Incidence, prevalence, and trends of acute pelvic inflammatory disease and its consequences in industrialized countries

Curtis, 1921, Bacteriology and pathology of fallopian tubes removed at operation, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet, 33, 621

Falk, 1946, Interpretation of the pathogenesis of pelvic infections as determined by cornual resection, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 52, 66, 10.1016/0002-9378(46)90360-2

Hedberg, 1958, Acute salpingitis. Views on prognosis and treatment, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand, 37, 131, 10.3109/00016345809160050

Erny, 1977, Fréquence de l'etiologie infectieuse dans le bilan de stérilité, 189

Brenner, 1980, Ectopic pregnancy. A study of 300 consecutive surgically treated cases, J. A. M. A, 243, 673, 10.1001/jama.1980.03300330031026

Bone, 1961, Histologic study of uterine tubes with tubal pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 82, 166, 10.1016/S0002-9378(16)36209-3

Sivin, 1979, IUD use and ectopic pregnancy rates in the United States, Contraception, 19, 151, 10.1016/S0010-7824(79)80028-1

Urquhart, 1979, Effect of the venereal disease epidemic on the incidence of ectopic pregnancy—implications for the evaluation of contraceptives, Contraception, 19, 455, 10.1016/0010-7824(79)90061-1

Ford, 1978, Contraceptive utilization in the United States: 1973 and 1976, Advance data, Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics, vol. 36, 1

Eschenbach, 1975, Polymicrobial etiology of acute pelvic inflammatory disease, N. Engl. J. Med, 293, 166, 10.1056/NEJM197507242930403

Weström, 1976, Diagnosis, aetiology, and prognosis of acute salpingitis

Mårdh, 1977, Chlamydia trachomatis infection in patients with acute salpingits, N. Engl. J. Med, 296, 1377, 10.1056/NEJM197706162962403

Paavonen, 1979, Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 55, 203

Mårdh, 1970, Tubal and cervical culture in acute salpingitis with special reference to Mycoplasma hominis and T-strain mycoplasmas, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 46, 179

Mårdh, 1970, Antibodies to Mycoplasma hominis in patients with genital infections and in healthy controls, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 46, 390

Thadepalli, 1973, Anaerobic infections of the female genital tract. Bacteriologic and therapeutic aspects, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 117, 1034, 10.1016/0002-9378(73)90750-3

Monif, 1976, Cul-de-sac isolates from patients with endometritis-salpingitis-peritonitis and gonococcal endocervicitis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 126, 158, 10.1016/0002-9378(76)90268-4

Sweet, 1979, Use of laparoscopy to determine the microbiologic etiology of acute salpingitis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 134, 68, 10.1016/0002-9378(79)90798-1

Heynemann, 1953, Entzündung der Adnexe, vol. V, 19

Falk, 1965, Treatment of acute non-tuberculous salpingitis with antibiotics alone and in combination with glucocorticoids, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand, 44, 3

Eschenbach, 1977, Pathogenesis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease: Role of contraception and other risk factors, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 128, 838, 10.1016/0002-9378(77)90051-5

Stemmer, 1941, Ueber die Ursachen von Eileiterentzündungen, Zentralbl. Gynaekol, 63, 1062

Weström, 1978, Pelvic inflammatory disease. I. Epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical manifestations, and sequelae

Runge, 1953, Gonorrhoe der weiblichen Geschlechtsorgane, vol. V, 413

Weström, 1975, Acute salpingitis—Aspects on aetiology, diagnosis and prognosis, 157

Jacobson, 1969, Objectivized diagnosis of acute pelvic inflammatory disease, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 105, 1088, 10.1016/0002-9378(69)90132-X

Henry-Suchet, 1980, Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma genital infection in salpingitis and tubal sterility, Lancet, 1, 539, 10.1016/S0140-6736(80)92788-9

Svensson, 1980, Differences in some clinical and laboratory parameters in acute salpingitis related to culture and serologic findings, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 138, 1017, 10.1016/0002-9378(80)91099-6

Schröder, 1953, Die Wandlungen im Ablauf der entzündlichen Adnexerkrankungen, Zentralbl. Gynaekol, 75, 1629

1975

Widholm, 1965, Suppurative adnexal infections. Report on 830 patients treated in 1947–1961, Gynecologia (Basel), 160, 321

Beral, 1975, An epidemiological study of recent trends in ectopic pregnancy, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol, 82, 775, 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1975.tb00572.x

Weström, 1975, Effect of acute pelvic inflammatory disease on fertility, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 121, 707, 10.1016/0002-9378(75)90477-9

Wright, 1968, Acute pelvic inflammatory disease in an indigent population, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 101, 979, 10.1016/0002-9378(68)90285-8

1980, Morbid. Mortal. Weekly Rep, 28, 605

Catterall, 1975, The situation of gonococcal and nongonococcal infections in the United Kingdom, 5

Wiesner, 1975, Current view of the epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases in the United States, 15

1976, Reported Morbidity and Mortality in the United States Center for Disease Control, Annual summarv

McCormack, 1979, Sexually transmitted disease: Incidence and epidemiologic considerations, 5

Felman, 1979, Incidence and epidemiology of sexually transmitted diseases, 10

Weström, 1977, Epidemiology, etiology, and prognosis of acute salpingitis: A study of 1,457 lapa roscopically verified cases, 84

Mårdh, 1978, Pelvic inflammatory disease. II. Clinical, aetiological and pathophysiological studies

Mårdh, 1977, Chlamydia trachomatis as an etiological agent in acute salpingitis, 79

Möller, 1979, Chlamydia trachomatis infection of the Fallopian tubes, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 55, 422

Krook, 1965, Problems in diagnosis, treatment, and control of gonorrhoeal infections. IV. The correlation between doses of penicillin IC50 values of gonococci and results of treatment, Acta Derm. Venereol. (Stockholm), 45, 242

Danielsson, 1975, Acute salpingitis and gonorrhoea on a gynaecological ward, 151

Josey, 1973, Sexually transmitted infections, Obstet. Gynecol, 43, 465

McCormack, 1973, The genital mycoplasmas, Ann. Intern. Med, 78, 696, 10.7326/0003-4819-78-5-696

Darrow, 1975, Changes in sexual behavior and venereal diseases, Clin. Obstet. Gynecol, 18, 255, 10.1097/00003081-197503000-00022

VD Fact Sheet 1976, United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, HEW Publication No. CDC/77-8195.

Forslin, 1978, Changes in the incidence of acute gonococcal and non-gonococcal salpingitis, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 54, 247

Holmes, 1975, Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis, N. Engl. J. Med, 292, 1199, 10.1056/NEJM197506052922301

Wallin, 1978, Sexually transmitted diseases in Sweden, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 54, 24

Fanta, 1979, Results of routine screening for STD in Austria over a six-year period, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 55, 147

Ripa, 1979, Chlamydia trachomatis cervicitis in gynaecological outpatients, Obstet. Gynecol, 52, 698

Schachter, 1975, Are chlamydial infections the most prevalent venereal disease?, J. A. M. A, 231, 1252, 10.1001/jama.1975.03240240022018

Paavonen, 1978, Genital chlamydial infections in patients attending a gynaecological outpatient clinic, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 54, 257

Treharne, 1979, Antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis in acute salpingitis, Br. J. Vener. Dis, 55, 26

Viberg, 1964, Acute inflammatory conditions of the uterine adnexa, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand, 38, 1

Eliasson, 1971, Könsdifferenser i sexuellt beteende och attityder till sexualitet

Pinkerton, 1963, Acute salpingitis, Practitioner, 190, 309

Weström, L.: A twenty-year study of ectopic pregnancy in a defined population of women: Influence of acute salpingitis and contraceptive usage, In preparation.

United States Bureau of the Census, 1977, 57

Draper, 1978, Etiology of repeated attacks of acute salpingitis

Targum, 1974, Association of the intrauterine device and pelvic inflammatory disease. A retrospective pilot study, Am. J. Epidemiol, 100, 262, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112034

Faulkner, 1976, Intrauterine devices and acute pelvic inflammatory disease, J. A. M. A, 285, 1851, 10.1001/jama.1976.03260430021016

Weström, 1976, The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease in women using intrauterine contraceptive devices as compared to nonusers, Lancet, 2, 221, 10.1016/S0140-6736(76)91025-4

Flesh, 1979, The intrauterine contraceptive devices and acute salpingitis. A multifactorial analysis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 135, 402, 10.1016/0002-9378(79)90714-2

Fahréus, L., Molin, L., Rydén, G., and Ahman, K.: Skyddar P-piller mot salpingit? Lakartidningen. In press.

Holtz, 1930, Klinische Studien über die nicht tuberkulöse Salpingo-oophoritis, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand (Suppl.), 10, 1

Pedowitz, 1964, Ruptured adnexal abscess (tubo-ovarian) with generalized peritonitis, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 88, 721, 10.1016/0002-9378(64)90604-0

Mickal, 1968, Ruptured ovarian abscess, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol, 100, 432, 10.1016/S0002-9378(15)33710-8

Weström, 1979, Infertility after acute salpingitis: Results of treatment with different antibiotics, 5

Weström, 1980, Reproductive events after acute salpingitis