Infection induces a positive acute phase apolipoprotein E response from a negative acute phase gene: role of hepatic LDL receptors*

Mahley, 2000, Apolipoprotein E: far more than a lipid transport protein, Annu. Rev. Genomics Hum. Genet., 1, 507, 10.1146/annurev.genom.1.1.507 Mahley, 2006, Inaugural article. Apolipoprotein E4: a causative factor and therapeutic target in neuropathology, including Alzheimer's disease, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 103, 5644, 10.1073/pnas.0600549103 Liberopoulos, 2004, Apolipoprotein E and renal disease, Am. J. Kidney Dis., 43, 223, 10.1053/j.ajkd.2003.10.013 Moore, 2004, Apolipoprotein E and the risk of breast cancer in African-American and non-Hispanic white women, Oncology., 66, 79, 10.1159/000077433 De Bont, 1999, Apolipoprotein E knock-out mice are highly susceptible to endotoxemia and Klebsiella pneumoniae infection, J. Lipid Res., 40, 680, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32147-7 de Bont, 2000, Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice have an impaired immune response to Klebsiella pneumoniae, Eur. J. Clin. Invest., 30, 818, 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2000.00715.x Roselaar, 1998, Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice have impaired innate immune responses to Listeria monocytogenes in vivo, J. Lipid Res., 39, 1740, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32160-X Sinnis, 1996, Remnant lipoproteins inhibit malaria sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes, J. Exp. Med., 184, 945, 10.1084/jem.184.3.945 Van Oosten, 2001, Apolipoprotein E protects against-bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced lethality—a new therapeutic approach to treat Gram-negative sepsis, J. Biol. Chem., 276, 8820, 10.1074/jbc.M009915200 Rensen, 1997, Human recombinant apolipoprotein E redirects lipopolysaccharide from Kupffer cells to liver parenchymal cells in rats in vivo, J. Clin. Invest., 99, 2438, 10.1172/JCI119427 Laskowitz, 2000, Altered immune responses in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, J. Lipid Res., 41, 613, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32409-3 Ali, 2005, Apolipoprotein E suppresses the type I inflammatory response in vivo, Circ. Res., 97, 922, 10.1161/01.RES.0000187467.67684.43 Grainger, 2004, Apolipoprotein E modulates clearance of apoptotic bodies in vitro and in vivo, resulting in a systemic proinflammatory state in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice, J. Immunol., 173, 6366, 10.4049/jimmunol.173.10.6366 van den Elzen, 2005, Apolipoprotein-mediated pathways of lipid antigen presentation, Nature., 437, 906, 10.1038/nature04001 Moretti, 2005, M. F. Newman, E. Bennett, V. G. Moulin, U. U. Mba, and D. T. Laskowitz. . APOE polymorphism is associated with risk of severe sepsis in surgical patients, Crit. Care Med., 33, 2521, 10.1097/01.CCM.0000186368.96146.FB Allan, 1997, Two hepatic enhancers, HCR.1 and HCR.2, coordinate the liver expression of the entire human apolipoprotein E/C-I/C-IV/C-II gene cluster, J. Biol. Chem., 272, 29113, 10.1074/jbc.272.46.29113 Shih, 2000, Duplicated downstream enhancers control expression of the human apolipoprotein E gene in macrophages and adipose tissue, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 31567, 10.1074/jbc.M005468200 Hashimoto, 1999, Serial analysis of gene expression in human monocytes and macrophages, Blood., 94, 837, 10.1182/blood.V94.3.837.413k02_837_844 Zannis, 1985, Distribution of apolipoprotein A-I, C-II, C-III, and E mRNA in fetal human tissues. Time-dependent induction of apolipoprotein E mRNA by cultures of human monocyte-macrophages, Biochemistry., 24, 4450, 10.1021/bi00337a028 Jong, 1999, Role of apoCs in lipoprotein metabolism: functional differences between apoC1, apoC2, and apoC3, Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol., 19, 472, 10.1161/01.ATV.19.3.472 Kraft, 1989, Changes of genetic apolipoprotein phenotypes caused by liver transplantation: implications for apolipoprotein synthesis, J. Clin. Invest., 83, 137, 10.1172/JCI113849 Linton, 1995, Prevention of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by bone marrow transplantation, Science., 267, 1034, 10.1126/science.7863332 Fazio, 1997, Increased atherosclerosis in mice reconstituted with apolipoprotein E null macrophages, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 94, 4647, 10.1073/pnas.94.9.4647 Cheung, 1984, Characterization of lipoprotein particles isolated by immunoaffinity chromatography. Particles containing A-I and A-II and particles containing A-I but no A-II, J. Biol. Chem., 259, 12201, 10.1016/S0021-9258(20)71339-6 Jones, 2007, Disruption of LDL but not VLDL clearance in autosomal recessive hypercholesterolemia, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 165, 10.1172/JCI29415 MacArthur, 2007, Liver heparan sulfate proteoglycans mediate clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins independently of LDL receptor family members, J. Clin. Invest., 117, 153, 10.1172/JCI29154 Arai, 1999, Decreased selective uptake of high density lipoprotein cholesteryl esters in apolipoprotein E knock-out mice, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 96, 12050, 10.1073/pnas.96.21.12050 Gabay, 1999, Acute-phase proteins and other systemic responses to inflammation, N. Engl. J. Med., 340, 448, 10.1056/NEJM199902113400607 Aldred, 1993, The negative acute phase proteins, In Acute Phase Proteins. A. Mackiewicz, I. Kushner, and H. Baumann, editors, 21 Werb, 1983, Endotoxin suppresses expression of apoprotein E by mouse macrophages in vivo and in culture, J. Biol. Chem., 258, 10642, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44505-4 Hardardottir, 1997, LPS and cytokines regulate extra hepatic mRNA levels of apolipoproteins during the acute phase response in Syrian hamsters, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1344, 210, 10.1016/S0005-2760(96)00143-9 Tripp, 1993, Altered hepatic production of apolipoproteins B and E in the fasted septic rat: factors in the development of hypertriglyceridemia, J. Surg. Res., 55, 465, 10.1006/jsre.1993.1170 Khovidhunkit, 2004, Effects of infection and inflammation on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism mechanisms and consequences to the host, J. Lipid Res., 45, 1169, 10.1194/jlr.R300019-JLR200 Kushner, 1993, The acute phase response: an overview, In Acute Phase Proteins. A. Mackiewicz, I. Kushner, and H. Baumann, editors, 4 Kitchens, 1999, Plasma lipoproteins promote the release of bacterial lipopolysaccharide from the monocyte cell surface, J. Biol. Chem., 274, 34116, 10.1074/jbc.274.48.34116 Engelking, 2004, Overexpression of Insig-1 in the livers of transgenic mice inhibits SREBP processing and reduces insulin-stimulated lipogenesis, J. Clin. Invest., 113, 1168, 10.1172/JCI20978 Westerterp, 2006, Endogenous apoC-I increases hyperlipidemia in apoE-knockout mice by stimulating VLDL production and inhibiting LPL, J. Lipid Res., 47, 1203, 10.1194/jlr.M500434-JLR200 Kitchens, 2003, Acute inflammation and infection maintain circulating phospholipid levels and enhance lipopolysaccharide binding to plasma lipoproteins, J. Lipid Res., 44, 2339, 10.1194/jlr.M300228-JLR200 Liao, 1999, Endotoxin suppresses mouse hepatic low-density lipoprotein-receptor expression via a pathway independent of the Toll-like receptor 4, Hepatology., 30, 1252, 10.1002/hep.510300524 Netea, 1996, Low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice are protected against lethal endotoxemia and severe Gram-negative infections, J. Clin. Invest., 97, 1366, 10.1172/JCI118556 Barlage, 2001, ApoE-containing high density lipoproteins and phospholipid transfer protein activity increase in patients with a systemic inflammatory response, J. Lipid Res., 42, 281, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)31690-4 Knouff, 2004, Defective VLDL metabolism and severe atherosclerosis in mice expressing human apolipoprotein E isoforms but lacking the LDL receptor, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1684, 8, 10.1016/j.bbalip.2004.03.004 Corsini, 1992, Ability of the LDL receptor from several animal species to recognize the human apoB binding domain: studies with LDL from familial defective apoB-100, Atherosclerosis., 93, 95, 10.1016/0021-9150(92)90203-S Osono, 1995, Role of the low density lipoprotein receptor in the flux of cholesterol through the plasma and across the tissues of the mouse, J. Clin. Invest., 95, 1124, 10.1172/JCI117760 Böttcher, 2000, Preparative free-solution isotachophoresis for separation of human plasma lipoproteins: apolipoprotein and lipid composition of HDL subfractions, J. Lipid Res., 41, 905, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)32032-0 Feingold, 1992, Endotoxin rapidly induces changes in lipid metabolism that produce hypertriglyceridemia: low doses stimulate hepatic triglyceride production while high doses inhibit clearance, J. Lipid Res., 33, 1765, 10.1016/S0022-2275(20)41334-3 Feingold, 1994, Effect of endotoxin and cytokines on lipoprotein lipase activity in mice, Arterioscler. Thromb., 14, 1866, 10.1161/01.ATV.14.11.1866 Rensen, 2000, Apolipoprotein E is resistant to intracellular degradation in vitro and in vivo: evidence for retroendocytosis, J. Biol. Chem., 275, 8564, 10.1074/jbc.275.12.8564 Lucic, 2007, Regulation of macrophage apoE secretion and sterol efflux by the LDL receptor, J. Lipid Res., 48, 366, 10.1194/jlr.M600259-JLR200 Liao, 1992, Both the polysaccharide and lipid A parts of endotoxins are needed for the inhibitory effects of endotoxins on cellular LDL uptake, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 52, 183, 10.3109/00365519209088783 Horton, 2007, Molecular biology of PCSK9: its role in LDL metabolism, Trends Biochem. Sci., 32, 71, 10.1016/j.tibs.2006.12.008