Inflammatory profile in subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue in men with and without diabetes
Tóm tắt
In recent years, evidence has emerged indicating that insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus type 2 are associated with inflammation of adipose tissue (AT). Interest has been focused on epicardial AT (EAT) because of its possible involvement with atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this study was to characterize adipocyte size and inflammatory profile in subcutaneous (SAT) and EAT among subjects with or without diabetes. Biopsies were collected from SAT and EAT in 34 men undergoing elective cardiac surgery. Weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference, as well as serum levels of glucose, insulin, lipids, adiponectin, and leptin were determined in all subjects. Adiponectin, MCP-1, and CD68 mRNA levels present within cells from AT biopsies were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Adipocyte size was determined by optic microscopy and morphometry. Regarding the experimental group as a whole, gene-expression levels within EAT were significantly lower for adiponectin and higher, albeit not significantly, for MCP-1, when compared with that of SAT. In addition, adipocytes in EAT were significantly smaller than those in SAT. Subjects with diabetes showed lower adiponectin gene-expression levels in both SAT and EAT when compared with subjects without diabetes. By contrast, MCP-1 and CD68 gene-expression levels were higher in both tissue types of diabetic subjects. Adipocyte size in EAT was significantly larger in diabetic subjects than in nondiabetic subjects. Our data revealed a predominantly inflammatory profile in both SAT and EAT in subjects with diabetes in comparison with those without diabetes.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Kershaw EE, Flier JS (2004) Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:2548–2556
Hotamisligil GS (2006) Inflammation and metabolic disorders. Nature 444(7121):860–867
Poredos P, Jezovinjk MK (2011) In patients with idiopathic venous thrombosis, interleukin-10 is decreased and related to endothelial dysfunction. Heart Vessels 26(6):596–602
Rabkin SW (2007) Epicardial fat: properties, function and relationship to obesity. Obes Rev 8(3):253–261
Iacobellis G, Barbaro G (2008) The double role of epicardial adipose tissue as pro- and anti-inflammatory organ. Horm Metab 40(7):442–445
Sacks HS, Fain JN (2007) Human epicardial adipose tissue: a review. Am Heart J 153(6):907–917
Bambace C, Telesca M, Zoico E, Sepe A, Olioso D, Rossi A, Corzato F, Di Francesco V, Mazzucco A, Santini F, Zamboni M (2011) Adiponectin gene expression and adipocyte diameter: a comparison between epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue in men. Cardiovasc Pathol 20(5):e153–e156
Karadag B, Ozulu B, Ozturk FY, Oztekin E, Sener N, Altuntas Y (2011) Comparison of epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness and anthropometric measurements in metabolic syndrome (MS) cases above and under the age of 65. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 52(2):e79–e84
Wang CP, Hsu HL, Hung WC, Yu TH, Chen YH, Chiu CA, Lu LF, Chung FM, Shin SJ, Lee YJ (2009) Increased epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume in type 2 diabetes mellitus and association with metabolic syndrome and severity of coronary atherosclerosis. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 70(6):876–882
American Diabetes Association (2011) Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 34(Suppl 1):S62–S69
Cinti S, Zingaretti M, Cancello R, Ceresi E, Ferrara P (2001) Morphologic techniques for the study of brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue. Methods Mol Biol 155:21–51
Houben AJ, Eringa EC, Jonk AM, Serne EH, Smulders YM, Stehouwer CD (2012) Perivascular fat and the microcirculation: relevance to insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep 6(1):80–90
Baker AR, Silva NF, Quinn DW, Harte AL, Pagano D, Bonser RS, Kumar S, McTernan PG (2006) Human epicardial adipose tissue expresses a pathogenic profile of adipocytokines in patients with cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol 13(5):1
Mazurek T, Zhang L, Zalewski A, Mannion JD, Diehl JT, Arafat H, Sarov-Blat L, O’Brien S, Keiper EA, Johnson AG, Martin J, Goldstein BJ, Shi Y (2003) Human epicardial adipose tissue is a source of inflammatory mediators. Circulation 108(20):2460–2466
Spiroglou SG, Kostopoulos CG, Varakis JN, Papadaki HH (2010) Adipokines in periaortic and epicardial adipose tissue: differential expression and relation to atherosclerosis. J Atheroscler Thromb 17(2):115–130
Pezeshkian M, Noori M, Najjarpour-Jabbari H, Abolfathi A, Darabi M, Darabi M, Shaaker M, Shahmohammadi G (2009) Fatty acid composition of epicardial and subcutaneous human adipose tissue. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 7(2):125–131
Robinson ST, Taylor WR (2009) Beyond the adventitia: exploring the outer limits of the blood vessel wall. Circ Res 104(4):416–418
Yudkin JS, Eringa E, Stehouwer CD (2005) “Vasocrine” signaling from perivascular fat: a mechanism linking insulin resistance to vascular disease. Lancet 365(9473):1817–1820
Derici K, Samsar U, Demirel-Yilmaz E (2012) Nitric oxide effects depend on different mechanisms in different regions of the rat heart. Heart Vessels 27(1):89–97
Police SB, Thatcher SE, Charnigo R, Daugherty A, Cassis LA (2009) Obesity promotes inflammation in periaortic adipose tissue and angiotensin II-induced abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Aterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 29:1458–1464
Iacobellis G, Gao YJ, Sharma AM (2008) Do cardiac and perivascular adipose tissue play a role in atherosclerosis? Curr Diab Rep 8(1):20–24
Fain JN, Sacks HS, Bahouth SW, Tichansky DS, Madan AK, Cheema PS (2010) Human epicardial adipokine messenger RNAs: comparisons of their expression in substernal, subcutaneous, and omental fat. Metabolism 59(9):1379–1386
Iacobellis G, Leonetti F (2005) Epicardial adipose tissue and insulin resistance in obese subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90(11):6300–6302
Ouwens DM, Sell H, Greulich S, Eckel J (2010) The role of epicardial and perivascular adipose tissue in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease. Review. J Cell Mol Med 14(9):2223–2234
Teijeira-Fernandez E, Eiras S, Grigorian-Shamagian L, Salgado-Somoza A, Martinez-Comendador JM, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR (2010) Diabetic and nondiabetic patients express similar adipose tissue adiponectin and leptin levels. Int J Obes (Lond) 34(7):1200–1208
Lundgren M, Svensson M, Lindmark S, Renström F, Ruge T, Eriksson JW (2007) Fat cell enlargement is an independent marker of insulin resistance and ‘hyperleptinaemia’. Diabetologia 50(3):625–633
Laurencikiene J, Skurk T, Kulyté A, Hedén P, Aström G, Sjölin E, Rydén M, Hauner H, Arner P (2011) Regulation of lipolysis in small and large fat cells of the same subject. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(12):E2045–E2049
Goossens GH (2008) The role of adipose tissue dysfunction in the pathogenesis of obesity-related insulin resistance. Physiol Behav 94(2):206–221
Hosogai N, Fukuhara A, Oshima K, Miyata Y, Tanaka S, Segawa K, Furukawa S, Tochino Y, Komuro R, Matsuda M, Shimomura I (2007) Adipose tissue hypoxia in obesity and its impact on adipocytokine dysregulation. Diabetes 56(4):901–911
Skurk T, Alberti-Huber C, Herder C, Hauner H (2007) Relationship between adipocyte size and adipokine expression and secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 92:1023–1033
Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB (2006) Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 116:1793–1801