In situ simultaneous monitoring of ATP and GTP using a graphene oxide nanosheet–based sensing platform in living cells

Herschman, H.R. Molecular imaging: looking at problems, seeing solutions. Science 302, 605–608 (2003).

Baker, M. Cellular imaging: taking a long, hard look. Nature 466, 1137–1140 (2010).

Massoud, T.F. & Gambhir, S.S. Molecular imaging in living subjects: seeing fundamental biological processes in a new light. Genes Dev. 17, 545–580 (2003).

Imamura, H. et al. Visualization of ATP levels inside single living cells with fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based genetically encoded indicators. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 106, 15651–15656 (2009).

Tsuboi, T., Lippiat, J.D., Ashcroft, F.M. & Rutter, G.A. ATP-dependent interaction of the cytosolic domains of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel Kir6.2 revealed by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 76–81 (2004).

Berg, J., Hung, Y.P. & Yellen, G. A genetically encoded fluorescent reporter of ATP: ADP ratio. Nat. Methods 6, 161–166 (2009).

Wang, W.U., Chen, C., Lin, K.H., Fang, Y. & Lieber, C.M. Label-free detection of small-molecule-protein interactions by using nanowire nanosensors. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102, 3208–3212 (2005).

Bell, C.J., Manfredi, G., Griffiths, E.J. & Rutter, G.A. Luciferase expression for ATP imaging: application to cardiac myocytes. Methods Cell Biol. 80, 341–352 (2007).

Jose, D.A. et al. Colorimetric sensor for ATP in aqueous solution. Org. Lett. 9, 1979–1982 (2007).

Lee, D.H., Kim, S.Y. & Hong, J.I. A fluorescent pyrophosphate sensor with high selectivity over ATP in water. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 43, 4777–4780 (2004).

Sancenón, F., Descalzo, A.B., Martínez-Mánñz, R., Miranda, M.A. & Soto, J. A colorimetric ATP sensor based on 1,3,5-triarylpent-2-en-1,5-diones. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40, 2640–2643 (2001).

Mizukami, S., Nagano, T., Urano, Y., Odani, A. & Kikuchi, K. A fluorescent anion sensor that works in neutral aqueous solution for bioanalytical application. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124, 3920–3925 (2002).

Schneider, S.E., O'Neil, S.N. & Anslyn, E.V. Coupling rational design with libraries leads to the production of an ATP selective chemosensor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122, 542–543 (2000).

Wang, S.L. & Chang, Y.T. Combinatorial synthesis of benzimidazolium dyes and its diversity directed application toward GTP-selective fluorescent chemosensors. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 10380–10381 (2006).

McCleskey, S.C., Griffin, M.J., Schneider, S.E., McDevitt, J.T. & Anslyn, E.V. Differential receptors create patterns diagnostic for ATP and GTP. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 1114–1115 (2003).

Kwon, J.Y. et al. Fluorescent GTP-sensing in aqueous solution of physiological pH. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 8892–8893 (2004).

Neelakandan, P.P., Hariharan, M. & Ramaiah, D. A supramolecular ON-OFF-ON fluorescence assay for selective recognition of GTP. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 11334–11335 (2006).

Xu, Z. et al. Unique sandwich stacking of pyrene-adenine-pyrene for selective and ratiometric fluorescent sensing of ATP at physiological pH. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 131, 15528–15533 (2009).

Ojida, A. et al. Bis(Dpa-Zn-II) appended xanthone: excitation ratiometric chemosensor for phosphate anions. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 5518–5521 (2006).

Li, C., Numata, M., Takeuchi, M. & Shinkai, S. A sensitive colorimetric and fluorescent probe based on a polythiophene derivative for the detection of ATP. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 6371–6374 (2005).

Nutiu, R. & Li, Y.F. Structure-switching signalling aptamers. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 125, 4771–4778 (2003).

Nutiu, R. & Li, Y.F. In vitro selection of structure-switching signaling aptamers. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 117, 1085–1089 (2005).

Li, N. & Ho, C.-M. Aptamer-based optical probes with separated molecular recognition and signal transduction modules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 2380–2381 (2008).

Liu, J. & Lu, Y. Fast colorimetric sensing of adenosine and cocaine based on a general sensor design involving aptamers and nanoparticles. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 45, 90–94 (2006).

Zayats, M., Huang, Y., Gill, R., Ma, C. & Willner, I. Label-free and reagentless aptamer-based sensors for small molecules. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 13666–13667 (2006).

Geim, A.K. Graphene: status and prospects. Science 324, 1530–1534 (2009).

Liu, X.Q., Aizen, R., Freeman, R., Yehezkeli, O. & Willner, I. Multiplexed aptasensors and amplified DNA sensors using functionalized graphene oxide: application for logic gate operations. ACS Nano 6, 3553–3563 (2012).

Liu, B.W., Sun, Z.Y., Zhang, X. & Liu, J.W. Mechanisms of DNA sensing on graphene oxide. Anal. Chem. 85, 7987–7993 (2013).

Huang, P.J. & Liu, J.W. Molecular beacon lighting up on graphene oxide. Anal. Chem. 84, 4192–4198 (2012).

Chen, D., Feng, H. & Li, J. Graphene oxide: preparation, functionalization, and electrochemical applications. Chem. Rev. 112, 6027–6053 (2012).

Wang, Y., Li, Z.H., Wang, J., Li, J.H. & Lin, Y.H. Graphene and graphene oxide: biofunctionalization and applications in biotechnology. Trends Biotechnol. 29, 205–212 (2011).

Wang, Y., Lu, J., Tang, L.H., Chang, H.X. & Li, J.H. Graphene oxide amplified electrogenerated chemiluminescence of quantum dots and its selective sensing for glutathione from thiol-containing compounds. Anal. Chem. 81, 9710–9715 (2009).

Liu, Z., Robinson, J.T., Sun, X.M. & Dai, H.J. PEGylated nanographene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10876–10877 (2008).

Lu, C.H. et al. Using graphene to protect DNA from cleavage during cellular delivery. Chem. Commun. 46, 3116–3118 (2010).

Chang, H.X., Tang, L.H., Wang, Y., Jiang, J.H. & Li, J.H. Graphene fluorescence resonance energy transfer aptasensor for the thrombin detection. Anal. Chem. 82, 2341–2346 (2010).

Wang, Y. et al. Aptamer/graphene oxide nanocomplex for in situ molecular probing in living cells,. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 132, 9274–9276 (2010).

Nel, A.E. et al. Understanding biophysicochemical interactions at the nano-bio interface. Nat. Mat. 8, 543–557 (2009).

Wang, Y. et al. In situ live cell sensing of multiple nucleotides exploiting DNA/RNA aptamers and graphene oxide nanosheets. Anal. Chem. 85, 6775–6782 (2013).

Liu, J., Cao, Z. & Lu, Y. Functional nucleic acid sensors. Chem. Rev. 109, 1948–1998 (2009).

Fang, X. & Tan, W. Aptamers generated from cell-SELEX for molecular medicine: a chemical biology approach. Acc. Chem. Res. 43, 48–57 (2010).

Huizenga, D.E. & Szostak, J.W. A DNA aptamer that binds adenosine and ATP. Biochemistry 34, 656–665 (1995).

Carothers, J.M., Oestreich, S.C. & Szostak, J.W. Aptamers selected for higher-affinity binding are not more specific for the target ligand. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 7929–7937 (2006).

Davis, J.H. & Szostak, J.W. Isolation of high-affinity GTP aptamers from partially structured RNA libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 11616–11621 (2002).

Carothers, J.M., Oestreich, S.C., Davis, J.H. & Szostak, J.W. Informational complexity and functional activity of RNA structures. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126, 5130–5137 (2004).

Carothers, J.M., Davis, J.H., Chou, J.J. & Szostak, J.W. Solution structure of an informationally complex high-affinity RNA aptamer to GTP. RNA 12, 567–579 (2006).

Li, Q. & Chang, Y.T. A protocol for preparing, characterizing and using three RNA-specific, live cell imaging probes: E36, E144 and F22. Nat. Protoc. 1, 2922–2932 (2006).

Pittet, M.J., Swirski, F.K., Reynolds, F., Josephson, L. & Weisslede, R. Labeling of immune cells for in vivo imaging using magnetofluorescent nanoparticles. Nat. Protoc. 1, 74–79 (2006).

Zrazhevskiy, P., True, L.D. & Gao, X.H. Multicolor multicycle molecular profiling with quantum dots for single-cell analysis. Nat. Protoc. 8, 1852–1869 (2013).

Robinson, K.M., Janes, M.S. & Beckman, J.S. The selective detection of mitochondrial superoxide by live-cell imaging. Nat. Protoc. 3, 941–947 (2008).