Indications for Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator Placement in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy and after Myocardial Infarction

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N Engl J Med. 1996;26;335(26):1933–40. Moss AJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Prophylactic implantation of a defibrillator in patients with myocardial infarction and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2002;346(12):877–83. Buxton AE, Lee KL, Fisher JD, et al. A randomized study of the prevention of sudden death in patients with coronary artery disease. Multicenter unsustained tachycardia trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1999;16;341(25):1882–90. Bardy GH, Lee KL, Mark DB, et al. Amiodarone or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator for congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(3):225–37. Bristow MR, Saxon LA, Boehmer J, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy with or without an implantable defibrillator in advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(21):2140–50. Kadish A, Mehra M. Heart failure devices: implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and biventricular pacing therapy. Circulation. 2005;111(24):3327–35. Hohnloser SH, Kuck KH, Dorian P, et al. Prophylactic use of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator after acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(24):2481–8. Bigger Jr JT. Prophylactic use of implanted cardiac defibrillators in patients at high risk for ventricular arrhythmias after coronary-artery bypass graft surgery. coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patch trial investigators. N Engl J Med. 1997;27;337(22):1569–75. Young JB, Abraham WT, Smith AL, et al. Combined cardiac resynchronization and implantable cardioversion defibrillation in advanced chronic heart failure: the MIRACLE ICD trial. JAMA. 2003;289(20):2685–94. Cleland JG, Daubert JC, Erdmann E, et al. The effect of cardiac resynchronization on morbidity and mortality in heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(15):1539–49. • Al-Khatib SM, Hellkamp A, Curtis J, et al.: Non-evidence-based ICD implantations in the united states. JAMA. 2011 Jan 5;305(1):43–9. This studied reviewed the National Cardiovascular Data Registry to study how the current clinical practice of ICD implantation is following guidelines. Analysis showed that 25% of patients received an ICD within 40 days of their AMI. In addition, risk of postprocedure complication was higher in patients who received a non–evidence-based implantation. Zweibel S, Clyne C, Crespo E: ICD implantation and evidence-based patient selection. JAMA. 2011 Apr 20;305(15):1538,9; author reply 1539–40. de Groote P, Isnard R, Assyag P, et al. Is the gap between guidelines and clinical practice in heart failure treatment being filled? Insights from the IMPACT RECO survey. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9(12):1205–11. Bradfield J, Warner A, Bersohn MM. Low referral rate for prophylactic implantation of cardioverter-defibrillators in a tertiary care medical center. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;32 Suppl 1:S194–7. • Mehra MR, Yancy CW, Albert NM, et al.: Evidence of clinical practice heterogeneity in the use of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in heart failure and post-myocardial infarction left ventricular dysfunction: Findings from IMPROVE HF. Heart Rhythm. 2009 Dec;6(12):1727–34. This analysis of the IMPROVE HF registry showed ICDs were withheld from 45% of eligible patients with history of prior AMI. McAlister FA, Ezekowitz J, Hooton N, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a systematic review. JAMA. 2007;297(22):2502–14. •• Tang AS, Wells GA, Talajic M, et al.: Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for mild-to-moderate heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2010 Dec 16;363(25):2385–95. The RAFT trial showed that CRT provides an incremental mortality benefit to the combination of ICD and optimal medical therapy in patients with NYHA class II or III heart failure, QRS greater than 120 ms, and EF less than 30% with absolute 5-year mortality reduction of 6%. •• Linde C, Abraham WT, Gold MR, et al.: Randomized trial of cardiac resynchronization in mildly symptomatic heart failure patients and in asymptomatic patients with left ventricular dysfunction and previous heart failure symptoms. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008 Dec 2;52(23):1834–43. In the REVERSE study, CRT was associated with reverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with NYHA class I/II HF, EF of 40% or less, QRS of 120 ms or greater, and left ventricular end-diastolic diameter of 55 mm or more after 12 months. The study failed to show difference in heart failure composite clinical response. •• Daubert C, Gold MR, Abraham WT, et al.: Prevention of disease progression by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction: Insights from the European cohort of the REVERSE (resynchronization reverses remodeling in systolic left ventricular dysfunction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Nov 10;54(20):1837–46. This is a follow-up study of the European population of the REVERSE trial that showed that CRT improved the heart failure clinical composite response after a 24-month follow-up period. •• Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al.: Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. 2009 Oct 1;361(14):1329–38. In the MADIT-CRT study, patients with EF less than 30%, QRS greater than 130 ms, and NYHA class I or II HF had a 34% reduction in heart failure events and improvement in echocardiographic parameters with CRT after a mean follow-up of 2.4 years. The study did not show mortality benefit. • Pouleur AC, Barkoudah E, Uno H, et al.: Pathogenesis of sudden unexpected death in a clinical trial of patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunction, heart failure, or both. Circulation. 2010 Aug 10;122(6):597–602. This autopsy series from the VALIANT study showed that among 105 sudden deaths, almost half of the cases had an acute structural abnormality including recurrent MI, cardiac rupture, or pump failure. Wilber DJ, Zareba W, Hall WJ, et al. Time dependence of mortality risk and defibrillator benefit after myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2004;109(9):1082–4. • Piccini JP, Al-Khatib SM, Hellkamp AS, et al.: Mortality benefits from implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy are not restricted to patients with remote myocardial infarction: An analysis from the sudden cardiac death in heart failure trial (SCD-HeFT). Heart Rhythm. 2010 Nov 23. In this cohort from the SCD-HeFT trial, there was no time dependency from the index AMI in ICD benefit. Epstein AE, Kay GN, Plumb VJ, et al.: Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator prescription in the elderly. Heart Rhythm. 2009 Apr 10. Healey JS, Hallstrom AP, Kuck KH, et al. Role of the implantable defibrillator among elderly patients with a history of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Eur Heart J. 2007;28(14):1746–9. • Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Dello Russo A, et al.: Meta-analysis: Age and effectiveness of prophylactic implantable cardioverter-defibrillators. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Nov 2;153(9):592–9. This meta-analysis of primary prevention ICD trials showed that ICD therapy was not associated with a reduction in mortality in elderly patients. Panotopoulos PT, Axtell K, Anderson AJ, et al. Efficacy of the implantable cardioverter-defibrillator in the elderly. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(3):556–60. Huang DT, Sesselberg HW, McNitt S, et al. Improved survival associated with prophylactic implantable defibrillators in elderly patients with prior myocardial infarction and depressed ventricular function: a MADIT-II substudy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007;18(8):833–8. • Santangeli P, Di Biase L, Pelargonio G, Natale A: Outcome of invasive electrophysiological procedures and gender: Are males and females the same? J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010 Oct 11. This meta-analysis of five primary prevention trials showed that women had less appropriate ICD therapies than men despite similar mortality. • Arshad A, Moss AJ, Foster E, et al.: Cardiac resynchronization therapy is more effective in women than in men: The MADIT-CRT (multicenter automatic defibrillator implantation trial with cardiac resynchronization therapy) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Feb 15;57(7):813–20. This MADIT-CRT substudy showed that women had a 72% reduction in all-cause mortality that was even more profound in those with QRS greater than 150 ms or LBBB (82% and 78% all-cause mortality reduction, respectively). Wase A, Basit A, Nazir R, et al. Impact of chronic kidney disease upon survival among implantable cardioverter-defibrillator recipients. J Interv Card Electrophysiol. 2004;11(3):199–204. Goldenberg I, Vyas AK, Hall WJ, et al. Risk stratification for primary implantation of a cardioverter-defibrillator in patients with ischemic left ventricular dysfunction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51(3):288–96. • Chung MK, Szymkiewicz SJ, Shao M, et al.: Aggregate national experience with the wearable cardioverter-defibrillator: Event rates, compliance, and survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010 Jul 13;56(3):194–203. This study describes the clinical characteristics and outcomes in 3569 patients who were prescribed a wearable defibrillator. Based on this data, wearable defibrillators are a safe and effective option for high-risk patients who cannot receive an implantable ICD. • Bardy GH, Smith WM, Hood MA, et al.: An entirely subcutaneous implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1):36–44. This is the first published cohort of 55 patients with subcutaneous defibrillator that showed that the device was successful in detecting and terminating spontaneous episodes of ventricular arrhythmias.