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Những hiểu biết về tính bao trùm: Hai dự án phát triển đô thị tại Johannesburg
Tóm tắt
Johannesburg, thành phố lớn nhất và là trung tâm kinh tế của Nam Phi, vẫn tiếp tục chịu ảnh hưởng bởi các mô hình bất bình đẳng của quá khứ. Dù quá trình chuyển đổi không gian diễn ra nhanh chóng kể từ năm 1994, nhưng những phân chia không gian theo các ranh giới giai cấp vẫn phổ biến lâu sau thời kỳ phân biệt chủng tộc. Điều này xảy ra mặc dù các giá trị xã hội như tính bao trùm, công bằng không gian và quyền tiếp cận bình đẳng với các nguồn tài nguyên đã trở thành mục tiêu cốt lõi trong phát triển không gian và đô thị của Johannesburg. Điều này đặc biệt đúng khi nói đến nhà ở, không gian công cộng, giao thông và hạ tầng xã hội được tích hợp trong một mô hình sử dụng đất phù hợp. Tuy nhiên, bất chấp việc chính phủ đã thông qua nhiều chính sách, nghiên cứu này cho thấy ngay cả các dự án phát triển đô thị gần đây như Fleurhof và Waterfall cũng chưa đạt được các mục tiêu đề ra. Dựa trên một phân tích nghiên cứu trường hợp, chúng tôi chỉ ra rằng có những chức năng không hiệu quả rõ rệt khi đánh giá hai dự án này, mặc dù chúng hầu như đáp ứng các chỉ số về tính bao trùm không gian trên giấy tờ. Các căng thẳng cũng được xác định giữa các phương pháp lý thuyết và việc thực hiện các mục tiêu chính sách có ý nghĩa xã hội. Những điều này bao gồm tính bao trùm và công bằng không gian thông qua việc cung cấp nhà ở và dịch vụ chủ yếu là tư nhân hóa, và sự thiếu sót trong việc bảo trì công cộng các cơ sở hạ tầng. Nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng hành vi "đánh dấu vào các ô" ở cấp độ chính sách và dự án không tạo ra các khu phố và mô hình không gian đô thị công bằng, bao trùm, mà thực tế lại tái sản xuất các bất bình đẳng không gian của quá khứ. Nếu các chính sách này muốn dẫn đến sự thay đổi không gian thực sự và cải thiện cuộc sống của cư dân Johannesburg, một cách tiếp cận chủ động hơn từ khu vực công ở các cấp độ khác nhau sẽ là cần thiết.
Từ khóa
#Johannesburg #phát triển đô thị #bất bình đẳng không gian #tính bao trùm #công bằng không gianTài liệu tham khảo
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