Indigenous Peoples and climate-induced relocation in Latin America and the Caribbean: managed retreat as a tool or a threat?

Ajibade I (2019) Planned retreat in Global South megacities: disentangling policy, practice, and environmental justice. Clim Chang 157:299–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02535-1 Albert S, Bronen R, Tooler N, Leon J, Yee D, Ash J, Boseto D, Grinham A (2018) Heading for the hills: climate-driven community relocations in the Solomon Islands and Alaska provide insight for a 1.5°C future. Reg Environ Chang 18:2261–2272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-017-1256-8 Alscher S (2011) Environmental degradation and migration on Hispaniola Island. Int Migr 49:164–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2010.00664.x Barnett J, Webber M (2010) Accommodating migration to promote adaptation to climate change. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 5270:1–62. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-5270 Bukvic A, Owen G (2016) Attitudes towards relocation following Hurricane Sandy: should we stay or should we go? Disasters 14:101–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12186 Carey J (2020) Managed retreat increasingly seen as necessary in response to climate change’s fury. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117:13182–13185. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2008198117 CENAPRED (2006) Centro Nacional de Prevención de Desastres, CEPAL–Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe de las Naciones Unidas Características e impacto socioeconómico de los huracanes “Stan” y “Wilma” en la República Mexicana en el 2005. Ciudad de Mexico. www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/25801-caracteristicas-impacto-socioeconomico-huracanes-stan-wilma-la-republica. Accessed 21 Jan 2021 CEPAL (2018) Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe de las Naciones Unidas 1. Estadísticas sociales, table 1.1.1 Población. http://interwp.cepal.org/anuario_estadistico/anuario_2018/index.asp?anuario=2018&idioma=sp. Accessed 17 Aug 2020 Cernea M (1995) Understanding and preventing impoverishment risks from displacement: reflections on the state of knowledge. World Bank Reprint Series: Number 478. World Bank Group, Washington Clark B (2016) El segundo lago más grande de Bolivia se secó ¿Hay salvación?. National Geographic en Español. www.ngenespanol.com/naturaleza/ecosistemas/16/01/26/sequia-lago-bolivia-cambio-climatico-poopo-muerte/. Accessed 3 Aug 2020 CNDH (2016) Informe Especial sobre Desplazamiento Forzado Interno (DFI) en México. Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos, Ciudad de México Comisión de la Barriada (2020) Memorias del plan de reubicación de la comunidad Cardi Sugdub, proyecto Nuevo Carti. www.facebook.com/Barriadanuevogardisugdub/. Accessed 4 August Cordero A, Lathrop G (2014) Relaciones entre medio ambiente y migraciones en República Dominicana. Evidencias, interpretaciones y políticas a partir de un estudio de casos. International Organization for Migration, Geneva Correa E (2011) Reasentamiento preventivo de poblaciones en riesgo de desastre: Experiencias de América Latina. World Bank, Washington Dannenberg A, Frumkin H, Hess J, Hebi K (2019) Managed retreat as a strategy for climate change adaptation in small communities: public health implications. Clim Chang 153:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-019-02382-0 Del Popolo F (2017) Los pueblos indígenas en América (Abya Yala): desafíos para la igualdad en la diversidad. Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), Santiago de Chile Del Popolo F, Oyarce AM, Schkolnik S, Velasco F (2010) Censos 2010 y la inclusión del enfoque étnico: hacia una construcción participativa con pueblos indígenas y afrodescendientes de América Latina. Comisión Económica para América Latina–CEPAL, Santiago de Chile Del Val J, Pérez Martínez JM, Sánchez García C, Avendaño Villafuerte E (2020) Mexico. In: Mamo D (ed) The indigenous world 2020. The International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs-IWGIA, Copenhagen, pp 438–445 Díaz-Leal LR (2017) Desplazamiento Ambiental: Experiencia Global, Realidad Mexicana. Tres Picos Servicios Editoriales, Ciudad de México Displacement Solutions (2019) Lessons learned from post-earthquake policy in Nepal. Guidance for further Housing, Land and Property Disaster and Reconstruction from Law and Policy Reform. Displacement Solutions, Geneva ECLAC (2015) The economics of climate change in Latin America and the Caribbean. Paradoxes and challenges of sustainable development. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile ECLAC (2016) The social inequality matrix in Latin America. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Santiago de Chile. https://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/40710/1/S1600945_en.pdf. Accessed 21 Jan 2021 Escobedo D’Anglés L (2015) 2005-2010: los efectos acumulados de los huracanes y la reubicación de poblaciones en Chiapas (México). In: Ferradas P (ed) La memoria es también porvenir. Historia mundial de los desastres. Soluciones Prácticas, Lima, pp 362–363 Eslava Morales H, Jiménez Espinosa M, Salas Salinas MA (2006). Características del Huracán “Stan” en Chiapas. In: Secretaria de Gobierno-CENAPRED (eds.) Características e Impacto socioeconómico de los Principales Desastres ocurridos en la República Mexicana en el año 2005. Ciudad de México 308-364 Fariza I (2019) La isla Cangrejo tiene los días contados. El País. https://elpais.com/sociedad/2019/05/24/actualidad/1558719716_076472.html. Accessed 4 Aug 2020 Ferris E (2012) Protection and planned relocations in the context of climate change. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Geneva Ferris E (2014) Planned relocation, disasters and climate change: consolidating good practices and preparing for the future. Background Document. SanRemo Consultation. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Brookings, Georgetown University, Geneva Ferris E (2015) Guidance on protecting people from disasters and environmental change through planned relocation. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Brookings, Georgetown University, Geneva Ferris E (2016) A toolbox: Planning relocations to protect people from disasters and environmental change. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Georgetown University, International Organization for Migration, Geneva Giraudo L, Sánchez JM (2008) Neoindigenismo y movimientos indígenas en América Latina. In: Malamud C, Isbell P, Tejedor C (eds) Anuario Iberoamericano 2008. Ediciones Pirámide, Madrid, pp 63–76 GIZ (2019) Human mobility in the context of climate change. Migration, displacement and planned relocation in the Eastern Caribbean, the Pacific and the Philippines. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit-GIZ, Bonn, Eschborn Gobierno de México (2020) A 15 años de los huracanes Stan y Wilma. https://www.gob.mx/cenapred/es/articulos/a-quince-anos-de-los-huracanes-stan-y-wilma?idiom=es. Accessed 21 Jan 2021 González C (2015) Environmental justice, human rights, and the Global South. Santa Clara Journal of International Law 13:151–195 http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/scujil/vol13/iss1/8 González C (2021) Racial capitalism, climate justice, and climate displacement. Oñati Socio-Legal Series, Symposium on Climate Justice in the Anthropocene 11:108–147. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3626490 Government of Cuba (2015) Segunda Comunicación Nacional a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/cubnc2.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2020 Government of Cuba (2020) Tercera Comunicación Nacional a la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre Cambio Climático. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Third%20National%20Communication.%20Cuba.pdf . Accessed 28 Jan 2021 Government of Mexico (2016) Intended Nationally Determined Contribution. www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Mexico%20First/MEXICO%20INDC%2003.30.2015.pdf. Accessed 28 Jan 2021 Government of Panama (2011) Segunda Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/pannc2.pdf Government of Panama (2018) Tercera Comunicación Nacional ante la Convención Marco de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/Tercera%20Comunicacion%20Nacional%20Panama.pdf . Accessed 1 Aug 2020 Government of Panama (2020) Decreto Ejecutivo N° 506 (De martes 24 de marzo de 2020) que ordena la suspensión temporal de la actividad de la industria de la construcción. www.gacetaoficial.gob.pa/pdfTemp/28987_A/GacetaNo_28987a_20200324.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2020 Government of the Belize National Climate Change Office (2016) Third National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/blznc3.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2020 Government of the Guyana (2012) Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/guync2.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2020 Government of Uruguay (2017) First Nationally Determined Contribution to the Paris Agreement (Unofficial translation). www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Uruguay%20First/Uruguay_First%20Nationally%20Determined%20Contribution.pdf. Accessed 1 Aug 2020 Guzmán H, Guevara C, Castillo A (2003) Natural disturbances and mining of Panamanian coral reefs by indigenous people. Conserv Biol 17:1396–1401 Hansungule M, Oluborode Jegede A (2014) The impact of indigenous peoples’ land tenure and use: the case for a regional policy in Africa. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 21:256–291. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02102004 Hockamp-Mack S (2003) Biodiversity and tourism. The case for the sustainable use of the marine resources of Kuna Yala, Panama. The Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety, Bonn IDMC (2020) Global Report on Internal Displacement 2020. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre, Geneva IOM (2009) Migration, environment and climate change: assessing the evidence. International Organization for Migration, Geneva IOM (2017) Planned relocation for communities in the context of environmental change and climate change. A training manual for provincial and local authorities. International Organization for Migration, Vietnam IOM (2019a) Glossary on Migration. International Organization for Migration, Geneva IOM (2019b) La movilidad humana en la agenda climática de las Américas. International Organization for Migration, San José de Costa Rica IPCC (2014) Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of working groups I, II and III to the fifth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva IPCC (2018) Special Report. Global warming of 1,5°C. Summary for policymakers. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva IPCC (2019) Special Report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. Final Government Distribution. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Geneva Koppel Maldonado J, Shearer C, Bronen R, Peterson K, Lazruz H (2013) The impact of climate change on tribal communities in the US: displacement, relocation, and human rights. In: Maldonado JK, Colombi B, Pandya R (eds) Climate Change and Indigenous Peoples in the United States. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/9783-319-05266-3_8 Leite M, Almeida L (2018) Panama destructive tidal surges and human overpopulation are forcing Panama’s indigenous peoples to abandon their islands. https://arte.folha.uol.com.br/ciencia/climate-crisis/panama/destructive-tidal-surges-and-human-overpopulation-are-forcing-panamas-indigenous-peoples-to-abandon-their-islands/. Accessed 28 Jul 2020 Macchi M (2008) Indigenous and traditional peoples and climate change. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland Martínez M (2013) La movilidad Guna (Panamá): habitando bosques, islas y ciudades. Perifèria - Revista de recerca i formació en antropologia 18:59–69 Martínez-Velasco G, Lopez-Ochoa MS, Álvarez-Gordillo G, Schmook B (2016) Desastres, desplazamiento interno y migración laboral en la Sierra de Chiapas. Papeles de Población 87:201–232 McMichael C, Katonivualiku M, Powel T (2019) Planned relocation and everyday agency in low-lying coastal villages in Fiji. Geogr J 185:325–337. https://doi.org/10.1111/geoj.12312 Merry-López A (2008) Alarma por aumento del nivel del mar. www.geocities.ws/kunayarki/edicion_anterior.013.htm. Accessed 28 Jul 2020 Miletto M, Caretta MA, Burchi F, Zanlucchi G (2017) Migration and its interdependencies with water scarcity, gender and youth employment. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization-UNESCO, Paris Ministère de l’Environnement de la République d’Haïti (2015) Contribution Prévue Déterminée au niveau national. www4.unfccc.int/sites/ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Haiti%20First/CPDN_Republique%20d%27Haiti.pdf. Accessed 30 Jul 2020 Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia (2019) CASEN 2019. Informe Desarrollo Social 2019. Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y Familia, Santiago de Chile MIVIOT (2019) Miviot participa en reunión interinstitucional sobre proyecto Nuevo Cartí. www.miviot.gob.pa/archivos/32186. Accessed 29 Jul 2020 MIVIOT (2020) Miviot coordina traslado de familias indígenas al proyecto Nuevo Cartí. www.miviot.gob.pa/archivos/35017. Accessed 29 July Nansen Intitiative (n.d.) The Nansen initiative on disaster-induced cross-border displacement. www.nanseninitiative.org. Accessed 30 Dec 2020 Notinúcleo Networks (2019) 14 años del huracán Stan (Galería). https://notinucleo.com/estado/huracan-stan. Accessed 19 Aug 2020 Ødegaard CV (2016) Mobility, markets and indigenous socialities: contemporary migration in the Peruvian Andes. Routledge, London Oliver-Smith A, Hoffman S (2020) The angry earth. Routledge, New York Perafán C, Pabón M (2018) Traslado de Gardi Sugdub a Tierra Firme. Estudio de Impacto Socio-Cultural. República de Panamá, Ministerio de Gobierno y Justicia, Comarca Gunayala, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, Panamá Pires E, Lyra L, Salles F, Abreu C (2016) Environmental migration in Brazil: current contact and systemic challenges. Migration, Environment and Climate Change: Policy Brief Series 2:1–8 Platform on Disaster Displacement (n.d.) The platform on disaster displacement. https://disasterdisplacement.org. Accessed 30 Dec 2020 Econews Portal (2019) Indigenous leaders assassinated in Colombia. https://ecoterra.info/index.php/en/1413-indigenous-leaders-assassinated-in-colombia. Accessed 12 Aug 2020 Pressy L (2017) The island people with a climate change escape plan. BBC News. www.bbc.com/news/magazine-41337815. Accessed 5 Aug 2020 Priotto G (2017) Migraciones, ambiente y cambio climático. Estudios de Caso en América del Sur. International Organization for Migration, Buenos Aires Republic of Fiji (2018) Planned relocation guidelines. A framework to undertake climate change related relocation. Ministry of Economy of Fiji, Fiji Robson JP (2019) Indigenous communities, migrant organizations, and the ephemeral nature of translocality. Lat Am Res Rev 54:103–120. https://doi.org/10.25222/larr.152 Saldaña-Zorrilla SO (2007) Socioeconomic vulnerability to natural disasters in Mexico: rural poor, trade and public response. CEPAL Serie Estudios y perspectivas - México 92:1–64 Santiago Lastra JA, Manco JF, Choque Guzmán B, Ramírez Sosa CA, Valencia Barrera E (2016) Modelación de los Efectos del Cambio Climático en la Cuenca Valle de Jovel, Chiapas, México. Caos Conciencia 10:1–12 Sardiza Miranda A, du Parc E, Benet J, Kurkaa M, Fung V (2020) Inclusive data on disaster displacement must include indigenous people. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre. www.internal-displacement.org/expert-opinion/inclusive-data-on-disaster-displacement-must-include-indigenous-people. Accessed 10 Aug 2020 Satiruglu I, Choi N (2015) Development-induced displacement and resettlement. Routledge, New York and Oxon Siders AR, Hino M, Mach KJ (2019) The case for strategic and managed climate retreat. Science 365:761–763. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aax8346 Solutions D (2014) Cambio climático y desplazamiento en la región autónoma de Gunayala. Panamá. Informe de misión, Displacement Solutions, Geneva Solutions D (2016) An overview on the relocation of Guna indigenous communities in Gunayala. Panama. Mission Report, Displacement Solutions, Geneva Stephens C (2015) The indigenous experience of urbanization. In: State of the World Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2015. Minority Rights Group International, London, pp 55–61 https://minorityrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/MRG-state-of-the-worlds-minorities-2015-FULL-TEXT.pdf. Accessed 22 January 2021. Survival International (2019) Amazon Guardian killed, another shot, as loggers attack in Brazil. www.survivalinternational.org/news/12253. Accessed 10 Aug 2020 Tabe T (2019) Climate change migration and displacement: learning from past relocations in the pacific. Soc Sci 8:218–236. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci8070218 Thomas A, Benjamin L (2020) Non-economic loss and damage: lessons from displacement in the Caribbean. Clim Pol 20:715–720. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1640105 Tomaselli A (2016) Exploring indigenous self-governments and forms of autonomies. In: Lennox C, Short D (eds) Handbook of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights. Routledge, London, New York, pp 83–100 Tomaselli A (2017a) Indigenous peoples in Europe and their international protection vis-a-vis the threat of climate change. European Yearbook on Minority Issues 14:37–65. https://doi.org/10.1163/22116117_01401003 Tomaselli A (2017b) The right to political participation of indigenous peoples: a holistic approach. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights 24:390–427. https://doi.org/10.1163/15718115-02404006 Tomaselli A (2020) Political participation, the International Labour Organization, and indigenous peoples: Convention 169 participatory rights. The International Journal of Human Rights 24:127–143. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2019.1677612 UNFCCC (2015) Decision 1/CP.21 Adoption of the Paris Agreement. https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/10a01.pdf Accessed 4 Aug 2020 Valiente D (2019) Guna Yala y el cambio climático, tiempos de oportunidad para los indígenas. La Estrella de Panamá. www.laestrella.com.pa/cafe-estrella/planeta/190402/guna-yala-cambio-climatico. Accessed 4 Aug 2020 Velasco-Ortiz L (2014) Transnational ethnic processes: indigenous Mexican migrations to the United States. Lat Am Perspect 41:54–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0094582X14532073 Warner K, Laczko F (2008) Una agenda de investigación global. Revista Migraciones Forzadas 31:59–61 Warner K, Sherbinin A, Chai-Onn T (2009) In search of shelter. Mapping the Effects of Climate Change on Human Migration and Displacement. http://ciesin.columbia.edu/documents/clim-migr-report-june09_final.pdf. Accessed 4 Aug 2020 Zapata Martí R (2006) Los efectos de los desastres en 2004 y 2005: la necesidad de adaptación de largo plazo CEPAL Serie Estudios y perspectivas - México 54:1-47