant Ecol., 167, 269, 10.1023/A:1023904912712
Daubenmire, 1930, The relation of certain ecological factors to the inhibition of forest floor herbs under hemlock, Butler Univ. Bot. Stud., 1, 61
Dupouey, 2002, Irreversible impact of past land use on forest soils and biodiversity, Ecology, 83, 2978, 10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[2978:IIOPLU]2.0.CO;2
Edmonds, 1991, Canopy and soil modification of precipitation chemistry in a temperate rain forest, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 55, 1685, 10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500060031x
Ellenberg, H., Weber, H.E., Düll, R., Wirth, V., Werner, W., Paulißen, D., 1992. Zeigerwerte von Pflanzen in Mitteleuropa. Verlag Goltze, Göttingen.
Ellsworth, 2004, Seedling emergence, growth, and allocation of oriental bittersweet: effects of seed input, seed bank, and forest floor litter, For. Ecol. Manage., 190, 255, 10.1016/j.foreco.2003.10.015
Emmer, 1998, Reversing borealization as a means to restore biodiversity in Central-European mountain forests—an example from the Krkonoše mountains, Czech Republic, Biodiv. Conserv., 7, 229, 10.1023/A:1008840603549
Esteso-Martínez, 2004, Frost resistance of seeds in Mediterranean oaks and the role of litter in the thermal protection of acorns, Ann. For. Sci., 61, 481, 10.1051/forest:2004042
Ewald, 2000, The influence of coniferous canopies on understorey vegetation and soils in mountain forests of the northern Calcareous Alps, Appl. Veg. Sci., 3, 123, 10.2307/1478926
Ewers, 2002, Tree species effects on stand transpiration in northern Wisconsin, Water Resour. Res., 38, 1, 10.1029/2001WR000830
Facelli, 1996, Effects of ash and four types of litter on the establishment of Eucalyptus obliqua, Ecoscience, 3, 319, 10.1080/11956860.1996.11682349
Facelli, 1991, Plant litter: its dynamics and effects on plant community structure, Bot. Rev., 57, 1, 10.1007/BF02858763
Facelli, 1991, Plant litter: light interception and effects on an oldfield plant community, Ecology, 72, 1024, 10.2307/1940602
Facelli, 1994, Multiple indirect effects of litter affect the establishment of woody seedlings in oldfields, Ecology, 75, 1727, 10.2307/1939632
Fahy, 1998, A comparison of plant and carabid beetle communities in an Irish oak woodland with a nearby conifer plantation and clearfelled site, For. Ecol. Manage., 110, 263, 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00285-0
France, 1989, Soil chemistry changes after 27 years under four tree species in southern Ontario, Can. J. For. Res., 19, 1648, 10.1139/x89-251
Falkengren-Grerup, 1989, Effect of stemflow on beech forest soils and vegetation in southern Sweden, J. Appl. Ecol., 26, 341, 10.2307/2403671
Finér, 1997, Fine-root dynamics in mixed boreal conifer-broad-leafed forest stands at different successional stages after fire, Can. J. For. Res., 27, 304, 10.1139/x96-170
Gale, 1987, Vertical root distributions of northern tree species in relation to successional status, Can. J. For. Res., 17, 829, 10.1139/x87-131
Gelfand, 2005, Modelling species diversity through species level hierarchical modelling, J. Roy. Stat. Soc. C, 54, 1, 10.1111/j.1467-9876.2005.00466.x
Gersper, 1971, Some effects of stemflow from forest canopy trees on chemical properties of soils, Ecology, 52, 691, 10.2307/1934160
Gilliam, 1995, Herbaceous-layer and overstory species in clear-cut and mature central Appalachian hardwood forests, Ecol. Appl., 5, 947, 10.2307/2269345
Glenn-Lewin, 1977, Species diversity in North American temperate forests, Vegetatio, 33, 153, 10.1007/BF00205910
Godefroid, 2005, Ecological factors controlling the abundance of non-native invasive black cherry (Prunus serotina) in deciduous forest understory in Belgium, For. Ecol. Manage., 210, 91, 10.1016/j.foreco.2005.02.024
Gosselin, 2006, An assessment of the dependence of evenness indices on species richness, J. Theor. Biol., 242, 591, 10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.04.017
Gosselin, 2005, Indicateurs, gradients écologiques et sélection de modèles. Cas de la composition et de la richesse en essences comme indicateurs de biodiversité floristique
Gosselin, F., Gosselin, M., 2004. Analyser les variations de biodiversité: outils et méthodes. In: Gosselin, M., Larroussinie, O. (Eds.), Biodiversité et gestion forestière: connaître pour préserver - synthèse bibliographique. Coédition GIP Ecofor-Cemagref Editions, Antony, pp. 58–99.
Graae, 1997, A comparison of understorey vegetation between untouched and managed deciduous forest in Denmark, For. Ecol. Manage., 96, 111, 10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00046-7
Grier, 1981, Biomass distribution and above- and below-ground production in young and mature Abies amabilis zone ecosystems of the Washington Cascades, Can. J. For. Res., 11, 155, 10.1139/x81-021
Hagen-Thorn, 2004, The impact of six European tree species on the chemistry of mineral topsoil in forest plantations on former agricultural land, For. Ecol. Manage., 195, 373, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.02.036
Hamrick, 1987, Effect of soil surface topography and litter cover on the germination, survival and growth of musk thistle (Carduus nutans), Am. J. Bot., 74, 451, 10.2307/2443821
Härdtle, 2003, The effects of light and soil conditions on the species richness of the ground vegetation of deciduous forests in northern Germany (Schleswig-Holstein), For. Ecol. Manage., 182, 327, 10.1016/S0378-1127(03)00091-4
Harrington, 2003, Above- and belowground competition from longleaf pine plantations limits performance of reintroduced herbaceous species, For. Sci., 49, 681
Harris, 1997
Hart, 2006, Understory vegetation dynamics of North American boreal forests, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 25, 381, 10.1080/07352680600819286
Hedman, 2000, Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison, For. Ecol. Manage., 134, 233, 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00259-5
Heisey, 1996, Identification of an allelopathic compound from Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) and characterization of its herbicidal activity, Am. J. Bot., 83, 192, 10.2307/2445938
Helliwell, 1978, Floristic diversity in some central Swedish forests, Forestry, 51, 151, 10.1093/forestry/51.2.151
Helliwell, 1982
Hicks, 1980, Intrastand distribution patterns of southern Appalachian forest herbaceous species, Am. Midl. Nat., 104, 209, 10.2307/2424861
Hill, 1979, The development of a flora in even-aged plantations, 175
Hill, 1992, Mixtures as habitats for plants, 301
Holderegger, 1996, Effects of litter removal on the germination of Anemone nemorosa L., Flora, 191, 175, 10.1016/S0367-2530(17)30710-7
Honnay, 1999, Impact of habitat quality on forest plant species colonization, For. Ecol. Manage., 115, 157, 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00396-X
Horn, 1971
Humphrey, 2002, Lichens and bryophyte communities of planted and semi-natural forests in Britain: the influence of site type, stand structure and deadwood, Biol. Conserv., 107, 165, 10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00057-5
Hunter, 1990
Jennings, 1999, Assessing forest canopies and understorey illumination: canopy closure, canopy cover and other measures, Forestry, 72, 59, 10.1093/forestry/72.1.59
Jobidon, 2004, Plant species diversity and composition along an experimental gradient of northern hardwood abundance in Picea mariana plantations, For. Ecol. Manage., 198, 209, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.04.020
Kirby, 1988, Changes in the ground flora under plantations on ancient woodland sites, Forestry, 61, 317, 10.1093/forestry/61.4.317
Klinka, 1996, Forest canopies and their influence on understory vegetation in early-seral stands on West Vancouver Island, Northwest Sci., 70, 193
Kohli, 2001
Kuiters, 1987, Water-soluble phenolic substances in soils under several coniferous and deciduous tree species, Soil Biol. Biochem., 19, 765, 10.1016/0038-0717(87)90061-7
Kwiatkowska, 1994, Changes in the species richness, spatial pattern and species frequency associated with the decline of oak forest, Vegetatio, 112, 171, 10.1007/BF00044691
Kwiatkowska, 1988, Decline of Potentillo albae–Quercetum phytocoenoses associated with the invasion of Carpinus betulus, Vegetatio, 75, 49, 10.1007/BF00044625
Lebret, 2001, Litter production in an Atlantic beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) time sequence, Ann. For. Sci., 58, 755, 10.1051/forest:2001161
Légaré, 2001, Comparison of understory vegetation in boreal forest types of southwest Quebec, Can. J. Bot., 79, 1019
Lenière, 2006, Response of herbaceous plant diversity to reduced structural diversity in maple-dominated (Acer saccharum Marsh) forests managed for sap extraction, For. Ecol. Manage., 231, 94, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.024
Leuschner, 2001, Root competition between beech and oak: a hypothesis, Oecologia, 126, 276, 10.1007/s004420000507
Lewin, 1973, Diversity in temperate forests, Diss. Abstr. Int. B: Sci. Eng., 34, 633
Lindh, 2003, Responses of herbs and shrubs to reduced root competition under canopies and in gaps: a trenching experiment in old-growth Douglas-fir forests, Can. J. For. Res., 33, 2052, 10.1139/x03-120
Lodhi, 1976, Role of allelopathy as expressed by dominating trees in a lowland forest in controlling the productivity and pattern of herbaceous growth, Am. J. Bot., 63, 1, 10.2307/2441664
Lücke, 1997, Vegetation und Standortsverhältnisse in Buchen-Fichten-Mischbeständen des Sollings, Forstarchiv, 68, 135
MacKinney, 1929, Effects of forest litter on soil temperature and soil freezing in autumn and winter, Ecology, 10, 312, 10.2307/1929507
Margalef, 1958, Information theory in ecology, Gen. Syst., 3, 36
McCune, 1981, Correlations between forest layers in the Swan Valley, Montana, Ecology, 62, 1196, 10.2307/1937284
McCune, 1986, Root competition in a low-elevation grand fir forest in Montana: a trenching experiment, Northwest Sci., 60, 52
MCPFE, 2003, Improved pan-European indicators for sustainable forest management as adopted by the MCPFE Expert Level Meeting
Mina, 1965, Leaching of certain substances by precipitation from woody plants and its importance in the biological cycle, Sov. Soil Sci., 6, 609
Mitchell, 1989
Moir, 1966, Influence of ponderosa pine on herbaceous vegetation, Ecology, 47, 1045, 10.2307/1935654
Monk, 1985, Effects of shade, litter and root competition on old-field vegetation in South Carolina, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 112, 383, 10.2307/2996039
Nagaike, 1999, The effect of shelterwood logging on the diversity of plant species in a beech (Fagus crenata) forest in Japan, For. Ecol. Manage., 118, 161, 10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00500-3
Nagaike, 2002, Differences in plant species diversity between conifer (Larix kaempferi) plantations and broad-leaved (Quercus crispula) secondary forests in central Japan, For. Ecol. Manage., 168, 111, 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00734-4
Nagaike, 2005, Effects of different forest management systems on plant species diversity in a Fagus crenata forested landscape of central Japan, Can. J. For. Res., 35, 2832, 10.1139/x05-200
Neirynck, 2000, Impact of Tilia platyphyllos Scop., Fraxinus excelsior L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. on earthworm biomass and physico-chemical properties of a loamy topsoil., For. Ecol. Manage., 133, 275, 10.1016/S0378-1127(99)00240-6
Neite, 1985, Correlation of chemical soil pattern with the floristic pattern in the trunk base area of the beech, Acta Oecol., 6, 375
Nihlgard, 1969, The microclimate in a beech and a spruce forest—a comparative study from Kongalund, Scania, Sweden, Botaniska Notiser, 5, 333
Nihlgard, 1970, Precipitation, its chemical composition and effect on soil water in a beech and a spruce forest in south Sweden, Oikos, 21, 208, 10.2307/3543676
Nordén, 1994, Influence of broad-leaved tree species on pH and organic matter content of forest topsoils in Scania, South Sweden, Scand. J. Forest. Res., 9, 1, 10.1080/02827589409382806
Økland, 1996, Dynamics of understory vegetation in an old-growth boreal coniferous forest, 1988–1993, J. Veg. Sci., 7, 747, 10.2307/3236386
Palik, 1999, Species composition, 65
Parker, 1983, Throughfall and stemflow in the forest nutrient cycle, Adv. Ecol. Res., 13, 58
Pataki, 2003, Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest, Adv. Water Resour., 26, 1267, 10.1016/j.advwatres.2003.08.001
Pellissier, 1999, Allelopathy in northern temperate and boreal semi-natural woodland, Crit. Rev. Plant Sci., 18, 637, 10.1016/S0735-2689(99)00394-9
Peterken, 1984, Historical factors affecting the number and distribution of vascular plant species in woodlands of central Lincolnshire, J. Ecol., 72, 155, 10.2307/2260011
Pigott, 1989, The growth of lime Tilia cordata in an experimental plantation and its influence on soil development and vegetation, Quart. J. For., 83, 14
Pigott, 1990, The influence of evergreen coniferous nurse-crops on the field layer in two woodland communities, J. Appl. Ecol., 27, 448, 10.2307/2404293
Pharo, 2000, Effectiveness of using vascular plants to select reserves for bryophytes and lichens, Biol. Conserv., 96, 371, 10.1016/S0006-3207(00)00080-X
Planchais, 1998, Foliage determinants of light interception in sunny and shaded branches of Fagus sylvatica (L.), Agr. Forest Meteorol., 89, 241, 10.1016/S0168-1923(97)00079-8
Porté, 2004, Microclimate beneath pine plantation, semi-mature pine plantation and mixed broadleaved-pine forest, Agr. For. Meteorol., 126, 175, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.06.001
Portsmuth, 2007, Structural and physiological plasticity in response to light and nutrients in five temperate deciduous woody species of contrasting shade tolerance, Funct. Ecol., 21, 61, 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2006.01208.x
Powell, 2006, Aspen canopy removal and root trenching effects on understory vegetation, For. Ecol. Manage., 230, 79, 10.1016/j.foreco.2006.04.021
Prescott, 2002, The influence of the forest canopy on nutrient cycling, Tree Physiol., 22, 1193, 10.1093/treephys/22.15-16.1193
Qian, 2003, Understorey vegetation in boreal Picea mariana and Populus tremuloides stands in British Columbia, J. Veg. Sci., 14, 173, 10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02142.x
Rameau, 1989
Reich, 2001, Influence of logging, fire, and forest type on biodiversity and productivity in southern boreal forests, Ecology, 82, 2731, 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[2731:IOLFAF]2.0.CO;2
Richard, E., 2004. Réponse des communautés de carabiques à la conversion en futaie régulière de chêne: aspects écologiques et méthodologiques. Ph.D thesis, environmental sciences, ENGREF, Paris.
Roberts, 1992, Stand development and overstory–understory interactions in an aspen-northern hardwoods stand, For. Ecol. Manage., 54, 157, 10.1016/0378-1127(92)90010-7
Roussel, 1972
Saetre, 1997, Ground vegetation composition and heterogeneity in pure Norway spruce and mixed Norway spruce–birch stands, Can. J. For. Res., 27, 2034
Schlenker, 1968, Experiments in culture with plants of the forest ground flora, subjected to different degrees of acidity and variations in the form of nitrogen supply, Acta Oecol., 3, 7
Schütz, 1998, Licht bis auf den Waldboden: Waldbauliche Möglichkeiten zur Optimierung des Lichteinfalls im Walde, Schweiz. Z. Forstwes., 149, 843
Sharpe, 1996, The biologically significant attributes of forest canopies to small birds, Northwest Sci., 70, 86
Simmons, 1992, Ground vegetation under planted mixtures of trees, 211
Skov, 1997, Stand and neighbourhood parameters as determinants of plant species richness in a managed forest, J. Veg. Sci., 8, 573, 10.2307/3237209
Sonohat, 2004, Predicting solar radiation transmittance in the understory of even-aged coniferous stands in temperate forests, Ann. For. Sci., 61, 629, 10.1051/forest:2004061
Souto, 1994, Comparative analysis of allelopathic effects produced by four forestry species during decomposition process in their soils in Galicia (NW Spain), J. Chem. Ecol., 20, 3005, 10.1007/BF02098405
Staelens, 2003, A model of wind-influenced leaf litterfall in a mixed hardwood forest, Can. J. For. Res., 33, 201, 10.1139/x02-174
Stewart, 1984
Suding, 1999, Variation in the effects of vegetation and litter on recruitment across productivity gradients, J. Ecol., 87, 436, 10.1046/j.1365-2745.1999.00367.x
Sydes, 1981, Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland. I. Field investigations, J. Ecol., 69, 237, 10.2307/2259828
Sydes, 1981, Effects of tree leaf litter on herbaceous vegetation in deciduous woodland. II. An experimental investigation, J. Ecol., 69, 249, 10.2307/2259829
Teuscher, 1985, Fichtenforste im Mittelland, Schweiz. Z. Forstwes., 136, 755
Thomas, 1999, Plant diversity in managed forests: understory responses to thinning and fertilization, Ecol. Appl., 9, 864, 10.1890/1051-0761(1999)009[0864:PDIMFU]2.0.CO;2
Thomsen, 2005, Overstorey control of understorey species composition in a near-natural temperate broadleaved forest in Denmark, Plant Ecol., 181, 113, 10.1007/s11258-005-3996-7
Toumey, 1931, Trenched plots under forest canopies, Yale Univ. School For. Bull., 1, 1
Toutain, 1987, Activité biologique des sols, modalités et lithodépendance, Biol. Fert. Soil, 3, 31
Vincke, 2005, Evapotranspiration of a declining Quercus robur (L.) stand from 1999 to 2001. I. Trees and forest floor daily transpiration, Ann. For. Sci., 62, 503, 10.1051/forest:2005055
Voigt, 1960, Distribution of rainfall under forest stands, For. Sci., 6, 2
Wherry, 1927, Divergent soil reaction preferences of related plants, Ecology, 8, 197, 10.2307/1928959
Whitney, 1988, Overstory composition and age as determinants of the understory flora of woods of central New England, J. Ecol., 76, 867, 10.2307/2260578