Incidence of Brain Metastasis as First Event in Patients with Esophageal Carcinoma: a Report from Three Prospective Alliance Clinical Trials
Tóm tắt
Historically, reported incidence of brain metastasis secondary to esophageal carcinoma is low. We sought to determine the incidence of brain metastasis in a contemporary cohort of patients with carcinoma of the esophagus. Data from patients with localized esophageal carcinoma prospectively enrolled on three curative intent Alliance treatment trials (N0044, N0342, N044E) were reviewed including time to diagnosis of first progression event (brain versus other site) and overall survival. Eighty-five patients comprised the cohort of which 85% were male and 86% had adenocarcinoma primary tumor histology. Thirty-nine of the 85 patients had documented progression to any site, and of those, brain metastasis occurred as the first event in 15% (6 of 39). Adenocarcinoma was the primary histology in all 6 patients and tumor grade was high (3 or 4) in 5 of the 6 patients (one not documented). Median time to brain metastasis (9.6 months) versus non-brain metastasis (12.4 months) and median survival after first progression (5.4 months versus 8.1 months, respectively) were not statistically different. In this prospective cohort of patients with esophageal carcinoma, those with high-grade adenocarcinoma appear to have a higher incidence of brain metastasis than historically reported. The pattern of brain metastases corroborates recent findings in terms of incidence, predominance of adenocarcinoma primary tumor histology, timing after diagnosis, and overall survival. Further study to confirm these findings, as well as the value of baseline, restaging and follow-up cranial imaging for brain metastasis is recommended. NCT00022139 (NCCTG N0044), NCT00100945 (NCCTG N0342), and NCT00100945 (NCCTG N044E).
Tài liệu tham khảo
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):7–33. Epub 2022/01/12. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21708. PubMed PMID: 35020204.
Mathieu LN, Kanarek NF, Tsai HL, Rudin CM, Brock MV. Age and sex differences in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma: results from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Registry (1973–2008). Dis Esophagus. 2014;27(8):757–63. Epub 2013/10/15. https://doi.org/10.1111/dote.12147. PubMed PMID: 24118313; PMCID: PMC3979505.
Trivers KF, Sabatino SA, Stewart SL. Trends in esophageal cancer incidence by histology, United States, 1998–2003. Int J Cancer. 2008;123(6):1422–8. Epub 2008/06/12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.23691. PubMed PMID: 18546259.
Brown LM, Devesa SS, Chow WH. Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(16):1184–7. Epub 2008/08/13. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djn211. PubMed PMID: 18695138; PMCID: PMC2518165.
Weinberg JS, Suki D, Hanbali F, Cohen ZR, Lenzi R, Sawaya R. Metastasis of esophageal carcinoma to the brain. Cancer. 2003;98(9):1925–33. Epub 2003/10/30. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.11737. PubMed PMID: 14584076.
Ogawa K, Toita T, Sueyama H, Fuwa N, Kakinohana Y, Kamata M, Adachi G, Saito A, Yoshii Y, Murayama S. Brain metastases from esophageal carcinoma: natural history, prognostic factors, and outcome. Cancer. 2002;94(3):759–64. Epub 2002/02/22. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.10271. PubMed PMID: 11857310.
Yoshida S. Brain metastasis in patients with esophageal carcinoma. Surg Neurol. 2007;67(3):288–90. Epub 2007/02/27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surneu.2006.05.065. PubMed PMID: 17320640.
Kaneko T, Hirao M, Shimada M, Takayama T, Iwazawa T, Murata K, Inoue M, Terashima T, Mizunoya S, Okagawa K. Postoperative brain metastasis from esophageal carcinomas: report of 4 cases. Kyobu Geka. 1991;44(12):1013–7. Epub 1991/11/01 PubMed PMID: 1758102.
Rice TW, Khuntia D, Rybicki LA, Adelstein DJ, Vogelbaum MA, Mason DP, Murthy SC, Blackstone EH. Brain metastases from esophageal cancer: a phenomenon of adjuvant therapy? Ann Thorac Surg. 2006;82(6):2042–9, 9 e1–2. Epub 2006/11/28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2006.06.089. PubMed PMID: 17126108.
Kawabata R, Doki Y, Ishikawa O, Nakagawa H, Takachi K, Miyashiro I, Tsukamoto Y, Ohigashi H, Sasaki Y, Murata K, Ishiguro S, Imaoka S. Frequent brain metastasis after chemotherapy and surgery for advanced esophageal cancers. Hepatogastroenterology. 2007;54(76):1043–8. Epub 2007/07/17 PubMed PMID: 17629035.
Quint LE, Hepburn LM, Francis IR, Whyte RI, Orringer MB. Incidence and distribution of distant metastases from newly diagnosed esophageal carcinoma. Cancer. 1995;76(7):1120–5. Epub 1995/10/01. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19951001)76:7<1120::aid-cncr2820760704>3.0.co;2-w. PubMed PMID: 8630886.
Gabrielsen TO, Eldevik OP, Orringer MB, Marshall BL. Esophageal carcinoma metastatic to the brain: clinical value and cost-effectiveness of routine enhanced head CT before esophagectomy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1995;16(9):1915–21. Epub 1995/10/01. PubMed PMID: 8693995; PMCID: PMC8338213.
Welch G, Ross HJ, Patel NP, Jaroszewski DE, Fleischer DE, Rule WG, Paripati HR, Ramirez FC, Ashman JB. Incidence of brain metastasis from esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30(9):1–6. Epub 2017/09/02. https://doi.org/10.1093/dote/dox071. PubMed PMID: 28859365.
Smith RS, Miller RC. Incidence of brain metastasis in patients with esophageal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2011;17(19):2407–10. Epub 2011/06/03. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v17.i19.2407. PubMed PMID: 21633640; PMCID: PMC3103793.
Cleary JM, Mamon HJ, Szymonifka J, Bueno R, Choi N, Donahue DM, Fidias PM, Gaissert HA, Jaklitsch MT, Kulke MH, Lynch TP, Mentzer SJ, Meyerhardt JA, Swanson RS, Wain J, Fuchs CS, Enzinger PC. Neoadjuvant irinotecan, cisplatin, and concurrent radiation therapy with celecoxib for patients with locally advanced esophageal cancer. BMC Cancer. 2016;16:468. Epub 2016/07/15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-016-2485-9. PubMed PMID: 27412386; PMCID: PMC4944495.
Jatoi A, Martenson JA, Foster NR, McLeod HL, Lair BS, Nichols F, Tschetter LK, Moore DF, Jr., Fitch TR, Alberts SR, North Central Cancer Treatment G. Paclitaxel, carboplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and radiation for locally advanced esophageal cancer: phase II results of preliminary pharmacologic and molecular efforts to mitigate toxicity and predict outcomes: North Central Cancer Treatment Group (N0044). Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30(5):507–13. Epub 2007/10/09. https://doi.org/10.1097/COC.0b013e31805c139a. PubMed PMID: 17921712.
Jatoi A, Soori G, Foster N, Hiatt B, Knost J, Fitch T, Callister M, Nichols F III, Husted T, Alberts S. Phase II study of preoperative pemetrexed, carboplatin, and radiation followed by surgery for locally advanced esophageal cancer and gastroesophageal junction tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(12):1994–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/JTO.0b013e3181fb5c3e. PMID:20975604;PMCID:PMC5593750.
Nobel TB, Dave N, Eljalby M, Xing X, Barbetta A, Hsu M, Tan KS, Janjigian Y, Bains MS, Sihag S, Jones DR, Molena D. Incidence and risk factors for isolated esophageal cancer recurrence to the brain. Ann Thorac Surg. 2020;109(2):329–36. Epub 2019/10/16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.athoracsur.2019.09.028. PubMed PMID: 31614136; PMCID: PMC6982555.
Yoon HH, Lewis MA, Foster NR, Sukov WR, Khan M, Sattler CA, Wiktor AE, Wu TT, Jenkins RB, Sinicrope FA. Central nervous system relapse in patients with untreated HER2-positive esophageal or gastroesophageal junction adenocarcinoma. Int J Cancer. 2016;139(7):1626–31. Epub 2016/05/21. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijc.30200. PubMed PMID: 27198655; PMCID: PMC6631306.
Harada K, Hwang H, Wang X, et al. Brain metastases in patients with upper gastrointestinal cancer is associated with proximally located adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastases. Gastric Cancer. 2020;23:904–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10120-020-01075-3.
Khuntia D, Sajja R, Chidel MA, Lee SY, Rice TW, Adelstein DJ, Carlson TP, Saxton JP, Barnett GH, Suh JH. Factors associated with improved survival in patients with brain metastases from esophageal cancer: a retrospective review. Technol Cancer Res Treat. 2003;2(3):267–72. Epub 2003/06/05. https://doi.org/10.1177/153303460300200309. PubMed PMID: 12779356.
Wadhwa R, Taketa T, Correa AM, Sudo K, Campagna MC, Blum MA, Komaki R, Skinner H, Lee JH, Bhutani MS, Weston B, Maru DM, Rice DC, Swisher S, Hofstetter WL, Ajani JA. Incidence of brain metastases after trimodality therapy in patients with esophageal or gastroesophageal cancer: implications for screening and surveillance. Oncology. 2013;85(4):204–7. Epub 2013/09/21. https://doi.org/10.1159/000354736. PubMed PMID: 24051869.