Inequality Crossroads of Mortality: Socioeconomic Disparities in Life Expectancy and Life Span in Mexico Between 1990 and 2015

Aburto, J. M., & Beltrán-Sánchez, H. (2019). Upsurge of homicides and its impact on life expectancy and life span inequality in mexico, 2005–2015. American Journal of Public Health, 109(3), 483–489. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2018.304878

Aburto, J. M., Villavicencio, F., Basellini, U., Kjærgaard, S., & Vaupel, J. W. (2020). Dynamics of life expectancy and life span equality. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(10), 5250–5259. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1915884117

Alvarez, J.-A., Aburto, J. M., & Canudas-Romo, V. (2020). Latin American convergence and divergence towards the mortality profiles of developed countries. Population Studies, 74(1), 75–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/00324728.2019.1614651

Andreev, E. M., Shkolnikov, V. M., & Begun, A. Z. (2002). Algorithm for decomposition of differences between aggregate demographic measures and its application to life expectancies, healthy life expectancies, parity-progression ratios and total fertility rates. Demographic Research, 7(14), 499–522. https://doi.org/10.4054/demres.2002.7.14

Arroyave, I., Burdorf, A., Cardona, D., & Avendano, M. (2014). Socioeconomic inequalities in premature mortality in Colombia, 1998–2007: The double burden of non-communicable diseases and injuries. Preventive Medicine, 64, 41–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.018

Bilal, U., Alazraqui, M., Caiaffa, W. T., Lopez-Olmedo, N., Martinez-Folgar, K., Miranda, J. J., Rodriguez, D. A., Vives, A., & Diez-Roux, A. V. (2019). Inequalities in life expectancy in six large Latin American cities from the SALURBAL study: An ecological analysis. The Lancet Planetary Health, 3(12), e503–e510. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30235-9

Borrell, C., Palència, L., Muntaner, C., Urquía, M., Malmusi, D., & O’Campo, P. (2014). Influence of macrosocial policies on women’s health and gender inequalities in health. Epidemiologic Reviews, 36(1), 31–48. https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt002

Bramajo, O., Permanyer, I., & Blanes, A. (2022). Regional inequalities in life expectancy and lifespan variation by educational attainment in Spain, 2014–2018. Population, Space and Place, 29, e2628. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.2628

Braveman, P. A., Cubbin, C., Egerter, S., Chideya, S., Marchi, K. S., Metzler, M., & Posner, S. (2005). Socioeconomic status in health research: One size does not fit all. JAMA, 294(22), 2879–2888. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.294.22.2879

Cambois, E. (2016). Social inequalities in health less pronounced in women than in men: A question of measurements? Revue D’epidemiologie Et De Sante Publique, 64(2), S75–S85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2016.02.007

Canudas-Romo, V., Aburto, J. M., García-Guerrero, V. M., & Beltrán-Sánchez, H. (2017). Mexico’s epidemic of violence and its public health significance on average length of life. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 71(2), 188–193. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2015-207015

Canudas-Romo, V., García-Guerrero, V. M., & Echarri-Cánovas, C. J. (2015). The stagnation of the Mexican male life expectancy in the first decade of the 21st century: The impact of homicides and diabetes mellitus. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 69(1), 28–34. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2014-204237

Cárdenas, R. (2010). Desafíos de la atención a la salud [Health care challenges]. In M. Ordorica & B. García (Eds.), Los grandes problemas de México. Población [The great problems of Mexico. Population] (1st ed., pp. 105–136). El Colegio De Mexico.

CEPAL. (2023). Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe 2022 [statistical yearbook for Latin America and the Caribbean 2022]. https://hdl.handle.net/11362/48706

Colchero, M. A., Gómez, R., & Bautista-Arredondo, S. (2022). A systematic review of the literature on the impact of the Seguro Popular. Health Research Policy and Systems. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-022-00839-w

CONAPO. (2017). Conciliación demográfica de México, 1950–2015 [Mexican demographic conciliation 1950–2015]. https://www.gob.mx/conapo/acciones-y-programas/conciliacion-demografica-de-mexico-1950-2015-y-proyecciones-de-la-poblacion-de-mexico-y-de-las-entidades-federativas-2016-2050

Deboosere, P., Gadeyne, S., & Oyen, H. V. (2009). The 1991–2004 evolution in life expectancy by educational level in Belgium based on linked census and Population register data. European Journal of Population, 25(2), 175–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-008-9167-5

Doubova, S. V., García-Saiso, S., Pérez-Cuevas, R., Sarabia-González, O., Pacheco-Estrello, P., Infante-Castañeda, C., Santamaría, C., del Pilar Torres-Arreola, L., & Leslie, H. H. (2018). Quality governance in a pluralistic health system: Mexican experience and challenges. The Lancet Global Health, 6(11), e1149–e1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30321-8

Enroth, L., Jasilionis, D., Németh, L., Strand, B. H., Tanjung, I., Sundberg, L., Fors, S., Jylhä, M., & Brønnum-Hansen, H. (2022). Changes in socioeconomic differentials in old age life expectancy in four Nordic countries: The impact of educational expansion and education-specific mortality. European Journal of Ageing, 19(2), 161–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10433-022-00698-y

Fantin, R., Delpierre, C., & Barboza-Solís, C. (2023). Health inequalities in cause-specific mortality in Costa Rica: A population-based cohort study. Revista De Saúde Pública, 57, 3. https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2023057004331

Fuentes, M. L. (2018). Las muertes que no deben ser. Natalidad y mortalidad en México [The deaths that should not be. Birth and mortality in Mexico] (1st ed., p. 270). FCE, UNAM, PUED.

García, J., & Aburto, J. M. (2019). The impact of violence on Venezuelan life expectancy and lifespan inequality. International Journal of Epidemiology, 48(5), 1593–1601. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz072

Gómez Dantés, O., Sesma, S., Becerril, V. M., Knaul, F. M., Arreola, H., & Frenk, J. (2011). Sistema de salud en México [Health system in Mexico]. Salud Pública de México [Public Health of Mexico], 53(2), s220–232.

Gómez-Dantés, H., Fullman, N., Lamadrid-Figueroa, H., Cahuana-Hurtado, L., Darney, B., Avila-Burgos, L., Correa-Rotter, R., Rivera, J. A., Barquera, S., González-Pier, E., Aburto-Soto, T., de Castro, E. F. A., Barrientos-Gutiérrez, T., Basto-Abreu, A. C., Batis, C., Borges, G., Campos-Nonato, I., Campuzano-Rincón, J. C., & Lozano, R. (2016). Dissonant health transition in the states of Mexico, 1990–2013: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of disease study 2013. The Lancet, 388(10058), 2386–2402. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31773-1

Gutiérrez, J. P., & García-Saisó, S. (2016). Health inequalities: Mexico’s greatest challenge. The Lancet, 388(10058), 2330–2331. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31726-3

Hendi, A. S. (2015). Trends in US life expectancy gradients: The role of changing educational composition. International Journal of Epidemiology, 44(3), 946–955. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyv062

Hoffmann, R. (2011). Socioeconomic inequalities in old-age mortality: A comparison of Denmark and the USA. Social Science & Medicine, 72(12), 1986–1992. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.04.019

Hoffmann, R., Kröger, H., Tarkiainen, L., & Martikainen, P. (2019). Dimensions of social stratification and their relation to mortality: A comparison across gender and life course periods in Finland. Social Indicators Research, 145(1), 349–365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-019-02078-z

Horiuchi, S., Wilmoth, J. R., & Pletcher, S. D. (2008). A decomposition method based on a model of continuous change. Demography, 45(4), 785–801. https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.0.0033

INEGI. (2016). Estadística de defunciones generales. Marco metodológico [Statistics of registered deaths. Methodology]. INEGI.

INEGI. (2020). Estadísticas vitales. Mortalidad [Statistics of registered deaths]. INEGI. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/mortalidad/#Microdatos.

Liang, J., Bennett, J., Krause, N., Kobayashi, E., Kim, H., Brown, J. W., Akiyama, H., Sugisawa, H., & Jain, A. (2002). Old age mortality in Japan: Does the socioeconomic gradient interact with gender and age? Journals of Gerontology Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 57(5), S294–S307. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/57.5.S294

Luy, M., Zannella, M., Wegner-Siegmundt, C., Minagawa, Y., Lutz, W., & Caselli, G. (2019). The impact of increasing education levels on rising life expectancy: A decomposition analysis for Italy, Denmark, and the USA. Genus. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-019-0055-0

Manzelli, H. (2014). Educational attainment and adult mortality differentials in Argentina. Revista Latinoamericana de Población [Latin American Journal of Population], 8(14), 129–163.

Marmot, M. (2005). Social determinants of health inequalities. Lancet, 365(9464), 1099–1104. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)71146-6

Mena, G., & Aburto, J. (2022). The unequal impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 on life expectancy across urban areas in Chile: A cross-sectional demographic study. British Medical Journal Open, 12, e059201. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.6797737

Muradás Troitiño, M. C. (2010). Las causas de muerte en los adultos mayores en México: Expresión de la desigualdad social [The causes of death for the elderly in Mexico: Expression of social inequality]. [Doctoral thesis, Centro de Estudios Demográficos, Urbanos y Ambientales, El Colegio de México].

Németh, L. (2017). Life expectancy versus lifespan inequality: A smudge or a clear relationship? PLoS ONE, 12(9), e0185702. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0185702

OECD. (2023). Income inequiality (indicator). OECD.

Parker, S. W., Saenz, J., & Wong, R. (2018). Health insurance and the aging: Evidence from the Seguro Popular program in Mexico. Demography, 55(1), 361–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-017-0645-4

Pérez Amador, J. (2006). The start of working life as the trigger for the residential independence of youth in Mexico. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos, 21(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.24201/edu.v21i1.1260

Permanyer, I., Spijker, J., Blanes, A., & Renteria, E. (2018). Longevity and lifespan variation by educational attainment in Spain: 1960–2015. Demography. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-018-0718-z

Riffe, T. (2018). DemoDecomp: Decompose demographic functions (1.0.1) [Computer software]. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=DemoDecomp

Román Sánchez, Y. G., Montoya Arce, B. J., Lozano Keymolen, D., & Linares, S. C. G. R. (2019). Mortalidad según tipos de ocupación en México, 2014. Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, 17(1), 116–148. https://doi.org/10.15517/psm.v17i1.37741

Rosero-Bixby, L. (2018). High life expectancy and reversed socioeconomic gradients of elderly people in Mexico and Costa Rica. Demographic Research, 38, 95–108. https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2018.38.3

Sandoval, M. H., & Turra, C. M. (2015). El gradiente educativo en la mortalidad adulta en Chile. Revista Latinoamericana de Población, 9(17), 7–35. https://doi.org/10.31406/relap2015.v9.i2.n17.5

Sauerberg, M. (2021). The impact of population’s educational composition on healthy life years: An empirical illustration of 16 European countries. SSM Population Health, 15, 100857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100857

Seaman, R., Riffe, T., Leyland, A. H., Popham, F., & van Raalte, A. (2019). The increasing lifespan variation gradient by area-level deprivation: A decomposition analysis of Scotland 1981–2011. Social Science and Medicine. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.04.008

Shkolnikov, V. M. (2006). The changing relation between education and life expectancy in central and eastern Europe in the 1990s. Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 60(10), 875–881. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.044719

Solís, P. (2007). Inequidad y movilidad social en Monterrey [Inequality and social mobility in Monterrey] (p. 358). El Colegio de México.

Solís, P., & García-Guerrero, V. M. (2019). The increase in life expectancy and inequality of years of life in Latin America and Europe. Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos, 34(2), 365–393. https://doi.org/10.24201/edu.v34i2.1796

Stevens, G., Dias, R. H., Thomas, K. J. A., Rivera, J. A., Carvalho, N., Barquera, S., Hill, K., & Ezzati, M. (2008). Characterizing the epidemiological transition in Mexico: National and subnational burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. PLoS Medicine, 5(6), e125. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050125

Turra, C. M., Renteria, E., & Guimarães, R. (2016). The effect of changes in educational composition on adult female mortality in Brazil. Research on Aging. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027515620245

van Raalte, A. A., & Caswell, H. (2013). Perturbation analysis of indices of lifespan variability. Demography, 50(5), 1615–1640. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0223-3

van Raalte, A. A., Kunst, A. E., Deboosere, P., Leinsalu, M., Lundberg, O., Martikainen, P., Strand, B. H., Artnik, B., Wojtyniak, B., & Mackenbach, J. P. (2011). More variation in lifespan in lower educated groups: Evidence from 10 European countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 40(6), 1703–1714. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyr146

van Raalte, A. A., Martikainen, P., & Myrskylä, M. (2014). Lifespan variation by occupational class: Compression or stagnation over time? Demography. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-013-0253-x

van Raalte, A. A., Sasson, I., & Martikainen, P. (2018). The case for monitoring life-span inequality. Science, 362(6418), 1002–1004. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau5811

Vaupel, J. W., Zhang, Z., & van Raalte, A. A. (2011). Life expectancy and disparity: An international comparison of life table data. British Medical Journal Open, 1(1), e000128–e000128. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000128

Ware, J. K. (2019). Property value as a proxy of socioeconomic status in education. Education and Urban Society, 51(1), 99–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517714850

World Bank. (2023). Poverty and inequality platform. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI

World Health Organization. (2010). A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health (p. 76). WHO.

World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe, European Observatory on Health, González Block, M. Á., Reyes Morales, H. R., Cahuana Hurtado, L., Balandrán, A., & Méndez, E. (2020). Mexico: Health system review (p. 222). World Health Organization, Regional Office for Europe.