Imprinting mechanisms in mammals

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the mouse H19 gene, Nature, 362, 751, 10.1038/362751a0 Bartolomei, 1993, Epigenetic mechanisms underlying the imprinting of the mouse H19 gene, Genes Dev, 7, 1663, 10.1101/gad.7.9.1663 Zhang, 1993, Imprinting of human H19 allele specific CpG methylation, loss of the active allele in Wilms tumor and potential for somatic allele switching, Am J Hum Genet, 53, 113 Jinno, 1996, Mouse/human sequence divergence in a region with a paternal-specific methylation imprint at the human H19 locus, Hum Mol Genet, 5, 1155, 10.1093/hmg/5.8.1155 Norris, 1994, Evidence that random and imprinted Xist expression is controlled by preemptive methylation, Cell, 77, 41, 10.1016/0092-8674(94)90233-X Hatada, 1993, A new imprinted gene cloned by a methylation-sensitive genome scanning method, Nucleic Acids Res, 21, 5577, 10.1093/nar/21.24.5577 Smrzka, 1995, Conservation of a maternal-specific methylation signal at the human IGF2R locus, Hum Mol Genet, 4, 1945, 10.1093/hmg/4.10.1945 Hayashizaki, 1994, Identification of an imprinted U2af binding protein related sequence on mouse chromosome 11 using the RLGS method, Nat Genet, 6, 33, 10.1038/ng0194-33 Feil, 1997, Parental chromosome-specific chromatin conformation in the imprinted U2af1-rs1 gene in the mouse, J Biol Chem, 272, 20893, 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20893 Wevrick, 1997, An imprinted mouse transcript homologous to the human imprinted in Prader-Willi syndrome (IPW) gene, Hum Mol Genet, 6, 325, 10.1093/hmg/6.2.325 Lefebvre, 1997, Genomic structure and parent of origin specific methylation of Peg1, Hum Molec Genet, 6, 1907, 10.1093/hmg/6.11.1907 Kobayashi, 1997, Human PEG1/MEST, an imprinted gene on chromosome 7, Hum Mol Genet, 6, 781, 10.1093/hmg/6.5.781 Riesewijk, 1997, Monoallelic expression of human PEG1/MEST is paralleled by parent-specific methylation in fetuses, Genomics, 42, 236, 10.1006/geno.1997.4731 Nishita, 1996, Genomic imprinting and chromosomal localization of the human Mest gene, Genomics, 36, 539, 10.1006/geno.1996.0502 Shemer, 1996, Establishment of imprinted methylation patterns during development, 215 Stoger, 1993, Maternal-specific methylation of the imprinted mouse Igf2r locus identifies the expressed locus as carrying the imprinting signal, Cell, 73, 61, 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90160-R Riesewijk, 1996, Maternal-specific methylation of the human IGF2R gene is not accompanied by allele specific transcription, Genomics, 31, 158, 10.1006/geno.1996.0027 Sasaki, 1992, Parental imprinting: potentially active chromatin of the repressed maternal allele of the mouse insulin-like growth factor II (Igf2) gene, Genes Dev, 6, 1843, 10.1101/gad.6.10.1843 Feil, 1994, Developmental control of allelic methylation in the imprinted mouse Igf2 and H19 genes, Development, 120, 2933, 10.1242/dev.120.10.2933 Moore, 1997, Multiple imprinted sense and antisense transcripts, differential methylation and tandem repeats in a putative imprinting control region upstream of mouse Igf2, Proc Natl Acad Sci 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paternal-specific methylation imprint marks the alleles of the mouse H19 gene, Nat Genet, 9, 407, 10.1038/ng0495-407 Tremblay, 1997, A 5′ 2-kilobase-pair region of the imprinted mouse H19 gene exhibits exclusive paternal methylation throughout development, Mol Cell Biol, 17, 4322, 10.1128/MCB.17.8.4322 Olek, 1997, The pre-implantation ontogeny of the H19 methylation imprint, Nat Genet, 17, 275, 10.1038/ng1197-275 Hatada, 1995, Allele-specific methylation and expression of an imprinted U2af1-rs1 (SP2) gene, Nucleic Acids Res, 23, 36, 10.1093/nar/23.1.36 Shibata, 1997, An oocyte-specific methylation imprint center in the mouse U2afbp-rs/Usaf1-rs1 gene marks the establishment of allele-specific methylation during preimplantation development, Genomics, 2, 171, 10.1006/geno.1997.4877 Zuccotti, 1995, Methylation of the mouse Xist gene in sperm and eggs correlates with imprinted Xist expression and paternal X-inactivation, Nat Genet, 9, 316, 10.1038/ng0395-316 Ariel, 1995, Gamete-specific methylation correlates with imprinting of the murine Xist gene, Nat Genet, 9, 312, 10.1038/ng0395-312 Lyko, 1997, An imprinting element from the mouse H19 locus functions as a silencer in Drosophila, Nat Genet, 16, 171, 10.1038/ng0697-171 Szabo, 1996, Maternal and paternal genomes function independently in mouse ova in establishing expression of the imprinted genes Snrpn and Igf2r - no evidence for allelic transensing and counting mechanisms, EMBO J, 15, 18, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00990.x Tucker, 1996, Germline passage is required for establishment of methylation and expression patterns of imprinted but not of nonimprinted genes, Genes Dev, 10, 1008, 10.1101/gad.10.8.1008 Chaillet, 1995, Regulation of genomic imprinting by gametic and embryonic processes, Genes Dev, 9, 1177, 10.1101/gad.9.10.1177 Hatada, 1997, Aberrant methylation of an imprinted gene U2af1-rs1(SP2) caused by its own transgene, J Biol Chem, 272, 9120, 10.1074/jbc.272.14.9120 Lee, 1993, Parental imprinting of an Igf2 transgene, Mol Reprod Dev, 35, 382, 10.1002/mrd.1080350411 Pfeifer, 1996, The structural H19 gene is required for transgene imprinting, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 13876, 10.1073/pnas.93.24.13876 Elson, 1997, A 5′ differentially methylated sequence and the 3′ flanking region are necessary for H19 transgene imprinting, Mol Cell Biol, 17, 309, 10.1128/MCB.17.1.309 Ainscough, 1997, Imprinting of Igf2 and H19 from a 130kb YAC transgene, Development, 124, 3621, 10.1242/dev.124.18.3621 Ripoche, 1997, Deletion of the H19 transcription unit reveals the existence of a putative imprinting control element, Genes Dev, 11, 1596, 10.1101/gad.11.12.1596 Reik, 1997, Genomic imprinting: Making sense or antisense?, Nature, 389, 671, 10.1038/39467 Reis, 1994, Imprinting mutations suggested by abnormal DNA methylation patterns in familial Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes, Am J Hum Genet, 54, 741 Sutcliffe, 1994, Deletions of a differentially methylated CpG island at the SNRPN gene define a putative imprinting control region, Nat Genet, 8, 52, 10.1038/ng0994-52 Buiting, 1995, Inherited microdeletions in the Angelman and Prader-Willi syndromes define an imprinting center on human-chromosome-15, Nat Genet, 9, 395, 10.1038/ng0495-395 Vu, 1997, Imprinting of the Angelman syndrome gene, UBE3A, is restricted to brain, Nat Genet, 17, 12, 10.1038/ng0997-12 Rougeulle, 1997, The Angelman syndrome candidate gene, UBE3A/E6-AP, is imprinted in brain, Nat Genet, 17, 4, 10.1038/ng0997-14 Albrecht, 1997, Imprinted expression of the murine Angelman syndrome gene Ube3a in hippocampal and Purkinje neurons, Nat Genet, 17, 75, 10.1038/ng0997-75 Dittrich, 1996, Imprint switching on human-chromosome 15 may involve alternative transcripts of the Snrpn gene, Nat Genet, 14, 163, 10.1038/ng1096-163 Ferguson-Smith, 1996, Imprinting moves to the center, Nat Genet, 14, 119, 10.1038/ng1096-119 Kelsey, 1997, Imprint switch mechanism indicated by mutations in Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, Bioessays, 19, 361, 10.1002/bies.950190502 Leighton, 1995, An enhancer deletion affects both H19 and Igf2 expression, Genes Dev, 9, 2079, 10.1101/gad.9.17.2079 Leighton, 1995, Disruption of imprinting caused by deletion of the H19 gene region in mice, Nature, 375, 34, 10.1038/375034a0 Forne, 1997, Loss of the maternal H19 gene induces changes in Igf2 methylation in both cis and trans, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 94, 10243, 10.1073/pnas.94.19.10243 Walter, 1996, Genomic imprinting and modifier genes in the mouse, 195 Hu, 1997, Genomic deletion of an imprint maintenance element abolishes imprinting of both insulin-like growth factor II and H19, J Biol Chem, 272, 20715, 10.1074/jbc.272.33.20715 Lee, 1997, Human KVLQT1 gene shows tissue-specific imprinting and encompasses Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome chromosomal rearrangements, Nat Genet, 15, 181, 10.1038/ng0297-181 Brown, 1996, Imprinting mutation in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome leads to biallelic IGF2 expression through an H19-independent pathway, Hum Mol Genet, 5, 2027, 10.1093/hmg/5.12.2027 Reik, 1995, Imprinting mutations in the Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome suggested by altered imprinting pattern in the IGF2-H19 domain, Hum Mol Genet, 4, 2379, 10.1093/hmg/4.12.2379 Burger, 1997, Different mechanisms and recurrence risks of imprinting defects in Angelman syndrome, Am J Hum Genet, 61, 88, 10.1086/513900 Szabo, 1995, Biallelic expression of imprinted genes in the mouse germline: implications for erasure, establishment and mechanisms of genomic imprinting, Genes Dev, 9, 1857, 10.1101/gad.9.15.1857 Villar, 1995, Developmental regulation of genomic imprinting during gametogenesis, Dev Biol, 172, 264, 10.1006/dbio.1995.0021 Tada, 1997, Embryonic germ cells induce epigenetic reprogramming of somatic nucleus in hybrid cells, EMBO J, 16, 6510, 10.1093/emboj/16.21.6510 Weiss, 1996, DNA demethylation in vitro - involvement of RNA, Cell, 86, 709, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80146-4 Sun, 1997, Transactivation of Igf2 in a mouse model of 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10.1038/ng1195-237 Svensson, 1998, The paternal allele of the H19 gene is silenced in a stepwise manner during early mouse development: the acetylation status of histones may be involved in the generation of variegated expression patterns, Development, 125, 61, 10.1242/dev.125.1.61 Giannoukakis, 1996, Polymorphic functional imprinting of the human IGF2 gene among individuals in blood cells is associated with H19 expression, Biochem Biophys Res Comm, 220, 1014, 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0524 Brockdorff, 1997, Convergent themes in X-chromosome inactivation and autosomal imprinting, 191 Feinberg, 1997, Genomic imprinting as a developmental process disturbed in cancer, 165 Kass, 1997, How does DNA methylation repress transcription?, Trends Genet, 13, 444, 10.1016/S0168-9525(97)01268-7 Feil, 1997, Genomic imprinting: a chromatin connection, Am J Hum Genet, 61, 1213, 10.1086/301655 Hurst, 1996, Imprinted genes have few and small introns, Nat Genet, 12, 234, 10.1038/ng0396-234 Hayashida, 1997, Imprinted genes are upregulated by growth-arrest in embryonic fibroblasts, J Biochem, 112, 901, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021850 Ward, 1997, Genomic regions regulating imprinting and insulin-like growth factor 2 promoter 3 activity in transgenics: novel enhancer and silencer elements, Genes Funct, 1, 25, 10.1046/j.1365-4624.1997.00001.x Paldi, 1995, Imprinted chromosomal regions of the human genome display sex-specific meiotic recombination frequencies, Curr Biol, 5, 1030, 10.1016/S0960-9822(95)00207-7 Robinson, 1995, Sex-specific meiotic recombination in the Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome imprinted region, Hum Mol Genet, 4, 801, 10.1093/hmg/4.5.801 Lyko, 1998, Identification of a silencing element in the human 15q11-q13 imprinting center by using transgenic Drosophila, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 1698, 10.1073/pnas.95.4.1698