Influence of antibiotic exposure in the early postnatal period on the development of intestinal microbiota

American Academy of Pediatrics, Committee on Drugs (2001) Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics 108: 776–789.

Bartosch S , Fite A , Macfarlane GT & McMurdo ME (2004) Characterization of bacterial communities in feces from healthy elderly volunteers and hospitalized elderly patients by using real-time PCR and effects of antibiotic treatment on the fecal microbiota. Appl Environ Microb 70: 3575–3581.

Bernet MF , Brassart D , Neeser JR & Servin AL (1993) Adhesion of human bifidobacterial strains to cultured human intestinal epithelial cells and inhibition of enteropathogen–cell interactions. Appl Environ Microb 59: 4121–4128.

Bernet MF , Brassart D , Neeser JR & Servin AL (1994) ALactobacillus acidophilus LA 1 binds to cultured human intestinal cell lines and inhibits cell attachment and cell invasion by enterovirulent bacteria. Gut 35: 483–489.

Bezirtzoglou E (1997) The intestinal microflora during the first weeks of life. Anaerobe 3: 173–177.

Butler KM (2006) Enterococcal infection in children. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 17: 128–139.

Dewhirst FE , Chien CC , Paster BJ , Ericson RL , Orcutt RP , Schauer DB & Fox JG (1999) Phylogeny of the defined murine microbiota: altered Schaedler flora. Appl Environ Microb 65: 3287–3292.

Droste JH , Wieringa MH , Weyler JJ , Nelen VJ , Vermeire PA & Van Bever HP (2000) Does the use of antibiotics in early childhood increase the risk of asthma and allergic disease? Clin Exp Allergy 30: 1547–1553.

Egert M , Marhan S , Wagner B , Scheu S & Friedrich M (2004) Molecular profiling of 16S rRNA genes reveals diet-related differences of microbial communities in soil, gut, and casts of Lumbricus terrestris L. (Oligochaeta: Lumbricidae). FEMS Microbiol Ecol 48: 187–197.

Falk PG , Hooper LV , Midtvedt T & Gordon JI (1998) Creating and maintaining the gastrointestinal ecosystem: what we know and need to know from gnotobiology. Microbiol Mol Biol R 62: 1157–1170.

Favier CF , Vaughan EE , De Vos WM & Akkermans AD (2002) Molecular monitoring of succession of bacterial communities in human neonates. Appl Environ Microb 68: 219–226.

Gibson GR & Wang X (1994) Regulatory effects of bifidobacteria on the growth of other colonic bacteria. J Appl Bacteriol 77: 412–420.

Hooper LV & Gordon JI (2001) Commensal host–bacterial relationships in the gut. Science 292: 1115–1118.

Hutt P , Shchepetova J , Loivukene K , Kullisaar T & Mikelsaar M (2006) Antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero- and uropathogens. J Appl Microbiol 100: 1324–1332.

Ishikawa H , Tanaka K , Maeda Y , Aiba Y , Hata A , Tsuji NM , Koga Y & Matsumoto T (2008) Effect of intestinal microbiota on the induction of regulatory CD25(+) CD4(+) T cells. Clin Exp Immunol 153: 127–135.

Isolauri E (2001) Probiotics in human disease. Am J Clin Nutr 73: 1142S–1146S.

Kalliomaki M , Kirjavainen P , Eerola E , Kero P , Salminen S & Isolauri E (2001) Distinct patterns of neonatal gut microflora in infants in whom atopy was and was not developing. J Allergy Clin Immunol 107: 129–134.

Kelly D , King T & Aminov R (2007) Importance of microbial colonization of the gut in early life to the development of immunity. Mutat Res 622: 58–69.

Kozyrskyj AL , Ernst P & Becker AB (2007) Increased risk of childhood asthma from antibiotic use in early life. Chest 131: 1753–1759.

Kummeling I , Stelma FF , Dagnelie PC , Snijders BE , Penders J , Huber M , van Ree R , van den Brandt PA & Thijs C (2007) Early life exposure to antibiotics and the subsequent development of eczema, wheeze, and allergic sensitization in the first 2 years of life: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. Pediatrics 119: e225–e231.

Leclercq R (1997) Enterococci acquire new kinds of resistance. Clin Infect Dis 24 (suppl 1): S80–S84.

Lievin V , Peiffer I , Hudault S , Rochat F , Brassart D , Neeser JR & Servin AL (2000) Bifidobacterium strains from resident infant human gastrointestinal microflora exert antimicrobial activity. Gut 47: 646–652.

Mackie RI , Sghir A & Gaskins HR (1999) Developmental microbial ecology of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 1035S–1045S.

Martino DJ , Currie H , Taylor A , Conway P & Prescott SL (2008) Relationship between early intestinal colonization, mucosal immunoglobulin A production and systemic immune development. Clin Exp Allergy 38: 69–78.

Mitsuoka T (2005) Human microbiota research: present and future. J Intestinal Microbiol 19: 179–192.

Nakayama J , Tanaka S , Songjinda P et al. (2007) Analysis of infant intestinal microbiota by various kinds of molecular approaches toward large scale epidemiological investigations correlating allergy development with intestinal microbiota. J Intestinal Microbiol 21: 129–142.

Nord CE , Rasmanis G & Wahlund E (2006) Effect of dalbavancin on the normal intestinal microflora. J Antimicrob Chemoth 58: 627–631.

Penders J , Thijs C , Vink C , Stelma FF , Snijders B , Kummeling I , van den Brandt PA & Stobberingh EE (2006) Factors influencing the composition of the intestinal microbiota in early infancy. Pediatrics 118: 511–521.

Sakamoto M , Takeuchi Y , Umeda M , Ishikawa I & Benno Y (2003) Application of terminal RFLP analysis to characterize oral bacterial flora in saliva of healthy subjects and patients with periodontitis. J Med Microbiol 52: 79–89.

Sanz Y , Sanchez E , Marzotto M , Calabuig M , Torriani S & Dellaglio F (2007) Differences in faecal bacterial communities in coeliac and healthy children as detected by PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. FEMS Immunol Med Mic 51: 562–568.

Shi HN & Walker A (2004) Bacterial colonization and the development of intestinal defences. Can J Gastroenterol 18: 493–500.

Songjinda P , Nakayama J , Kuroki Y , Tanaka S , Fukuda S , Kiyohara C , Yamamoto T , Izuchi K , Shirakawa T & Sonomoto K (2005) Molecular monitoring of the developmental bacterial community in the gastrointestinal tract of Japanese infants. Biosci Biotech Bioch 69: 638–641.

Songjinda P , Nakayama J , Tateyama A , Tanaka S , Tsubouchi M , Kiyohara C , Shirakawa T & Sonomoto K (2007) Differences in developing intestinal microbiota between allergic and non-allergic infants: a pilot study in Japan. Biosci Biotech Bioch 71: 2338–2342.

Sudo N , Sawamura S , Tanaka K , Aiba Y , Kubo C & Koga Y (1997) The requirement of intestinal bacterial flora for the development of an IgE production system fully susceptible to oral tolerance induction. J Immunol 159: 1739–1745.

Sullivan A , Edlund C & Nord CE (2001) Effect of antimicrobial agents on the ecological balance of human microflora. Lancet Infect Dis 1: 101–114.

Taguchi H , Takahashi M , Yamaguchi H , Osaki T , Komatsu A , Fujioka Y & Kamiya S (2002) Experimental infection of germ-free mice with hyper-toxigenic enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7, strain 6. J Med Microbiol 51: 336–343.

Tannock GW , Munro K , Harmsen HJ , Welling GW , Smart J & Gopal PK (2000) Analysis of the fecal microflora of human subjects consuming a probiotic product containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus DR20. Appl Environ Microb 66: 2578–2588.

Thompson-Chagoyan OC , Maldonado J & Gil A (2007) Colonization and impact of disease and other factors on intestinal microbiota. Digest Dis Sci 52: 2069–2077.

Wang M , Ahrne S , Antonsson M & Molin G (2004) T-RFLP combined with principal component analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing: an effective strategy for comparison of fecal microbiota in infants of different ages. J Microbiol Meth 59: 53–69.

Wang M , Karlsson C , Olsson C et al. (2008) Reduced diversity in the early fecal microbiota of infants with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immun 121: 129–134.