Improvement of enzyme activity, stability and selectivity via immobilization techniques

Koeller, 2001, Enzymes for chemical synthesis, Nature, 409, 232, 10.1038/35051706

Wong, 1994

Bickerstaff, 1997, vol. 1

Chibata, 1986, Biocatalysis: immobilized cells and enzymes, J Mol Catal, 37, 1, 10.1016/0304-5102(86)85134-3

Hartmeier, 1985, Immobilized biocatalysts-from simple to complex systems, TIBTECH, 3, 149, 10.1016/0167-7799(85)90104-0

Katchalski-Katzir, 1993, Immobilized enzymes: learning from past successes and failures, Trends Biotechnol, 11, 471, 10.1016/0167-7799(93)90080-S

Cheetham, 1993, The use of biotransformations for the production of flavours and fragrances, Trends Biotechnol, 11, 478, 10.1016/0167-7799(93)90081-J

Gupta, 1991, Thermostabilization of proteins, Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 14, 1

Klibanov, 1983, Approaches to enzyme stabilization, Biochem Soc Trans, 11, 19, 10.1042/bst0110019

Klibanov, 1982, Stabilisation of enzymes against thermal inactivation, Adv Appl Microbiol, 29, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70352-6

Klibanov, 1979, Enzyme stabilization by immobilization, Anal Biochem, 93, 1, 10.1016/S0003-2697(79)80110-4

Gianfreda, 1991, Enzyme stabilisation: state of the art, Mol Cell Biochem, 109, 97

Mozhaev, 1983, Operational stability of copolymerized enzymes at elevated temperatures, Biotechnol Bioeng, 25, 1937, 10.1002/bit.260250804

Martinek, 1977, The principles of enzyme stabilisation. I. Increase in thermostability of enzymes covalently bound to a complementary surface of a polymer support in a multi-point fashion, Biochim Biophys Acta, 485, 1, 10.1016/0005-2744(77)90188-7

Mozhaev, 1990, Strategy for stabilising enzymes. I. Increasing stability of enzymes via their multipoint interaction with a support, Biocatalysis, 3, 179, 10.3109/10242429008992060

Nanalov, 1993, Immobilisation and properties of Bacillus stearothermophilus pullalanase, Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 18, 409

Desmukh, 1993, Preparation and properties of glucose isomerase immobilised on Indon 48-R, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 42, 95, 10.1007/BF02788045

Roddy, 1993, Immobilised nucleases, Crit Rev Biotechnol, 13, 255, 10.3109/07388559309041320

Bommarius, 2005, Deactivation of formate dehydrogenase (FDH) in solution and at gas–liquid interfaces, Biotechnol Prog, 21, 1663, 10.1021/bp050249q

Caussette, 1998, Enzyme inactivation by inert gas bubbling, Proc Biotechnol, 15, 393, 10.1016/S0921-0423(98)80057-9

Caussette, 1999, Lysozyme inactivation by inert gas bubbling: kinetics in a bubble column reactor, Enzyme Microb Technol, 24, 412, 10.1016/S0141-0229(98)00151-3

Colombie, 2001, Lysoenzyme inactivation and aggregation in stirred-reactor, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 11, 559, 10.1016/S1381-1177(00)00044-8

Bes, 1995, Selective enzymetic oxidations: stabilization by multipoint covalent attachment of ferredoxin NAD-reductase—an interesting cofactor recycling enzyme, J Mol Catal, 98, 161, 10.1016/1381-1169(95)00019-4

Bolivar, 2006, Stabilization of a formate dehydrogenase by covalent immobilization on highly activated glyoxyl-agarose supports, Biomacromolecules, 7, 669, 10.1021/bm050947z

Tsang, 2006, Silica-encapsulated nanomagnetic particle as a new recoverable biocatalyst carrier, J Phys Chem B, 110, 16914, 10.1021/jp062275s

Zeng, 2006, Preparation and characterization of dendritic composite magnetic particles as a novel enzyme immobilization carrier, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 38, 24, 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.10.007

Qiu, 2005, Alpha-amylase immobilized by Fe3O4 poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) magnetic composite microspheres: preparation and characterization, J Appl Polym Sci, 95, 328, 10.1002/app.21239

Betancor, 2005, Dextran aldehyde coating of glucose oxidase immobilized on magnetic nanoparticles prevents its inactivation by gas bubbles, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 32, 97, 10.1016/j.molcatb.2004.11.003

Pedroche, 2007, Effect of the support and experimental conditions in the intensity of the multipoint covalent attachment of proteins on glyoxyl-agarose supports. Correlation between enzyme–support linkages and thermal stability, Enzyme Microb Technol., 40, 1161, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.08.023

Mateo, 2006, Glyoxyl-agarose: a fully inert hydrophilic support for immobilization and high stabilization of proteins, Enzyme Microb Technol, 39, 274, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.10.014

Katchalski-Katzir, 2000, Eupergit® C, a carrier for immobilization of enzymes of industrial potential., J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 10, 157, 10.1016/S1381-1177(00)00124-7

Grazú, 2006, Glyoxyl agarose as a new chromatographic matrix, Enzyme Microb Technol, 38, 960, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.08.034

Mateo, 2005, Some special features of glyoxyl supports to immobilize proteins, Enzyme Microb Technol, 37, 456, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.03.020

Betancor, 2006, Preparation of a very stable immobilized biocatalyst of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger, J Biotechnol, 121, 284, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.07.014

López-Gallego, 2005, Preparation of a robust biocatalyst of d-amino acid oxidase on sepabeads supports using the glutaraldehyde crosslinking method, Enzyme Microb Technol, 37, 750, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.04.016

Alonso, 2005, Immobilization and stabilization of glutaryl acylase on aminated sepabeads supports by the glutaraldehyde crosslinking method, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 35, 57, 10.1016/j.molcatb.2005.05.007

Migneault, 2004, Glutaraldehyde: behavior in aqueous solution, reaction with proteins, and application to enzyme crosslinking, Biotechniques, 37, 790, 10.2144/04375RV01

Betancor, 2006, Different mechanisms of protein immobilization on glutaraldehyde activated supports: effect of support activation and immobilization conditions, Enzyme Microb Technol, 39, 877, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.01.014

Migneault, 2004, Comparison of two glutaraldehyde immobilization techniques for solid-phase tryptic peptide mapping of human hemoglobin by capillary zone electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, Electrophoresis, 25, 1367, 10.1002/elps.200305861

López-Gallego, 2005, Enzyme stabilization by glutaraldehyde crosslinking of adsorbed proteins on aminated supports, J Biotechnol, 119, 70, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.05.021

Blanco, 1988, Immobilization-stabilization of enzymes. Variables that control the intensity of the trypsin (amine)-agarose (aldehyde) multi-point covalent attachment, Enzyme Microb Technol, 11, 353, 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90019-7

Alvaro, 1990, Immobilization-stabilization of penicillin G acylase from E. coli, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 26, 210, 10.1007/BF02921533

Guisán, 1993, Stabilization of a heterodymeric enzyme by multi-point covalent immobilization: Penicillin G acyase from Kluyvera citrophila, Biotechnol Bioeng, 42, 455, 10.1002/bit.260420408

Blanco, 1988, Stabilization of enzymes by multipoint covalent attachment to agarose-aldehyde gels. Borohydre reduction of trypsin-agarose derivatives, Enzyme Microb Technol, 11, 360, 10.1016/0141-0229(89)90020-3

Guisán, 1991, Immobilization–stabilization of chymotrypsin by covalent attachment to aldehyde agarose gels, Biotechnol Bioeng, 39, 75

Tardioli, 2003, Hydrolysis of proteins by immobilized-stabilized Alcalase®-Glyoxyl agarose, Biotechnol Prog, 19, 352, 10.1021/bp025588n

Tardioli, 2003, Design of new immobilized-stabilized carboxypeptidase A derivative for production of aromatic free hydrolysates of proteins, Biotechnol Prog, 19, 565, 10.1021/bp0256364

Pedroche, 2002, Stabilization–immobilization of carboxypeptidase a to aldehyde–agarose gels. A practical example in the hydrolysis of casein, Enzyme Microb Technol, 31, 711, 10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00170-9

Fernández-Lafuente, 1995, Hyperstabilization of a thermophilic esterase by multipoint covalent attachment, Enzyme Microb Technol, 17, 366, 10.1016/0141-0229(94)00089-1

Guisán, 1997, Immobilization–stabilization of thermolysin onto activated agarose gels, Biocatal Biotrans, 15, 159, 10.3109/10242429709103507

Betancor, 2003, The use of physicochemical tools to solve enzyme stability problems alters the choice of the optimal enzyme: stabilization of d-aminoacid oxidase, Biotechnol Prog, 19, 784, 10.1021/bp025761f

Betancor, 2003, Preparation of an stable biocatalyst of bovine liver catalase, Biotechnol Prog, 19, 763, 10.1021/bp025785m

Hidalgo, 2003, Design of an immobilized preparation of catalase from Thermus thermophilus to be used in a wide range of conditions: structural stabilization of a multimeric enzyme, Enzyme Microb Technol, 33, 278, 10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00129-7

Otero, 1991, Immobilization/stabilization of lipase from Candida rugosa, Appl Biochem Biotechnol, 19, 163, 10.1007/BF02921481

Suh, 2003, Enzymatic cleavage of fusion protein using immobilized urokinase covalently conjugated to glyoxyl-agarose, Biotechnol Appl Biochem, 37, 149, 10.1042/BA20020049

Toogood, 2002, Immobilisation of the thermostable l-aminoacylase from Thermus litotaralis to generate a Reusable Industrial Biocatalyst, Biocatal Biotrans, 20, 241, 10.1080/10242420290029472

Ichikawa, 2002, Immobilization and stabilization of chitosanase by multipoint attachment to agar gel support, J Biosci Bioeng, 93, 201, 10.1263/jbb.93.201

Chang, 2005, Covalent immobilization and solid-phase refolding of enterokinase for fusion protein cleavage, Proc Biochem, 40, 1755, 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.050

Kuroiwa, 2005, Immobilization and stabilization of pullulanase from Klebsiella pneumoniae by a multipoint attachment method using activated agar gel supports, Proc Biochem, 40, 2637, 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.10.002

Rocchietti, 2004, Immobilization and stabilization of recombinant multimeric uridine and purine nucleoside phosphorylases from Bacillus subtilis, Biomacromolecules, 5, 2195, 10.1021/bm049765f

López-Gallego, 2004, Optimization of an industrial biocatalyst of glutaryl acylase: stabilization of the enzyme by multipoint covalent attachment onto new amino-epoxy Sepabeads, J Biotechnol, 111, 219, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.04.006

Mateo, 2004, Immobilization of lactase from Kluyveromyces lactis greatly reduces the inhibition promoted by glucose. Full hydrolysis of lactose in milk, Biotechnol Prog, 20, 1259, 10.1021/bp049957m

Fernandez-Lafuente, 2000, Immobilization of functionally unstable catechol-2,3-dioxygenase greatly improves operational stability, Enzyme Microb Technol, 26, 568, 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00144-7

Tardioli, 2006, Characterization of Thermoanaerobacter cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase immobilized on glyoxyl-agarose, Enzyme Microb Technol, 39, 1270, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.03.011

Megias, 2006, Immobilization of angiotensin-converting enzyme on glyoxyl-agarose, J Agric Food Chem, 54, 4641, 10.1021/jf0606860

Suau, 2005, Immobilization of fuculose-1-phosphate aldolase from Escherichia coli to glyoxal-agarose gels by multipoint covalent attachment, Biocatal Biotrans, 23, 241, 10.1080/10242420500208720

Suh, 2005, Covalent immobilization and solid-phase refolding of enterokinase for fusion protein cleavage, Proc Biochem, 40, 1755, 10.1016/j.procbio.2004.06.050

Bolivar, 2006, Improvement of the stability of alcohol dehydrogenase by covalent immobilization on glyoxyl-agarose, J Biotechnol, 125, 85, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.01.028

Ferrarotti, 2006, Immobilization and stabilization of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase by covalent attachment on highly activated glyoxyl-agarose supports, Biotechnol Prog, 22, 1140, 10.1021/bp0600740

Bolivar, 2007, Evaluation of different immobilization strategies to prepare an industrial biocatalyst of formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii, Enzyme Microb Technol, 40, 540, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.05.009

Bayramoglu, 2004, Immobilization of a thermostable alpha-amylase onto reactive membranes: kinetics characterization and application to continuous starch hydrolysis, Food Chem, 84, 591, 10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00283-8

Akgol, 2002, Poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) reactive membrane utilised for cholesterol oxidase immobilisation, Polym Int, 51, 1316, 10.1002/pi.875

Pasta, 2004, Acetyl esterase from Mediterranean oranges: partial purification, immobilisation and biotransformations, Biocatal Biotrans, 22, 221, 10.1080/10242420410001697089

Anthonsen, 1999, Phospholipids hydrolysis in organic solvents catalysed by immobilised phospholipase C, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 6, 125, 10.1016/S1381-1177(98)00141-6

Gómez De Segura, 2004, Immobilization of dextransucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-512F on Eupergit C supports, Biotechnol Prog, 20, 1414, 10.1021/bp0400083

Keller, 1987, Production of 5′-ribonucleotides using immobilized 5′-phospho-diesterase, Methods Enzymol, 136, 517, 10.1016/S0076-6879(87)36049-5

Seip, 1994, Glyoxylic acid purification using immobilized glycolate oxidase and catalase, Bioorg Med Chem, 2, 371, 10.1016/0968-0896(94)80003-0

Danisman, 2004, Covalent immobilization of invertase on microporous pHEMA-GMA membrane, Food Chem, 85, 461, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2003.07.015

Saudagar, 2004, Curdlan as a support matrix for immobilization of enzyme, Carbohydr Polym, 56, 483, 10.1016/j.carbpol.2004.03.015

Ragnitz, 2001, Immobilization of the hydantoin cleaving enzymes from Arthrobacter aurescens DSM 3747, J Biotechnol, 92, 179, 10.1016/S0168-1656(01)00358-3

Zuffi, 2004, Immobilized biocatalysts for the production of nucleosides and nucleoside analogues by enzymatic transglycosylation reactions, Biocatal Biotrans, 22, 221, 10.1080/10242420310001648551

Hublik, 2000, Characterization and immobilization of the laccase from Pleurotus ostreatus and its use for the continuous elimination of phenolic pollutants, Enzyme Microb Technol, 27, 330, 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00220-9

Martin, 2003, Immobilization on Eupergit C of cyclodextrin glucosyltransferase (CGTase) and properties of the immobilized biocatalyst, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 21, 299, 10.1016/S1381-1177(02)00264-3

Mateo, 2000, Increase in conformational stability of enzymes immobilized on epoxy-activated supports by favoring additional multipoint covalent attachment, Enzyme Microb Technol, 26, 509, 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00188-X

Mateo, 2002, Epoxy Sepabeads: a novel epoxy support for stabilization of industrial enzymes via very intense multipoint covalent attachment, Biotechnol Prog, 18, 629, 10.1021/bp010171n

Pessela, 2004, Stabilization of a multimeric β-galactosidase from Thermus sp. strain t2 by immobilization on novel hetero-functional epoxy supports plus aldehyde-dextran cross-linking, Biotechnol Prog, 20, 388, 10.1021/bp034183f

Poltorak, 1998, Dissociative thermal inactivation, stability, and activity of oligomeric enzymes, Biochemistry (Moscow), 63, 303

Fernández-Lafuente, 1999, Stabilization of multimeric enzymes via immobilization and post-immobilization techniques, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 7, 181, 10.1016/S1381-1177(99)00028-4

Fernández-Lafuente, 2001, Biotransformations catalyzed by multimeric enzymes: stabilization of tetrameric ampicillin acylase permits the optimization of ampicillin synthesis under dissociation conditions, Biomacromolecules, 2, 95, 10.1021/bm000072i

Balcão, 2001, Structural and functional stabilization of l-asparaginase via multisubunit immobilization onto highly activated supports, Biotechnol Prog, 17, 537, 10.1021/bp000163r

Lopez-Gallego, 2007, Stabilization of different alcohol oxidases via immobilization and post-immobilization techniques, Enzyme Microb Technol, 40, 278, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.04.021

Haring, 1999, Cross-linked enzyme crystals, Curr Opin Chem Biol, 3, 35, 10.1016/S1367-5931(99)80007-6

Cao, 2000, Cross-linked enzyme aggregates: a simple and effective method for the immobilization of penicillin acylase, Org Lett, 2, 1361, 10.1021/ol005593x

Wilson, 2004, Crosslinked aggregates of multimeric enzymes: a simple and efficient methodology to stabilize their quaternary structure, Biomacromolecules, 5, 814, 10.1021/bm034528i

Brady, 1990, A serine protease triad forms the catalytic center of a triacylflycerol lipase, Nature, 343, 767, 10.1038/343767a0

Brzozowski, 1991, A model for interfacial activation in lipases from the structure of a fungal lipase-inhibitor complex, Nature, 351, 491, 10.1038/351491a0

Derewenda, 1992, Catalysis at the interface: the anatomy of a conformational change in a triglyceride lipase, Biochemistry, 31, 1532, 10.1021/bi00120a034

Derewenda, 1992, The crystal and molecular structure of the Rhizomucor miehei triacylglyceride lipase at 1.9 A resolution, J Mol Biol, 227, 818, 10.1016/0022-2836(92)90225-9

Fernández-Lafuente, 1998, Immobilization of lipases by selective adsorption on hydrophobic supports, Chem Phys Lipids, 93, 185, 10.1016/S0009-3084(98)00042-5

Reetz, 1997, Entrapment of biocatalysts in hydrophobic sol–gel materials for use in organic chemistry, Adv Mater, 9, 943, 10.1002/adma.19970091203

Mingarro, 1995, Interfacial activation-based molecular bioimprinting of lipolytic enzymes, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 92, 3308, 10.1073/pnas.92.8.3308

Mine, 2003, Enhanced enzyme activity and enantioselectivity of lipases in organic solvents by crown ethers and cyclodextrins, J Biosci Bioeng, 95, 441, 10.1016/S1389-1723(03)80042-7

Yilmaz, 2002, Improving the application of microbial lipase by bio-imprinting at substrate-interfaces, World J Microb Biotechnol, 18, 37, 10.1023/A:1013917611796

González-Navarro, 2001, The closed/open model for lipase activation. Addressing intermediate active forms of fungal enzymes by trapping of conformers in water-restricted environments, Biochemistry, 40, 3174, 10.1021/bi002202d

López-Serrano, 2002, Cross-linked enzyme aggregates with enhanced activity: application to lipases, Biotechnol Lett, 24, 1379, 10.1023/A:1019863314646

Fernandez-Lorente, 2006, Glutaraldehyde crosslinking in the presence of detergents of lipases adsorbed on aminated supports: improving lipases performance, Biomacromolecules, 7, 2610, 10.1021/bm060408+

May, 2000, Inverting enantioselectivity by directed evolution of hydantoinase for improved production of l-methionine, Nature Biotechnol, 18, 317, 10.1038/73773

Cirino, 2002, Protein engineering of oxygenases for biocatalysis, Curr Opin Chem Biol, 6, 130, 10.1016/S1367-5931(02)00305-8

Reetz, 2002, Directed evolution of selective enzymes and hybrid catalysts, Tetrahedron, 58, 6595, 10.1016/S0040-4020(02)00668-3

Bornscheuer, 2000, Improved biocatalysts by directed evolution and rational protein design, Curr Opin Chem Biol, 5, 137, 10.1016/S1367-5931(00)00182-4

Palomo, 2005, Synthesis of enantiomerically pure glycidol via a fully enantioselective lipase-catalyzed resolution, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 16, 869, 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.12.027

Palomo, 2004, Enzymatic resolution of (±)-glycidyl butyrate in aqueous media. Strong modulation of the properties of the lipase from Rhizopus oryzae via immobilization techniques, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 15, 1157, 10.1016/j.tetasy.2004.03.003

Palomo, 2002, Modulation of the enantioselectivity of Candida antarctica B lipase via conformational engineering: kinetic resolution of (±)-α-hydroxy-phenylacetic acid derivatives, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 13, 1337, 10.1016/S0957-4166(02)00325-7

Palomo, 2002, Modulation of the enantioselectivity of lipases via controlled immobilization and medium engineering: hydrolytic resolution of Mandelic acid esters, Enzyme Microb Technol, 31, 775, 10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00169-2

Palomo, 2003, Evaluation of the lipase from Bacillus thermocatenulatus as an enantioselective biocatalyst, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 14, 3679, 10.1016/j.tetasy.2003.10.010

Palomo, 2002, Enzymatic resolution of (±)-trans-4-(4′-fluorophenyl)-6-oxopiperidin-3-ethyl carboxylate, intermediate in synthesis of (−)-Paroxetine, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 13, 2375, 10.1016/S0957-4166(02)00645-6

Palomo, 2003, Modulation of Mucor miehei lipase properties via directed immobilization on different hetero-functional epoxy resins. Hydrolytic resolution of (RS)-2-butyroyl-2-phenylacetic acid, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 21, 201, 10.1016/S1381-1177(02)00224-2

Palomo, 2003, Chiral resolution of (±)-5-substituted-6-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-7-oxo-5,6-dihydropyrrolo[3,4b]pyrazine derivatives-precursors of (S)-(+)-Zopiclone, catalyzed by immobilized Candida antarctica B lipase in aqueous media, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry, 14, 429, 10.1016/S0957-4166(02)00867-4

Palomo, 2006, Unusual enzymatic resolution of (±)-glycidyl-butyrate for the production of (S)-glycidyl derivatives, Enzyme Microb Technol, 38, 429, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2005.06.020

Palomo, 2007, Glutaraldehyde modification of lipases adsorbed on aminated supports: a simple way to improve their behaviour as enantioselective biocatalyst, Enzyme Microb Technol, 40, 704, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.05.026

Li, 2006, Arthrobacter sp. lipase immobilization for improvement in stability and enantioselectivity, Appl Microbiol Biotechnol, 73, 598, 10.1007/s00253-006-0520-5

Chaubey, 2006, Enantioselectivity modulation through immobilization of Arthrobacter sp. lipase: kinetic resolution of fluoxetine intermediate, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 42, 39, 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.06.011

Nakamura, 2006, Enhancement of activity of lipase-displaying yeast cells and their application to optical resolution of (R,S)-1-benzyloxy-3-chloro-2-propyl monosuccinate, Biotechnol Prog, 22, 998, 10.1021/bp060136m

Yu, 2004, Enhanced activity and enantioselectivity of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized on macroporous adsorptive resins for ibuprofen resolution, Biotechnol Lett, 26, 629, 10.1023/B:BILE.0000023020.12576.1e

Turner, 2003, Controlling chirality, Curr Opin Biotechnol, 14, 401, 10.1016/S0958-1669(03)00093-4

Bornscheuer, 2003, Immobilizing enzymes: how to create more suitable biocatalysts, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 42, 3336, 10.1002/anie.200301664

Sakai, 2003, Enhancement of the efficiency of the low temperature method for kinetic resolution of primary alcohols by optimizing the organic bridges in porous ceramic-immobilized lipase, Bull Chem Soc Jpn, 76, 1441, 10.1246/bcsj.76.1441

Sabbani, 2006, The enantioselectivity of Candida rugosa lipase is influenced by the particle size of the immobilising support material Accurel, J Mol Catal B: Enzym, 42, 1, 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.05.003

Cao, 2005, Immobilised enzymes: science or art?, Curr Opin Chem Biol, 9, 217, 10.1016/j.cbpa.2005.02.014

Torres, 2006, Improvement of the enantioselectivity of lipase (fraction B) from Candida antarctica via adsorption on polyethylenimine-agarose under different experimental conditions, Enzyme Microb Technol, 39, 167, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.03.025

McVey, 2001, Crystal structures of penicillin acylase enzyme–substrate complexes: structural insights into the catalytic mechanism, J Mol Biol, 313, 139, 10.1006/jmbi.2001.5043

Terreni, 2001, Modulation of penicillin acylase properties via immobilization techniques: one-pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of cephamandole from Cephalosporin C, Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 18, 2429, 10.1016/S0960-894X(01)00463-2

Fernández-Lafuente, 1998, The presence of methanol exerts a strong and complex modulation of the synthesis of different antibiotics by immobilized penicillin G acylase, Enzyme Microb Technol, 23, 305, 10.1016/S0141-0229(98)00053-2

Rocchietti, 2002, Influence of the enzyme derivative preparation and reaction conditions on the enantioselectivity of Penicillin G Acylase, Enzyme Microb Technol, 31, 88, 10.1016/S0141-0229(02)00070-4

Pessela, 2007, Modulation of the catalytic properties of multimeric enzymes by using different immobilization protocols. Application to the synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharides catalyzed by beta-galactosidase from E. coli, Enzyme Microb Technol, 40, 310, 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.04.015

Fernández-Lorente, 2001, Modulation of lipase properties in macro-aqueous systems by controlled enzyme immobilisation: enantioselective hydrolysis of a chiral ester by immobilised Pseudomonas lipase, Enzyme Microb Technol, 28, 389, 10.1016/S0141-0229(00)00324-0

Brandt, 2006, Immobilization of enzymes in microtiter plate scale, Biotechnol J, 1, 582, 10.1002/biot.200600031

Gekas, 1985, Hydrolysis of lactose: a literature review, Proc Biochem, 20, 2

Portaccio, 1998, Galactose competitive inhibition of β-galactosidase (Aspergillus oryzae) immobilized on chitosan and nylon supports, Enzyme Microb Technol, 23, 101, 10.1016/S0141-0229(98)00018-0

Fernández-Lafuente, 1999, Facile synthesis of artificial enzyme nano-environments via solid-phase chemistry of immobilized derivatives dramatic stabilization of penicillin acylase versus organic solvents, Enzyme Microb Technol, 24, 96, 10.1016/S0141-0229(98)00102-1

Wilson, 2004, Co-aggregation of penicillin G acylase and polyionic polymers: a simple methodology to prepare enzyme biocatalysts stable in organic media, Biomacromolecules, 5, 852, 10.1021/bm0343895

Wilson, 2004, Encapsulation of cross-linked penicillin G acylase aggregates in LentiKats®. Evaluation of a novel biocatalyst in organic media, Biotechnol Bioeng, 86, 558, 10.1002/bit.20107

Mateo, 2004, Immobilization of lactase from Kluyveromyces lactis greatly reduces the inhibition promoted by glucose. Full hydrolysis of lactose in milk, Biotechnol Prog, 20, 1259, 10.1021/bp049957m

Pessela, 2003, The immobilization of a thermophilic beta-galactosidase on Sepabeads supports promotes the reduction of product inhibition. Full enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose in dairy products, Enzyme Microb Technol, 33, 199, 10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00120-0

Deng, 2006, Directed evolution and characterization of Escherichia coli glucosamine synthase, Biochimie, 88, 419, 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.10.002

Ó’Fágáin, 2003, Enzyme stabilization—recent experimental progress, Enzyme Microb Technol, 33, 137, 10.1016/S0141-0229(03)00160-1

Fuentes, 2004, Determination of protein–protein interactions through aldehyde-dextran intermolecular cross-linking, Proteomics, 4, 2602, 10.1002/pmic.200300766

Scandurra, 1998, Protein thermostability in extremophiles, Biochimie, 80, 933, 10.1016/S0300-9084(00)88890-2

Gershenson, 2000, Enzyme stabilization by directed evolution, Gen Eng, 22, 55, 10.1007/978-1-4615-4199-8_5

Bocola, 2004, Learning from directed evolution: theoretical investigations into cooperative mutations in lipase enantioselectivity, ChemBioChem, 5, 214, 10.1002/cbic.200300731

Sylvestre, 2006, Directed evolution of biocatalysts, Org Proc Res Dev, 10, 562, 10.1021/op050243h

Hibbert, 2005, Directed evolution of biocatalytic processes, Biomol Eng, 22, 11, 10.1016/j.bioeng.2004.09.003

Tishkov, 2006, Protein engineering of formate dehydrogenase, Biomol Eng, 3, 89, 10.1016/j.bioeng.2006.02.003

Abian, 2004, Stabilization of Penicillin G Acylase from Escherichia coli: site directed mutagenesis of the protein surface to increase multipoint covalent attachment, Appl Environ Microbiol, 70, 1249, 10.1128/AEM.70.2.1249-1251.2004

López-Gallego, 2005, Chemical increase of the amount of reactive groups on enzyme surface to improve its stabilization via multipoint covalent attachment, J Biotechnol, 116, 1, 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.09.015

Montes, 2006, Chemical modification of the protein surfaces to improve their reversible enzyme immobilization on ionic exchangers, Biomacromolecules, 6, 3052, 10.1021/bm060527p

Montes, 2007, Genetic modification of the protein surface to improve its reversible enzyme immobilization on ionic exchangers, Appl Environ Microbiol, 73, 312, 10.1128/AEM.02107-06

Ansorge-Schumacher, 2006, Directed evolution of formate dehydrogenase from Candida boidinii for improved stability during entrapment in polyacrylamide, FEBS J, 273, 3938, 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2006.05395.x