Incentives for smoking cessation

Kate Cahill1, Jamie Hartmann‐Boyce2, Rafael Perera2
1Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Radcliffe Observatory Quarter, Woodstock Road, Oxford, UK, OX2 6GG.
2University of Oxford; Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences; Radcliffe Observatory Quarter Woodstock Road Oxford UK OX2 6GG

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Alessi, 2014, Smoking reductions and increased self-efficacy in a randomized controlled trial of smoking abstinence - contingent incentives in residential substance abuse treatment patients, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 16, 1436, 10.1093/ntr/ntu095

Crowley, 1995, Behavioral anti-smoking trial in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, Psychopharmacology, 119, 193, 10.1007/BF02246161

Jason, 1995, Assessing a smoking cessation intervention involving groups, incentives, and self-help manuals, Behavior Therapy, 26, 393, 10.1016/S0005-7894(05)80090-5

Jason, 1997, A worksite smoking intervention: a 2 year assessment of groups, incentives, and self-help, Health Education Research, 12, 129, 10.1093/her/12.1.129

McMahon, 2000, Social support in a worksite smoking intervention, Behavior Modification, 24, 184, 10.1177/0145445500242002

McMahon, 1998, Stress and coping in smoking cessation: a longitudinal examination, Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 11, 327, 10.1080/10615809808248318

McMahon, 1994, Stress, coping, and appraisal in a smoking cessation intervention, Anxiety, Stress and Coping, 7, 161, 10.1080/10615809408249342

Donatelle, 2004, Incentives in smoking cessation: status of the field and implications for research and practice with pregnant smokers, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, S163, 10.1080/14622200410001669196

Donatelle, 2000, Randomised controlled trial using social support and financial incentives for high risk pregnant smokers: Significant Other Support (SOS) program, Tobacco Control, 9, iii67

Donatelle, 2004, Incentives in smoking cessation: status of the field and implications for research and practice with pregnant smokers, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, S163, 10.1080/14622200410001669196

Donatelle RJ Prows SL Champeau D Hudson D Using social support, biochemical feedback, and incentives to motivate smoking cessation during pregnancy: comparison of three intervention trials Poster at American Public Health Association meeting, Boston MA 2000

Donatelle, 2004, Incentives in smoking cessation: status of the field and implications for research and practice with pregnant smokers, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, S163, 10.1080/14622200410001669196

Donatelle RJ Hudson D Lichtenstein E Using 5 A's and incentives to promote prenatal smoking cessation [presentation to National Conference of Tobacco or Health, 2002] ncth.confex.com/ncth/responses/2002/257.ppt retrieved August 10 2004 2002

Drummond, 2014, A randomized study of contingency management and spirometric lung age for motivating smoking cessation among injection drug users, BMC Public Health, 14, 761, 10.1186/1471-2458-14-761

Gallagher, 2007, A comparison of smoking cessation treatments for persons with schizophrenia and other serious mental illnesses, Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 39, 487, 10.1080/02791072.2007.10399888

Giné, 2010, Put your money where your butt is: a commitment contract for smoking cessation, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 2, 213

Glasgow, 1993, Results of a year-long incentives-based worksite smoking-cessation program, Addictive Behaviors, 18, 455, 10.1016/0306-4603(93)90063-F

Glasgow, 1990, Employee and organizational factors associated with participation in an incentive-based worksite smoking cessation program, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 13, 403, 10.1007/BF00844887

Glasgow, 1991, Implementing a year-long worksite-based incentive program for smoking cessation, American Journal of Health Promotion, 5, 192, 10.4278/0890-1171-5.3.192

Halpern, 2015, A randomized trial of four financial incentive programs for smoking cessation, New England Journal of Medicine, 372, nnn, 10.1056/NEJMoa1414293

See Halpern (A) 2015

Heil SH Higgins ST Characterizing nicotine withdrawal and craving in pregnant cigarette smokers 66th Annual Meeting of the Collegeon Problems of Drug Dependence; June 12 - 17; San Juan Puerto Rico 2004

Heil, 2008, Effects of voucher-based incentives on abstinence from cigarette smoking and fetal growth among pregnant women, Addiction, 103, 1009, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02237.x

Heil SH Higgins ST Solomon LJ Lynch ME McHale L Dumeer A Voucher-based incentives for abstinence from cigarette smoking in pregnant and postpartum women Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 13th Annual Meeting; Feb 21 - 24; Austin, TX, USA 2007

Heil, 2003, A contingent payment model of smoking cessation: effects on abstinence and withdrawal, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 5, 205, 10.1080/1462220031000074864

Higgins, 2010, Effects of smoking cessation with voucher-based contingency management on birth outcomes, Addiction, 105, 2023, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03073.x

Higgins, 2007, Biochemical verification of smoking status in pregnant and recently postpartum women, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 58, 10.1037/1064-1297.15.1.58

Higgins, 2006, Smoking status in the initial weeks of quitting as a predictor of smoking-cessation outcomes in pregnant women, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85, 138, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.005

Jones, 2014, Incentive-based treatments to promote smoking abstinence during pregnancy: findings from the Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Value in Health, 17, A217, 10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.1268

Linares Scott, 2009, Depressive symptoms predict smoking status among pregnant women, Addictive Behaviors, 34, 705, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.04.003

Solomon, 2007, Predictors of postpartum relapse to smoking, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 90, 224, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.03.012

Yoon, 2007, Delay discounting predicts postpartum relapse to cigarette smoking among pregnant women, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 176, 10.1037/1064-1297.15.2.186

Hennrikus, 2002, The SUCCESS project: the effect of program format and incentives on participation and cessation in worksite smoking cessation programs, American Journal of Public Health, 92, 274, 10.2105/AJPH.92.2.274

Lando, 1999, Age of initiation, smoking patterns, and risk in a population of working adults, Preventive Medicine, 29, 590, 10.1006/pmed.1999.0590

Martinson, 1999, Intraclass correlation for measures from a worksite health promotion study: estimates, correlates and applications, American Journal of Health Promotion, 13, 347, 10.4278/0890-1171-13.6.347

Sherwood, 2000, Smokers with multiple behavioral risk factors: how are they different?, Preventive Medicine, 31, 299, 10.1006/pmed.2000.0710

Higgins, 2010, Effects of smoking cessation with voucher-based contingency management on birth outcomes, Addiction, 105, 2023, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03073.x

Higgins, 2009, Educational disadvantage and cigarette smoking during pregnancy, Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 104 Suppl 1, s100, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.03.013

Higgins, 2006, Smoking status in the initial weeks of quitting as a predictor of smoking-cessation outcomes in pregnant women, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 85, 138, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.005

Higgins, 2004, A pilot study on voucher-based incentives to promote abstinence from cigarette smoking during pregnancy and postpartum, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 6, 1015, 10.1080/14622200412331324910

Higgins, 2010, Effects of cigarette smoking cessation on breastfeeding duration, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 12, 483, 10.1093/ntr/ntq031

Yoon, 2007, Delay discounting predicts postpartum relapse to cigarette smoking among pregnant women, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 176, 10.1037/1064-1297.15.2.186

Higgins, 2014, Examining two different schedules of financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant women, Preventive Medicine, pii: S0091-7435, 00118-2 [epub a, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.024

Ledgerwood, 2014, Prize contingency management for smoking cessation: a randomized trial, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 140, 208, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.032

Ondersma, 2005, Computer-based motivational intervention for perinatal drug use, Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 28, 305, 10.1016/j.jsat.2005.02.004

Ondersma, 2012, A randomized trial of computer-delivered brief intervention and low-intensity contingency management for smoking during pregnancy, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 14, 351, 10.1093/ntr/ntr221

Paxton, 1980, The effects of a deposit contract as a component in a behavioural programme for stopping smoking, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 18, 45, 10.1016/0005-7967(80)90068-6

Paxton, 1981, Deposit contracts with smokers: varying frequency and amount of repayments, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 19, 117, 10.1016/0005-7967(81)90035-8

Paxton, 1983, Prolonging the effects of deposit contracts with smokers, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 425, 10.1016/0005-7967(83)90012-8

Rand, 1989, The effects of contingent payment and frequent workplace monitoring on smoking abstinence, Addictive Behaviors, 14, 121, 10.1016/0306-4603(89)90041-5

Secades-Villa, 2014, Contingency management for smoking cessation among treatment-seeking patients in a community setting, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 140, 63, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.030

Shoptaw, 2002, Smoking cessation in methadone maintenance, Addiction, 97, 1317, 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00221.x

See Shoptaw (A) 2002

Tappin D Bauld L Purves D Boyd K Sinclair L MacAskill S Financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy: randomised controlled trial Lancet

Tappin, 2015, Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: randomised controlled trial, BMJ, 350, h134, 10.1136/bmj.h134

Tappin, 2012, The Cessation in Pregnancy Incentives Trial (CPIT): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial, Trials, 13, 113, 10.1186/1745-6215-13-113

Tevyaw, 2009, Contingency management and motivational enhancement: a randomized clinical trial for college students, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 11, 739, 10.1093/ntr/ntp058

Tuten, 2012, Contingent incentives reduce cigarette smoking among pregnant, methadone-maintained women: results of an initial feasibility and efficacy randomized clinical trial, Addiction, 107, 1868, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03923.x

Volpp, 2006, A randomized controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 15, 12, 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0314

Kim, 2011, Why are financial incentives not effective at influencing some smokers to quit? Results of a process evaluation of a worksite trial assessing the efficacy of financial incentives for smoking cessation, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 53, 62, 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31820061d7

Kim, 2012, Application of the RE-AIM framework to evaluate the impact of a worksite-based financial incentive intervention for smoking cessation, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 54, 610, 10.1097/JOM.0b013e31824b2171

Troxel, 2012, Effectiveness of financial incentives for longer-term smoking cessation: evidence of absence or absence of evidence?, American Journal of Health Promotion, 26, 204, 10.4278/ajhp.101111-CIT-371

Volpp, 2009, Comparative effectiveness - thinking beyond medication A versus medication B, New England Journal of Medicine, 361, 331, 10.1056/NEJMp0903496

Volpp, 2014, Reward-based incentives for smoking cessation: how a carrot became a stick, JAMA, 311, 909, 10.1001/jama.2014.418

Volpp, 2009, A randomized, controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation, New England Journal of Medicine, 360, 699, 10.1056/NEJMsa0806819

White, 2013, Commitment contracts and team incentives: a randomized controlled trial for smoking cessation in Thailand, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45, 533, 10.1016/j.amepre.2013.06.020

Windsor, 1989, Behavioral impact and cost analysis of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program, Progress in Clinical and Biological Research, 392, 231

Windsor, 1988, The effectiveness of a worksite self-help smoking cessation program: a randomized trial, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 407, 10.1007/BF00844939

See Windsor (A) 1988

Alessi SM Petry, 2008, Contingency management promotes smoking reduction in residential substance abuse patients, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 617, 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-617

Berg, 2014, Novel incentives and messaging in an online college smoking intervention, American Journal of Health Behavior, 38, 668, 10.5993/AJHB.38.5.4

Bowers, 1987, Nicotine fading, behavioral contracting, and extended treatment: effects on smoking cessation, Addictive Behaviors, 12, 181, 10.1016/0306-4603(87)90024-4

Businelle, 2014, Small financial incentives increase smoking cessation in homeless smokers: a pilot study, Addictive Behaviors, 39, 717, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.11.017

Cavallo, 2007, Combining cognitive behavioral therapy with contingency management for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers: a preliminary comparison of two different CBT formats, American Journal on the Addictions, 16, 468, 10.1080/10550490701641173

Duhig A Cavallo D McFetridge A Liss T Dahl T Krishnan-Sarin S Contingency management for smoking cessation in adolescent smokers (POS2-51) Society for Research in Nicotine and Tobacco 12th Annual Meeting February 15-18, Orlando FLA 2006 87

Krishnan-Sarin, 2006, Contingency management for smoking cessation in adolescents, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 306, 10.1037/1064-1297.14.3.306

Krishnan-Sarin, 2007, Behavioral impulsivity predicts treatment outcome in a smoking cessation program for adolescent smokers, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 88, 79, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2006.09.006

Chivers, 2008, Effects of initial abstinence and programmed lapses on the relative reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 481, 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-481

Correia, 2006, The use of contingency management to reduce cigarette smoking among college students, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 14, 171, 10.1037/1064-1297.14.2.171

Crowley, 1991, Reinforcing breath carbon monoxide reductions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 29, 47, 10.1016/0376-8716(91)90021-P

Cummings, 1988, Correlates of participation in a worksite stop-smoking contest, Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11, 267, 10.1007/BF00844432

Curry, 1991, Evaluation of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation interventions with a self-help smoking cessation program, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 59, 318, 10.1037/0022-006X.59.2.318

Dallery, 2008, A deposit contract method to deliver abstinence reinforcement for cigarette smoking, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 609, 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-609

Jason, 1989, A worksite smoking cessation intervention involving the media and incentives, American Journal of Community Psychology, 17, 785, 10.1007/BF00922738

Salina, 1994, A follow-up of a media-based, worksite smoking cessation program, American Journal of Community Psychology, 22, 257, 10.1007/BF02506865

Donatelle RJ Prows SL Champeau D Hudson D Using social support, biochemical feedback, and incentives to motivate smoking cessation during pregnancy: comparison of three intervention trials Poster at American Public Health Association meeting, Boston MA, USA 2000

Dunn, 2011, Contingency management for behavior change: applications to promote brief smoking cessation among opioid-maintained patients, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 20, 10.1037/a0022039

Dunn, 2008, Voucher-based contingent reinforcement of smoking abstinence among methadone-maintained patients: a pilot study, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 527, 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-527

Dunn, 2011, Contingency management for behavior change: applications to promote brief smoking cessation among opioid-maintained patients, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 19, 20, 10.1037/a0022039

Dunn, 2010, A contingency management intervention to promote initial smoking cessation among opioid-maintained patients, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 37, 10.1037/a0018649

Elliott, 1968, Breaking the cigarette habit: Effects of a technique involving threatened loss of money, Psychological Record, 18, 503, 10.1007/BF03393800

Emont, 1992, Using a low-cost, prize-drawing incentive to improve recruitment rate at a work-site smoking cessation clinic, Journal of Occupational Medicine, 34, 771, 10.1097/00043764-199208000-00009

Fortmann, 1995, Nicotine gum and self-help behavioral treatment for smoking relapse prevention: results from a trial using population-based recruitment, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 460, 10.1037/0022-006X.63.3.460

Gadomski, 2010, Effectiveness of a combined prenatal and postpartum smoking cessation program, Maternal and Child Health Journal, 15, 188, 10.1007/s10995-010-0568-9

Gilbert, 1999, Effect of monetary contingencies on smoking relapse: Influences of trait depression, personality, and habitual nicotine intake, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 7, 174, 10.1037/1064-1297.7.2.174

Gilbert, 1998, Effects of smoking abstinence on mood and craving in men: influences of negative-affect-related personality traits, habitual nicotine intake and repeated measurements, Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 399, 10.1016/S0191-8869(98)00003-8

Gilbert, 2002, Mood disturbance fails to resolve across 31 days of cigarette abstinence in women, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 142, 10.1037/0022-006X.70.1.142

Glover M Kira A Walker N Bauld L Using incentives to encourage smoking abstinence among pregnant indigenous women? a feasibility study Maternal and Child Health Journal 10.1007/s10995-014-1645-2

Gottlieb, 1990, A systematic effort to reduce smoking at the workplace, Health Education Quarterly, 17, 99, 10.1177/109019819001700110

Graham, 2007, Effectiveness of an internet-based worksite smoking cessation intervention at 12 months, Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 49, 821, 10.1097/JOM.0b013e3180d09e6f

Gulliver, 2004, Tobacco cessation treatment for pregnant smokers: incorporating partners and incentives, Medicine and Health Rhode Island, 87, 9

Etter, 2006, Some doubts about one of the largest smoking prevention programmes in Europe, the smokefree class competition, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60, 757, 10.1136/jech.2006.041509

Hanewinkel, 2007, ["Be smart - don't start". Results of a non-smoking competition in Germany 1997-2007] [German], Gesundheitswesen, 69, 38, 10.1055/s-2007-970057

Hanewinkel, 2003, [Diffusion of the non-smoking campaign "Be smart - don't start" between 1997 and 2003 in Germany] [German], Gesundheitswesen, 65, 250, 10.1055/s-2003-39228

Hanewinkel, 2002, [Primary and secondary prevention of smoking in adolescents: results of the campaign "Be smart - don't start"] [German], Gesundheitswesen, 64, 492, 10.1055/s-2002-33777

Hanewinkel, 2007, European smokefree class competition: a measure to decrease smoking in youth, Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 61, 750, 10.1136/jech.2006.057224

Hanewinkel, 2006, "Smoke-free Class Competition": Far-reaching conclusions based on weak data, Preventive Medicine, 43, 150, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.03.015

Pick, 2005, [Significance of a health campaign in 11- to 14-year-old school children for smoking prevention - Effect evaluation on the school competition "Be smart - don't start"] [German], Gesundheitswesen, 67, 542

Schneider, 2006, Are competitions an appropriate instrument for youth smoking cessation? A 1-year follow-up of the Germany-wide 'Smoke-free 2004' campaign, Medizinische Klinik, 101, 711, 10.1007/s00063-006-1098-5

Schulze, 2006, Lack of sustainable prevention effect of the "Smoke-free Class Competition" on German pupils, Preventive Medicine, 42, 33, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2005.09.005

Wiborg, 2002, ["Be smart - don't start" campaign to prevent children from starting to smoke: an analysis according to type of school they attend] [German], Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 127, 430, 10.1055/s-2002-20426

Hertzberg, 2013, Mobile contingency management as an adjunctive smoking cessation treatment for smokers with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15, 1934, 10.1093/ntr/ntt060

Hunt, 2010, Smoking cessation in recovery: comparing 2 different cognitive behavioral treatments, Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment, 9, 64, 10.1097/ADT.0b013e3181bf0310

Jason, 1990, Incentives and competition in a worksite smoking cessation intervention, American Journal of Public Health, 80, 205, 10.2105/AJPH.80.2.205

Jeffery, 1988, Payroll contracting for smoking cessation: a worksite pilot study, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4, 83, 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)31201-7

Jeffery, 1989, Worksite health promotion: feasibility testing of repeated weight control and smoking cessation classes, American Journal of Health Promotion, 3, 11, 10.4278/0890-1171-3.4.11

Jeffery, 1993, An empirical evaluation of the effectiveness of tangible incentives in increasing participation and behavior change in a worksite health promotion program, American Journal of Health Promotion, 8, 98, 10.4278/0890-1171-8.2.98

Jeffery, 1993, The Healthy Worker Project: a work-site intervention for weight control and smoking cessation, American Journal of Public Health, 83, 395, 10.2105/AJPH.83.3.395

Kassaye, 1984, Assessment of the impact of monetary incentives upon smoking behavior, Journal of Drug Education, 14, 109, 10.2190/D4Y4-PHDR-4G3L-WAAX

Kendzor DE Businelle MS Poonawalla IB Cuate EL Kesh A Rios DM Financial incentives for abstinence among socioeconomically disadvantaged individuals in smoking cessation treatment American Journal of Public Health 2014 [Epub ahead of print]

Kollins, 2010, Monetary incentives promote smoking abstinence in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 221, 10.1037/a0019565

Lamb, 2004, Shaping smoking cessation using percentile schedules, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 76, 247, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2004.05.008

Romanowich, 2010, The relationship between in-treatment abstinence and post-treatment abstinence in a smoking cessation treatment, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 18, 32, 10.1037/a0018520

Lamb, 2007, Contingencies for change in complacent smokers, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 245, 10.1037/1064-1297.15.3.245

Lamb, 2010, Shaping smoking cessation in hard-to-treat smokers, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78, 62, 10.1037/a0018323

Lussier, 2005, Influence of the duration of abstinence on the relative reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking, Psychopharmacology Berl, 181, 486, 10.1007/s00213-005-0008-5

McKillop, 2009, Delayed reward discounting predicts treatment response for heavy drinkers receiving smoking cessation treatment, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 104, 197, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.04.020

Mantzari, 2012, The effectiveness of financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy: is it from being paid or from the extra aid?, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 12, 24, 10.1186/1471-2393-12-24

Meredith, 2011, Internet-based group contingency management to promote abstinence from cigarette smoking: a feasibility study, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 118, 23, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.012

Monti P Tevyaw TO Tidey J Colby S Kahler C Barnett N Combining motivational enhancement and contingency management for young adult smokers (SYM3D) Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 12th Annual Meeting February 15-18, Orlando FLA 2006

Ohmura, 2005, Discounting delayed and probabilistic monetary gains and losses by smokers of cigarettes, Psychopharmacology Berl, 182, 508, 10.1007/s00213-005-0110-8

Tevyaw TO Tidey J Colby S Kahler C Barnett N Luboyeski E Contingency management and MET for young adult smokers,: preliminary results (RP-065) Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 11th Annual Meeting March, Prague, Czech Republic 2005

Mooney ME Interventions to increase use of nicotine gum: a randomized, controlled single-blind trial Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering 2004 4052

Nowicki, 1984, Effective smoking intervention during pregnancy, Birth, 11, 217, 10.1111/j.1523-536X.1984.tb00787.x

Sexton, 1984, A clinical trial of change in maternal smoking and its effects on birth weight, JAMA, 251, 911, 10.1001/jama.1984.03340310025013

Olsen, 1991, A 5-year evaluation of a smoking cessation incentive program for chemical employees, Preventive Medicine, 20, 774, 10.1016/0091-7435(91)90071-B

Olsen, 1990, A smoking cessation incentive program for chemical employees: design and evaluation, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 6, 200, 10.1016/S0749-3797(18)31006-7

Ormston R Van der Pol M Ludbrook A McConville S Amos A quit4u: the effectiveness of combining behavioural support, pharmacotherapy and financial incentives to support smoking cessation Health Education Research

Pardell H Faixedas MT Salto E Valverde A Tresserras R Taberner JL Influence of an economical incentive on smoking cessation at community level Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 5th European Meeting November 20-22 2003 Padua: Abstract book 2003

Parker, 2007, Feasibility, cost and cost-effectiveness of a telephone-based motivational intervention for underserved pregnant smokers, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 9, 1043, 10.1080/14622200701591617

Perkins, 2010, Cross-validation of a new procedure for early screening of smoking cessation medications in humans, Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 88, 109, 10.1038/clpt.2010.65

Poole, 2001, The impact of an incentive-based worksite health promotion program on modifiable health risk factors, American Journal of Health Promotion, 16, 21, 10.4278/0890-1171-16.1.21

Radley, 2013, Give It Up For Baby: outcomes and factors influencing uptake of a pilot smoking cessation incentive scheme for pregnant women, BMC Public Health, 13, 343, 10.1186/1471-2458-13-343

Rohsenow D Martin R Tidey J Monti P Swift R Motivational and contingency interventions for unmotivated smokers in substance abuse treatment (PA-7) Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco, 11th Annual Meeting March, Prague, Czech Republic 2005

Roll, 2008, The relative contribution of economic valence to contingency management efficacy: a pilot study, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 41, 629, 10.1901/jaba.2008.41-629

Romanowich, 2010, Effects of escalating and descending schedules of incentives on cigarette smoking in smokers without plans to quit, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 43, 357, 10.1901/jaba.2010.43-357

Romanowich, 2013, The effect of framing incentives as either losses or gains with contingency management for smoking cessation, Addictive Behaviors, 38, 2084, 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.01.007

Romanowich P Lamb RJ The effects of percentile versus fixed criterion schedules on smoking with equal incentive magnitude for initial abstinence Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology June 2014 [epub ahead of print]

Sigmon SC Patrick M Saulsgiver K Higgins S Using financial incentives to sustain smoking abstinence among opioid-maintained patients Proceedings of the 74th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence; June 9-14, Palm Springs (CA), USA 2012 Abstract 624

Sloan, 1990, Cessation and relapse in a year-long workplace quit-smoking contest, Preventive Medicine, 19, 414, 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90039-M

Spring, 1978, Effects of contingency and noncontingency contracts in the context of a self-control-oriented smoking modification program, Behavior Therapy, 9, 967, 10.1016/S0005-7894(78)80038-0

Stitzer, 1983, Contingent payment for carbon monoxide reduction: effects of pay amount, Behavior Therapy, 14, 647, 10.1016/S0005-7894(83)80057-4

Stitzer, 1984, Contingent reinforcement for carbon monoxide reduction: within-subject effects of pay amount, Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 17, 477, 10.1901/jaba.1984.17-477

Stitzer, 1985, Contingent reinforcement for reduced breath carbon monoxide levels: target-specific effects on cigarette smoking, Addictive Behaviors, 10, 345, 10.1016/0306-4603(85)90030-9

Stoops, 2009, An internet-based abstinence reinforcement smoking cessation intervention in rural smokers, Drug & Alcohol Dependence, 105, 56, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.06.010

Strecher, 1983, A minimal-contact smoking cessation program in a health care setting, Public Health Reports, 98, 497

Tanaka, 2006, Effectiveness of a low-intensity intra-worksite intervention on smoking cessation in Japanese employees: a three-year intervention trial, Journal of Occupational Health, 48, 175, 10.1539/joh.48.175

Tidey, 2011, Effects of contingency management and bupropion on cigarette smoking in smokers with schizophrenia, Psychopharmacology, 217, 279, 10.1007/s00213-011-2282-8

Wagner, 2013, Improving the retention rates of two evidence-based smoking cessation trials designed through a participatory approach, European Psychiatry, 28, 1968

Walsh, 1997, A smoking cessation program at a public antenatal clinic, American Journal of Public Health, 87, 1201, 10.2105/AJPH.87.7.1201

Winett, 1973, Parameters of deposit contracts in the modification of smoking, Psychological Record, 23, 49, 10.1007/BF03394136

Winhusen, 2012, Design considerations for a study to evaluate the impact of smoking cessation treatment on stimulant use outcomes in stimulant-dependent individuals, Contemporary Clinical Trials, 33, 197, 10.1016/j.cct.2011.09.018

Winhusen, 2014, A randomized trial of concurrent smoking cessation and substance use disorder treatment in stimulant-dependent smokers, Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 75, 336, 10.4088/JCP.13m08449

Winhusen, 2014, Achieving smoking abstinence is associated with decreased cocaine use in cocaine-dependent patients receiving smoking-cessation, Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 134, 391, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.019

Wiseman, 2005, Effectiveness of payments for reducing carbon monoxide levels and noncontingent payments on smoking behaviors in cocaine-abusing outpatients wearing nicotine or placebo patches, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 13, 102, 10.1037/1064-1297.13.2.102

Yi, 2008, The effects of reduced cigarette smoking on discounting future rewards: an initial evaluation, Psychological Record, 58, 163, 10.1007/BF03395609

Yoon, 2009, Changes in the relative reinforcing effects of cigarette smoking as a function of initial abstinence, Psychopharmacology Berl, 205, 305, 10.1007/s00213-009-1541-4

Etter, 2012, Financial incentives for smoking cessation in low-income smokers: study protocol for an randomized controlled trial, Trials, 13, 88, 10.1186/1745-6215-13-88

ACTRN12612000399897 ENti-Ce Project - Encouragement for Nicotine Cessation in pregnant smokers www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=347842

Lynagh, 2012, An RCT protocol of varying financial incentive amounts for smoking cessation among pregnant women, BMC Public Health, 12, 1032, 10.1186/1471-2458-12-1032

Marteau, 2013, Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: protocol for a single arm intervention study, BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13, 66, 10.1186/1471-2393-13-66

NCT00064922 Incentive programs for female substance abusers who smoke www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00064922?term=NCT00064922&rank=1

NCT00079469 Bupropion and counseling with or without contingency management to enhance smoking cessation in cancer survivors who continue to smoke www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?term=NCT00079469&Search=Search

Lamb RJ Increasing contingency management success using shaping Clinicaltrials.gov 2006

NCT00408265 Smoking cessation in substance abuse treatment patients: a feasibility study www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00408265

Saxon A Contingency management for smoking cessation among veterans with schizophrenia or other psychoses Clinicaltrials.gov 2007

NCT00683280 Contingency management and pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00683280

Bennett ME An integrated approach to smoking cessation in Severe Mental Illness (SMI) Clinicaltrials.gov 2008

Sigmon SC Incentive-based smoking cessation for methadone patients Clinicaltrials.gov 2008

NCT00807742 Contingency management for smoking in substance abusers www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00807742

Rohsenow, 2002, Brief interventions for smoking cessation in alcoholic smokers, Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 26, 1950, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02515.x

NCT00960375 Smoking cessation for veterans with severe and persistent mental illness www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00960375

NCT01040260 Low-cost contingency management for smoking cessation www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/study/NCT01040260

Krishnan-Sarin S Enhancing a High School-based smoking cessation program Clinicaltrials.gov 2010

NCT01303081 Pilot randomized controlled trial of financial incentives for smoking cessation www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01303081

NCT01484717 Interactive Voice Response technology to mobilize contingency management for smoking cessation www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01484717

NCT01469490 Striving to quit: First Breath (STQ FB) www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01469490

NCT01723163 Abstinence Reinforcement Therapy (ART) for rural veteran smokers www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01723163

NCT01736982 Contingency management for smoking cessation in the homeless www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01736982

NCT01789710 Contingency management for smoking cessation in homeless smokers www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01789710

NCT01965405 Smoking cessation for people living with HIV/AIDS www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01965405

NCT02195570 Contingency management for smoking cessation in pregnant women www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02195570

NCT02210832 Financial incentives for smoking cessation among disadvantaged pregnant women www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01526265

NCT02237898 Harnessing the power of technology: MOMBA for postpartum smoking www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02237898

NCT02245308 Abstinence reinforcement therapy (ART) for homeless veteran smokers www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02245308

NCT02266784 Contingency management, quitting smoking, and ADHD (ADQUIT) www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02266784

Adams, 2014, Carrots, sticks and health behaviours: a framework for documenting the complexity of financial incentive interventions to change health behaviours, Health Psychology Review, 8, 286, 10.1080/17437199.2013.848410

Ballard P Radley A Give it up for Baby: A smoking cessation intervention for pregnant women in Scotland Cases in Public Health Communication & Marketing 2009 147 60

Belisario, 2012, Interventions for recruiting smokers into cessation programmes, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD009187.pub2

Jacob, 2002, Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation, Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 4, 149, 10.1080/14622200210123581

Berman, 2014, Estimating the cost of a smoking employee, Tobacco Control, 23, 428, 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050888

Cahill, 2014, Workplace interventions for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD003440.pub4

Cawley, 2014, The Affordable Care Act permits greater financial rewards for weight loss: a good idea in principle, but many practical concerns remain, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 33, 810, 10.1002/pam.21767

Chamberlain, 2013, Psychosocial interventions for supporting women to stop smoking in pregnancy, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub4

Crossland, 2015, Incentives for breastfeeding and for smoking cessation in pregnancy: an exploration of types and meanings, Social Science and Medicine, 128, 10, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.12.019

Diepeveen, 2013, Public acceptability of government intervention to change health-related behaviors: a systematic review and narrative synthesis, BMC Public Health, 13, 756, 10.1186/1471-2458-13-756

Giles, 2014, The effectiveness of financial incentives for health behaviour change: systematic review and meta-analysis, PLOS one, 9, e90347, 10.1371/journal.pone.0090347

Gomel, 1993, Work-site cardiovascular risk reduction: a randomized trial of health risk assessment, education, counseling, and incentives, American Journal of Public Health, 83, 1232, 10.2105/AJPH.83.9.1231

Higgins, 2002, Voucher-based incentive. A substance abuse treatment innovation, Addictive Behaviors, 27, 887, 10.1016/S0306-4603(02)00297-6

Higgins, 2003, Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses, BMJ, 327, 557, 10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557

Higgins JPT Green S (editors) Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011 Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org

Higgins, 2012 Nov [Epub ahead of print], Financial incentives for smoking cessation among pregnant and newly postpartum women, Preventive Medicine, 55, S33, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2011.12.016

Hoddinott, 2014, Public acceptability of financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a survey of the British public, BMJ, 4, e005524, 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005524

Hughes, 2003, Measures of abstinence in clinical trials: issues and recommendations, Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5, 13, 10.1080/1462220031000070552

Ierfino, 2015, Financial incentives for smoking cessation in pregnancy: a single arm intervention study assessing cessation and gaming, Addiction, 110, 680, 10.1111/add.12817

Jochelon K Paying the patient: improving health using financial incentives www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/Paying_the_Patient.pdf

Kane, 2004, A structured review of the effect of economic incentives on consumers' preventive behavior, American Journal of Prevnetive Medicine, 27, 327, 10.1016/j.amepre.2004.07.002

Klesges, 1986, A worksite smoking modification competition: potential for public health impact, American Jounral of Public Health, 76, 198, 10.2105/AJPH.76.2.198

Klesges, 1987, Competition and relapse prevention training in worksite smoking modification, Health Education Research, 2, 5, 10.1093/her/2.1.5

Koffman, 1998, The impact of including incentives and competition in a workplace smoking cessation program on quit rates, American Journal of Health Promotion, 13, 105, 10.4278/0890-1171-13.2.105

Lagarde, 2009, The impact of conditional cash transfers on health outcomes and use of health services in low and middle income countries, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD008137

Leeks, 2010, Worksite-based incentives and competitions to reduce tobacco use: a systematic review, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 38, S263, 10.1016/j.amepre.2009.10.034

Lumley, 2009, Interventions for promoting smoking cessation during pregnancy, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD001055.pub3

Lynagh, 2013, What's good for the goose is good for the gander. Principles for the use of financial incentives in health behaviour change, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 20, 114, 10.1007/s12529-011-9202-5

Maheu, 1989, Competition/cooperation in worksite smoking cessation using nicotine gum, Preventive Medicine, 18, 867, 10.1016/0091-7435(89)90022-4

Marteau, 2009, Using financial incentives to achieve healthy behaviour, BMJ, 338, b1415, 10.1136/bmj.b1415

Martinson, 1999, Intraclass correlation for measures from a worksite health promotion study: estimates, correlates, and applications, American Journal of Health Promotion, 13, 347, 10.4278/0890-1171-13.6.347

Mattke S Liu H Caloyeras JP Huang CY Van Busum KR Khodyakov D Workplace wellness programs study final report www.dol.gov,ebsa/pdf/workplacewellnessstudyfinal.pdf 2013

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2002, Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs--United States, 1995-1999, MMWR; Morbidity and Mortality weekly report, 51, 300

National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Should incentives be used to help people quit unhealthy habits? NICE's Citizens Council reveals its view http://www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/pressreleases/CitizensCouncilIncentives.jsp (accessed 30/11/2010) 2010

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Guidelines to the Methods of Technology Appraisal http://www.nice.org.uk/article/pmg9/resources/non-guidance-guide-to-the-methods-of-technology-appraisal-2013-pdf

Paes-Sousa, 2011, Effects of a conditional cash transfer programme on child nutrition in Brazil, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 89, 496, 10.2471/BLT.10.084202

Mazumdar S Mills A Powell-Jackson T Financial incentives in health: new evidence from India's Janani Suraksha Yojana papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1935442

Promberger, 2012, "Pay them if it works"; discrete choice experiments on the acceptability of financial incentives to change health related behaviour, Social Science and Medicine, 75, 2509, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.033

Reda, 2012, Healthcare financing systems for increasing the use of tobacco dependence treatment, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD004305.pub4

Sigmon, 2012, The use of financial incentives in promoting smoking cessation, Preventive Medicine, 55, S24, 10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.04.007

SRNT Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification, 2002, Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation, Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 4, 149, 10.1080/14622200210123581

Strickland, 2014, Does it work to pay people to live healthier lives?, BMJ, 348, g2458, 10.1136/bmj.g2458

Tappin D Bauld L Purves D Boyd K Sinclair L MacAskill S Financial incentives for smoking cessation during pregnancy: randomised controlled trial Lancet

Thomson, 2014, Unintended consequences for behaviour change and maintenance around childbirth of incentive provision, PLOS, 9, e111322, 10.1371/journal.pone.0111322

Volpp, 2014, Reward-based incentives for smoking cessation: how a carrot became a stick, JAMA, 311, 909, 10.1001/jama.2014.418

West, 2005, Outcome criteria in smoking cessation trials: proposal for a common standard, Addiction, 100, 299, 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00995.x

The World Bank World Databank www.databank.worldbank.org

Cahill, 2008, Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub3

Cahill, 2011, Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub4

Hey, 2003, Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD004307

Hey, 2005, Competitions and incentives for smoking cessation, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 10.1002/14651858.CD004307.pub2