In-Situ Capillary Trapping of CO2 by Co-Injection
Tóm tắt
Co-injection of water with CO2 is an effective scheme to control initial gas saturation in porous media. A fractional flow rate of water of approximately 5–10% is sufficient to reduce initial gas saturations. After water injection following the co-injection, most of the gas injected in the porous media is trapped by capillarity with a low fractional volume of migrating gas. In this study, we first derive an analytical model to predict the gas saturation levels for co-injection with water. The initial gas saturation is controlled by the fractional flow ratio in the co-injection process. Next, we experimentally investigate the effect of initial gas saturation on residual gas saturation at capillary trapping by co-injecting gas and water followed by pure water injection, using a water and nitrogen system at room temperature. Depending on relative permeability, initial gas saturation is reduced by co-injection of water. If the initial saturation in the Berea sandstone core is controlled at 20–40%, most of the gas is trapped by capillarity, and less than 20% of the gas with respect to the injected gas volume is migrated by water injection. In the packed bed of Toyoura standard sand, the initial gas saturation is approximately 20% for a wide range of gas with a fractional flow rate from 0.50 to 0.95. The residual gas saturation for these conditions is approximately 15%. Less than approximately 25% of the gas migrates by water injection. The amount of water required for co-injection systems is estimated on the basis of the analytical model and experimental results.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abramoff M.D., Magelhaes P.J., Ram S.J.: Image processing with imageJ. Biophotonics Int. 11, 36–44 (2004)
Akervoll, I., Zweigel, P., Lindeberg, E.: CO2 storage in open, dipping aquifers. In: Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, CD-ROM. Elsevier, Oxford (2006)
Al-Mansoori S., Iglauer S., Pentland C.H., Bijeljic B., Blunt M.J.: Measurements of non-wetting phase trapping applied to carbon dioxide storage. Energy Procedia 1, 3173–3180 (2009)
Corey A.T.: The interrelation between gas and oil relative permeabilities. Producers Monthly 19, 38–41 (1954)
Doughty C.: Investigation of CO2 plume behavior for a large-scale pilot test of geologic carbon storage in a saline formation. Transp. Porous Med. 82, 49–76 (2010)
Flett M., Gurton R., Weir G.: Heterogeneous saline formations for carbon dioxide disposal: impact of varying heterogeneity on containment and trapping. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 57, 106–118 (2007)
Georgescu, S., Lindeberg, E., Holt, T.: Co-injection of CO2 and water into non-sealed saline aquifers. In: Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, CD-ROM. Elsevier, Trondheim (2006)
Holtz, M.H.: Residual gas saturation to aquifer influx: a calculation method for 3-D computer reservoir model construction. SPE Gas Technology Symposium, SPE 75502, Calgary (2002)
Juanes R., Spiteri E.J., Orr F.M. Jr., Blunt M.J.: Impact of relative permeability hysteresis on geological CO2 storage. Water Resur. Res. 42, W12418 (2006)
Juanes R., MacMinn C.W., Szulczewski M.L.: The footprint of the CO2 plume during carbon dioxide storage in saline aquifers; storage effciency for capillary trapping at the basin scale. Transp. Porous Med. 82, 19–30 (2010)
Kaviany M.: Principles of heat transfer in porous media, 2nd edn, pp. 491. Springer-Verlag, New York (1995)
Michael, K., Neal, P.R., Allinson, G., Ennis-King, J., Hou, W., Paterson, L., Sharma, S., Aiken, T.: Injection strategies for large-scale CO2 storage sites. International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Amsterdam (2010)
Perrin J.-C., Krause M., Kuo C.-W., Miljkovic L., Charoba E., Benson S.M.: Core-scale experimental study of relative permeability properties of CO2 and brine in reservoir rocks. Energy Procedia 1, 3515–3522 (2009)
Qi R., LaForce T.C., Blunt M.J.: Design of carbon dioxide storage in aquifers, Intern. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 3, 195–205 (2009)
Rasband, W.S.: ImageJ [Internet]. US National Institute of Health, Bethesda. http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/
Saadatpoor E., Bryant S.L., Sepehrnoori K.: New trapping mechanism in carbon sequestration. Transp. Porous Med. 82, 3–17 (2010)
Suekane T., NobusoT. Hirai S., Kiyota M.: Geological storage of carbon dioxide by residual gas and solubility trapping. Intern. J. Greenhouse Gas Control 2, 58–64 (2008)
Suekane T., Zhou N., Hosokawa T., Matsumoto T.: Direct observation of gas bubbles trapped in sandy porous media. Transp. Porous Med. 82, 111–122 (2010)
Wildenschild, D., Armstrong, R.T., Herring, A.L., Young, I.M., Carey, J.W.: Exploring capillary trapping efficiency as a function of interfacial tension, viscosity, and flow rate. International Conference on Greenhouse Gas Control Technologies, Amsterdam (2010)
Wyllie, M.R.J.: Relative permeablities. In: Petroleum production handbook 2, 25–1–25–14. McGraw-Hill, New York (1962)
Zhou N., Matsumoto T., Hosokawa T., Suekane T.: Pore-scale visualization of gas trapping in porous media by X-ray CT scanning. Flow Meas. Instrum. 21, 262–267 (2010)