In Situ exploration of the giant planets

Experimental Astronomy - Tập 54 - Trang 975-1013 - 2021
O. Mousis1, D. H. Atkinson2, R. Ambrosi3, S. Atreya4, D. Banfield5, S. Barabash6, M. Blanc7, T. Cavalié8,9, A. Coustenis9, M. Deleuil1, G. Durry10, F. Ferri11, L. N. Fletcher12, T. Fouchet9, T. Guillot13, P. Hartogh14, R. Hueso15, M. Hofstadter2, J.-P. Lebreton16, K. E. Mandt17, H. Rauer18,19, P. Rannou10, J.-B. Renard16, A. Sánchez-Lavega15, K. M. Sayanagi20, A. A. Simon21, T. Spilker22, E. Venkatapathy23, J. H. Waite24, P. Wurz25
1CNRS, CNES, LAM, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
2Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, USA
3School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
4Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
5Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, USA
6Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, Sweden
7IRAP, CNRS/Université Toulouse III-Paul Sabatier/CNES, Toulouse, France
8Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Bordeaux, University Bordeaux, Pessac, France
9LESIA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, Meudon, France
10Groupe de Spectrométrie Moléculaire et Atmosphérique, UMR 7331, CNRS, Université de Reims, Reims, France
11Centro di Ateneo di Studi e Attività Spaziali “Giuseppe Colombo” (CISAS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
12School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
13Observatoire de la Côte d’Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice cedex 4, France
14Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung, Göttingen, Germany
15Escuela de Ingeniería de Bilbao, UPV/EHU, Bilbao, Spain
16LPC2E-CNRS-Université d’Orléans, Orléans Cedex 2, France
17Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, USA
18Institut für Planetenforschung, DLR, Berlin, Germany
19Zentrum für Astronomie und Astrophysik, TU Berlin, Berlin, Germany
20Department of Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Hampton University, Hampton, USA
21NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, USA
22Independent Consultant, Monrovia, USA
23NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field USA
24Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, USA
25Space Science, Planetology, Physics Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland

Tóm tắt

Remote sensing observations suffer significant limitations when used to study the bulk atmospheric composition of the giant planets of our Solar System. This impacts our knowledge of the formation of these planets and the physics of their atmospheres. A remarkable example of the superiority of in situ probe measurements was illustrated by the exploration of Jupiter, where key measurements such as the determination of the noble gases’ abundances and the precise measurement of the helium mixing ratio were only made available through in situ measurements by the Galileo probe. Here we describe the main scientific goals to be addressed by the future in situ exploration of Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, placing the Galileo probe exploration of Jupiter in a broader context. An atmospheric entry probe targeting the 10-bar level would yield insight into two broad themes: i) the formation history of the giant planets and that of the Solar System, and ii) the processes at play in planetary atmospheres. The probe would descend under parachute to measure composition, structure, and dynamics, with data returned to Earth using a Carrier Relay Spacecraft as a relay station. An atmospheric probe could represent a significant ESA contribution to a future NASA New Frontiers or flagship mission to be launched toward Saturn, Uranus, and/or Neptune.

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Experimental Astronomy

Tập 54

975-1013

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