Improvement of pellet quality with proteins recovered from whole fish using isoelectric solubilization-precipitation

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Contribution of feedstuff components, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 70, 59, 10.1016/S0377-8401(97)00072-2 Wood, 1987, The functional properties of feed raw materials and their effect on the production and quality of feed pellets, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 18, 1, 10.1016/0377-8401(87)90025-3 Lanier, 1986, Functional properties of surimi, Food Technol., 40, 107 Hultin, H. O., and S. D. Kelleher. 1999. Process for isolating a protein composition from a muscle source and protein composition. Advanced Protein Technologies Inc., Rockport, MA, assignee. US Pat. No. 6,005,073. Hultin, H. O., and S. D. Kelleher. 2000. High efficiency alkaline protein extraction. University of Massachusetts, Boston, assignee. US Pat. No. 6,136,959. Hultin, H. O., and S. D. Kelleher. 2001. Process for isolating a protein composition from a muscle source and protein composition. Advanced Protein Technology Inc., Ipswich, MA, assignee. US Pat. No. US 6,288,216 B1. Hultin, H. O., and S. D. Kelleher. 2002. Protein composition and process for isolating a protein composition from a muscle source. Advanced Protein Technologies Inc., Rockport MA, assignee. US Pat. No. US 6,451,975 B1. Kristinsson, 2006, Effect of pH-shift processing on atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulates) muscle proteins, J. Food Sci., 71, C304, 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00046.x Hultin, 2005, Process for recovery of functional proteins by pH shift, 107 Chen, 2007, Gelation of protein recovered from whole antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) by isoelectric solubilization/precipitation as affected by functional additives, J. Agric. Food Chem., 55, 1814, 10.1021/jf0629944 Hobart meat grinder (model 4146, Hobart Corp., Troy, OH). Trout mince was vacuum packaged in polyethylene bags using a Koch vacuum-packaging machine (Ultravacã, model UV500, Koch, Kansas City, MO). A processing flowchart for recovery of muscle protein from whole trout is shown in Figure 1. Cold (1°C) distilled and deionized water (ddH2 O) was added to partially frozen, ground whole trout at a 1:6 ratio (trout:water, wt/vol). Because of endogenous protease activity, the temperature during the entire processing to recover trout muscle protein was carefully controlled at 1 to 4°C. The homogenization-mixing was continued with a laboratory homogenizer (PowerGen 700, Fisher Scientific, Fairlawn, NJ) set at speed 3. The pH of the homogenate was adjusted to 11.0 ± 0.05 with 10 N NaOH to solubilize trout proteins. The pH meter (model AB15, Fisher Scientific) was calibrated frequently to ensure accurate readings during experiments. Once the desired pH was obtained, the solubilization reaction was allowed to proceed for 10 min, followed by centrifugation (Sorvall RC-5B Refrigerated Superspeed, Kendro Laboratory Products, Newton, CT) at 10,000 × g for 10 min. The supernatant was collected, and the pH was adjusted to 5.50 ± 0.05 by 10 N HCl to isoelectrically precipitate trout proteins. Once the desired pH was obtained, the precipitation reaction was allowed to proceed for 10 min. The precipitated protein was centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min to remove the free water. Recovered trout proteins were mixed with a cryoprotectant mixture of 4% crystalline dihydrate trehalose (Cargill Inc., Wayzata, MN), 4% d-sorbitol (Sigma Aldrich Inc., St. Louis, MO), and 0.3% phosphate (Kena FP-28, Innophos, Cranbury, NJ) (cryoprotectant:TPI, wt/wt) in a benchtop mixer (Sunbeam Mixmaster model 2350, Sunbeam Products Inc., Boca Raton, FL). Muscle proteins were extracted with 2.5% NaCl (wt/wt), followed by addition of functional additives, consisting of 4% potato starch (Penbind 1000 modified potato starch, Penford Food Ingredients Corp., Centennial, CO), 1% spray-dried beef plasma protein (Proliant Inc., Ankeny, IA), 1% microbial transglutaminase (Avtiva RM, Ajinomoto USA Inc., Teaneck, NJ), and 0.3% phosphate. Functional additives were incorporated as a percentage of the final weight. AOAC, 2006 McNab, 1988, Modified assay for true and apparent metabolisable energy based on tube feeding, Br. Poult. Sci., 29, 697, 10.1080/00071668808417098 AOAC, 1990 Cobb 500 Broiler Performance and Nutrition Supplement, Cobb-Vantress Inc., Siloam Springs, AR. Richardson, 1976, Effect of varying levels of added fat in broiler diets on pellet quality, Feedstuffs, 48, 24 Salmon, 1985, Effects of pelleting, added sodium bentonite and fat in a wheat-based diet on performance and carcass characteristics of small white turkeys, Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 12, 223, 10.1016/0377-8401(85)90016-1 Weigh-tronix stationary feed mill SFM-2000 (integrated hammer mill, scale, microingredient mixer); 15-horsepower horizontal shaft hammer mill (4 screens: 1/8, 3/16, 1/4, and 5/16 in.); 2,000-lb capacity single-screw vertical mixer in series with a pellet mill; 250-lb horizontal ribbon mixer; CPM 2288A master model pellet mill; 40-horsepower main drive motor; 12 in. diameter, 3/16 × 1.77 in. die. Moisture was added at a rate of 22 L/h (determined by adding a known volume of water to the sprayer and timing the evacuation) using a 2-gal (7.57-L) compression sprayer. A 4.25-ft length, 1.02-ft diameter short-term California pellet mill conditioner (3 steam inlet ports), 429 rpm shaft speed; 21 picks; 10-s feed retention time. Powerlogic power meters attached to the 3-phase leads of the pellet mill main drive and conditioner motor (Square D), Palatine, IL. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1997. ASAE S269.4: Cubes, pellets, and crumbles—Definitions and methods for determining density, durability, and moisture. ASAE Standards 1997. Am. Soc. Agric. Eng., St. Joseph, MI. Because of the use of a 3/16 × 1.77 in. die, pellets were sifted in a no. 6 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) screen. A 500-g quantity of sifted pellets was placed in a dust-tight enclosure and tumbled for 10 min at 50 rpm. The enclosure was of the dimensions 12 × 12 in., with a 2 × 9 in. plate affixed diagonally along one of the 12 × 12 in. sides. The tumbled samples were then sifted again (no. 6 ASTM) and weighed. The PDI was calculated by dividing the weight of pellets after tumbling by the weight of pellets before tumbling, and then multiplying by 100. The MPDI was determined in a similar manner, with the exception of adding five 13-mm hex nuts to the pretumbled sample to obtain added pellet agitation. 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