Increased presence of Atlantic Water on the shelf south-west of Spitsbergen with implications for the Arctic fjord Hornsund

Arntsen, 2019, Inflow of Warm Water to the Inner Hornsund Fjord, Svalbard; Exchange Mechanisms and Influence on Local Sea Ice Cover and Glacier Front Melting, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 124, 1915, 10.1029/2018JC014315 Årthun, 2012, Quantifying the Influence of Atlantic Heat on Barents Sea Ice Variability and Retreat, J. Clim., 25, 4736, 10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00466.1 Asbjørnsen, 2020, Mechanisms underlying recent Arctic Amplification, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 10.1029/2020GL088036 Barton, 2018, Observed Atlantification of the Barents Sea causes the Polar Front to limit the expansion of winter sea ice, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 48, 1849, 10.1175/JPO-D-18-0003.1 Basedow, 2004, Advection of zooplankton in an Arctic Fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard), Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 60, 113, 10.1016/j.ecss.2003.12.004 Belkin, 2009, Fronts in Large Marine Ecosystems, Prog. Oceanogr., 81, 223, 10.1016/j.pocean.2009.04.015 Beszczyńska-Möller, 2012, Variability in Atlantic water temperature and transport at the entrance to the Arctic Ocean, 1997–2010, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 852, 10.1093/icesjms/fss056 Blindheim, 1989, Cascading of Barents Sea bottom water into the Norwegian Sea, Rapports et Proce‘s-verbaux des Réunions du Conseil International par l’Exploration de laMer, 188, 49 Błaszczyk, 2021, Factors controlling terminus position of Hansbreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 126, 10.1029/2020JF005763 Cottier, 2005, Water mass modification in an Arctic fjord through cross-shelf exchange: The seasonal hydrography of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 110, 10.1029/2004JC002757 Csapó, 2021, Coming home - Boreal ecosystem claims Atlantic sector of the Arctic, Sci. Total Environ., 771, 144817, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144817 Cockelet, 2008, Hydrography of the West Spitsbergen Current, Svalbard Branch: Autumn 2001, J. Geophys. Res. – Oceans, 113 Cottier, 2007, Wintertime warming of an Arctic shelf in response to large-scale atmospheric circulation, Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, 10.1029/2007GL029948 Cottier, F., Nilsen, F., Skogseth, R., Tverberg, V., Skarðhamar, J., Svendsen, H., 2010. Arctic fjords: a review of the oceanographic environment and dominant physical processes. In: Howe, J.A., Austin, W.E.N., Forwick, M., Paetzel, M. (Eds.), Fjord Systems and Archives. Geological Society Special Publication, vol. 344, pp. 35–50. http://dx.doi.10.1144/SP344.4. Cottier, 2005, Water Mass Modification in an Arctic Fjord through Cross-Shelf Exchange: The Seasonal Hydrography of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 110, 1 Drewnik, 2016, From the worm’s point of view. I: Environmental settings of benthic ecosystems in Arctic fjord (Hornsund, Spitsbergen), Polar Biol., 39, 1411, 10.1007/s00300-015-1867-9 Eriksen, 2018, From single species surveys towards monitoring of the Barents Sea ecosystem, Prog. Oceanogr., 166, 4, 10.1016/j.pocean.2017.09.007 Fer, 2003, Observations of Storfjorden overflow, Deep – Sea Res., 1, 1283, 10.1016/S0967-0637(03)00124-9 Goszczko, 2018, Wind-Driven Cross-Shelf Exchange – West Spitsbergen Current as a source of heat and salt for the adjacent shelf in Arctic winters, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 123, 2668, 10.1002/2017JC013553 Görlich, 1986, Glacimarine sedimentation of muds in Homsund Fiord, Spitsbergen, Ann. Soc. Geol. Pol., 56, 433 Helland-Hansen, 1909, The Norwegian Sea. Its physical oceanography based upon the Norwegian researchers 1900–1904, Rep. Norwegian Fish. Mar. Invest., 2 Hopkins, 1991, The GIN Sea – A synthesis of its physical oceanography and literature review 1972–1985, Earth – Sci. Rev., 30, 175, 10.1016/0012-8252(91)90001-V Isaksen, 2016, Recent warming on Spitsbergen – influence of atmospheric circulation and sea ice cover, J. Geophys. Res. Atmosph., 121, 11913, 10.1002/2016JD025606 Kwaśniewski, 2010, The impact of different hydrographic conditions and zooplankton communities on provisioning Little Auks along the West coast of Spitsbegen, Prog. Oceanogr., 87, 72, 10.1016/j.pocean.2010.06.004 Kwaśniewski, 2012, Inter-annual changes in zooplankton on the West Spitsbergen Shelf in relation to hydrography and their consequences for the diet of planktivorous seabirds, ICES J. Mar. Sci., 69, 890, 10.1093/icesjms/fss076 Lind, 2018, Arctic warming hotspot in the northern Barents Sea linked to declining sea-ice import, Nature Clim. Change, 8, 634, 10.1038/s41558-018-0205-y Loeng, 1991, Features of the Physical Oceanographic Conditions of the Barents Sea, Polar Res., 10, 5, 10.3402/polar.v10i1.6723 Luckman, 2015, Calving Rates at Tidewater Glaciers Vary Strongly with Ocean Temperature, Nat. Commun., 6, 1, 10.1038/ncomms9566 Muckenhuber, 2016, Sea ice cover in Isfjorden and Hornsund, Svalbard (2000–2014) from remote sensing data, Cryosphere, 10, 149, 10.5194/tc-10-149-2016 Nilsen, 2008, Fjord – shelf exchanges controlled by ice and brine production: The interannual variation of Atlantic Water Isfjorden, Svalbard, Contin. Shelf Res., 28, 1838, 10.1016/j.csr.2008.04.015 Nilsen, 2016, A Simple Shelf Circulation Model: Intrusion of Atlantic Water on the West Spitsbergen Shelf, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 46, 1209, 10.1175/JPO-D-15-0058.1 Nordli, 2014, Long – term temperature trends and variability on Spitsbergen: the extended Svalbard Airport temperature series, 1898–2012, Polar Res., 33, 21349, 10.3402/polar.v33.21349 Norwegian Polar Institute, 2021. Sea ice extent in the Barents Sea in April. Environmental monitoring of Svalbard and Jan Mayen (MOSJ). URL: http://www.mosj.no/en/climate/ocean/sea-ice-extent-barents-sea-fram-strait.html. Notz, 2008, In situ measurements of the evolution of young sea ice, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C03001, 10.1029/2007JC004333 Onarheim, 2017, Toward an ice-free Barents Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 8387, 10.1002/2017GL074304 Onarheim, 2014, Loss of sea ice during winter north of Svalbard, Tellus A: Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr., 66, 23933, 10.3402/tellusa.v66.23933 Oziel, 2016, The Barents Sea Frontal Zones and Water Masses Variability (1980–2011), Ocean Sci., 12, 169, 10.5194/os-12-169-2016 Pętlicki, 2015, Calving of a Tidewater Glacier Driven by Melting at the Waterline, J. Glaciol., 61, 851, 10.3189/2015JoG15J062 Piechura, 2009, Warming of the West Spitsbergen Current and sea ice north of Svalbard, Oceanologia, 51, 147, 10.5697/oc.51-2.147 Promińska, 2017, Kongsfjorden and Hornsund Hydrography – Comparative Study Based on a Multiyear Survey in Fjords of West Spitsbergen, Oceanologia, 59, 397, 10.1016/j.oceano.2017.07.003 Promińska, 2018, Interannual Variability in Hydrography and Water Mass Distribution in Hornsund, an Arctic Fjord in Svalbard, Polar Res., 37, 1495546, 10.1080/17518369.2018.1495546 Rogers, 2005, The role of Fram Strait winter cyclones on sea ice flux and on Spitsbergen air temperatures, Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L06709, 10.1029/2004GL022262 Rudels, 1996, Formation and evolution of the surface mixed layer and halocline of the Arctic Ocean, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 101, 8807, 10.1029/96JC00143 Saloranta, 2004, Northward Cooling and Freshening of the Warm Core of the West Spitsbergen Current, Polar Res., 23, 79, 10.1111/j.1751-8369.2004.tb00131.x Saloranta, 2001, Across the Arctic front west of Spitsbergen: high-resolution CTD sections from 1998–2000, Polar Res., 20, 177 Saloranta, 2001, Across the Arctic Front west of Spitsbergen: high-resolution CTD sections from 1998-2000, Polar Res., 20, 177 Schauer, 1995, The release of brine-enriched shelf water from Storfjord into the Norwegian Sea, J. Geophys. Res., 100, 16015, 10.1029/95JC01184 Schauer, 2004, Arctic warming through the Fram Strait: Oceanic heat transport from 3 years of measurements, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C06026, 10.1029/2003JC001823 Serreze, 2011, Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis, Global Planet. Change, 77, 85, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004 Shu, 2021, The poleward enhanced Arctic Ocean cooling machine in a warming climate, Nat. Commun., 12, 2966, 10.1038/s41467-021-23321-7 Skagseth, 2020, Reduced efficiency of the Barents Sea cooling machine, Nat. Clim. Change, 10, 661, 10.1038/s41558-020-0772-6 Skogseth, 2005, Watermass transformations in Storfjorden, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 667, 10.1016/j.csr.2004.10.005 Skogseth, 2020, Variability and decadal trends in the Isfjorden (Svalbard) ocean climate and circulation – An indicator for climate change in the European Arctic, Prog. Oceanogr., 187, 102394, 10.1016/j.pocean.2020.102394 Smedsrud, 2017, Fram Strait sea ice export variability and September Arctic sea ice extent over the last 80 years, Cryosphere, 11, 65, 10.5194/tc-11-65-2017 Stempniewicz, 2021, Advection of Atlantic water masses influences seabird community foraging in a high-Arctic fjord, Prog. Oceanogr., 193, 102549, 10.1016/j.pocean.2021.102549 Svendsen, 2002, The physical environment of Kongsfjorden – Krossfjorden, an Arctic fjord system in Svalbard, Polar Res., 21, 133 Stroeve, 2012, Trends in Arctic sea ice extent from CMIP5, CMIP3 and observations, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, 10.1029/2012GL052676 Teigen, 2010, Barotropic instability in the West Spitsbergen Current, J. Geophys. Res., 115, C07016, 10.1029/2009JC005996 Thomson, 2014 Trudnowska, 2020, In a comfort zone and beyond – Ecological plasticity of key marine mediators, Ecol. Evol., 10, 14067, 10.1002/ece3.6997 Tverberg, 2014, Winter sea ice melting in the Atlantic Water subduction area, Svalbard Norway, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 10.1002/2014JC010013 Tverberg, 2019, The Kongsfjorden Transect: seasonal and inter – annual variability in hydrography Vikhamar-Schuler, 2016, Changes in Winter Warming Events in the Nordic Arctic Region, J. Clim., 29, 6223, 10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0763.1 Walczowski, 2013, Frontal structures in the West Spitsbergen Current margins, Ocean Sci., 9, 957, 10.5194/os-9-957-2013 Walczowski, 2014 Walczowski, 2013, Frontal structures in the West Spitsbergen Current margins, Ocean Sci., 9, 957, 10.5194/os-9-957-2013 Walczowski, 2014 Walczowski, 2017, Oceanographic observations in the Nordic Sea and Fram Strait in 2016 under the IO PAN long-term monitoring program AREX, Oceanologia, 59, 187, 10.1016/j.oceano.2016.12.003 Walczowski, 2011, Influence of the West Spitsbergen Current on the Local Climate, Int. J. Climatol., 31, 1088, 10.1002/joc.2338 Wang, 2019, Recent sea ice decline did not significantly increase the total liquid freshwater content of the Arctic Ocean, J. Clim., 32, 15, 10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0237.1 Wang, 2020, Intensification of the Atlantic Water supply to the Arctic Ocean through Fram Strait induced by Arctic sea ice decline, Geophys. Res. Lett., 47, 10.1029/2019GL086682 Wawrzyniak, 2020, A 40 – year Hogh Arctic climatological dataset of the Polish Polar Station Hornsund (SW Spitsbergen, Svalbard), Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 12, 805, 10.5194/essd-12-805-2020 Wold, 2011, Arctic seabird food chains explored by fatty acid composition and stable isotopes in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, Polar Biol., 34, 1147, 10.1007/s00300-011-0975-4