In vitro percutaneous absorption of cobalt
Tóm tắt
To evaluate skin absorption of cobalt powder in an in vitro system. Experiments with volunteers show that cobalt powder can permeate through the skin, but there are no data with regard to the mechanism or the amount of permeation. Skin permeation was calculated by the Franz diffusion cell method with human skin. A physiological solution was used as receiving phase and the cobalt powder was dispersed in synthetic sweat. The amount of metal passing through the skin was analysed by electro-thermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). Parallel polarographic analysis (differential pulse polarography—DPP) allowed evaluation of cobalt present as ions (Co2+) in donor and receiving phases. Measurements of cobalt skin content were also performed. Evaluation of metal in the receiving phase allowed us to demonstrate the permeation of cobalt through the skin. Steady-state flow of percutaneous cobalt permeation was calculated as 0.0123±0.0054 μg cm−2 h−1, with a lag time of 1.55±0.71 h. The experiments show that cobalt powder can pass through the skin when applied as a dispersion in synthetic sweat, oxidising metallic cobalt into ions, which permeate the skin. These experiments show for the first time how cobalt can permeate the skin.
Tài liệu tham khảo
American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) (1995) Threshold limit values (TLVs) for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices (BEIs). ACGIH, Cincinnati, USA
Carson BL, Ellis HV, McCann JL (1986) Toxicology and biological monitoring of metals in humans. Lewis, Chelsea, pp 75–92
Drexler H (1998) Assignment of skin notation for MAK values and its legal consequences in Germany. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 71:503–505
Fiserova-Bergerova V, Pierche TJ, Droz P (1990) Dermal absorption potential of industrial chemicals: criteria for skin notation. Am J Ind Med 17:617–635
Flora CJ, Nioboer E (1980) Determination of nickel by differential pulse polarography with dropping mercury electrode. Anal Chem 52:1013–1020
Franz TJ (1975) On the relevance of in vitro data. J Invest Dermatol 93:633–640
Fullerton A, Andersen JR, Hoelgaard A, Menne T (1986) Permeation of nickel salts through human skin in vitro. Contact Dermatitis 15:173–177
Fullerton A, Andersen JR, Hoelgaard A (1988) Permeation of nickel through human skin in vitro—effect of vehicles. Br J Dermatol 118:509–516
Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Pelosi A, Anigbogu A, Maibach HI (2001a) Human stratum corneum penetration by nickel. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl 212:5–10
Hostynek JJ, Dreher F, Nakada T, Schwindt D, Anigbogu A, Maibach HI (2001b) Human stratum corneum adsorption of nickel salts. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl 212:11–18
Kogan VY, Petukhova NE (1986) Cobalt. UNEP, Moscow
Larese Filon F, Fiorito A, Adami G, Barbieri P, Coceani N, Bussani R, Reisenhofer E (1999) Skin absorption in vitro of glycol ethers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 72:480–484
Lauwerys R, Lison D (1994) Health risk associated with cobalt exposure. An overview. Sci Total Environ 150:1–6
Liden C, Carter S (2001). Nickel release from coins. Contact Dermatitis 44:160–165
Linnainmaa M, Kiilunen M (1997) Urinary cobalt as a measure of exposure in the wet sharpening of hard metal and stellite blades. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 69:193–200
Mellor JW (1953) Comprehensive treatise on inorganic and theoretical chemistry, vol XIV. Longmans, Green, pp 513–514
Neligan PC (1996) Transcutaneous metal absorption following chemical burn injury. Burns 22:232–233
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (2000) Draft guidance document for the conduct of skin absorption studies. OECD, Paris
Pascal P, Nouveau (1963)Traité de chimie minerale, vol XVII. Masson, pp 85
Poet TS (2000) Toxicological highlight. Assessing dermal absorption. Toxicol Sci 58:1–2
Scansetti G, Botta GC, Spinelli P, Reviglione L, Ponzetti C (1994) Absorption and excretion of cobalt in the hard metal industry. Sci Tot Environ 150:141–144
Suzuki-Yasumoto M, Inaba J (1976) Absorption and metabolism of radioactive cobalt compounds through normal and wounded skin. Diagn Treat Radionuclides Proc Int Sem 119–136
Tanojo H, Hostynek JJ, Mountford H, Maibach HI (2001) In vitro permeation of nickel salts through human stratum corneum. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl 212:19–23