Implied cost of capital investment strategies: evidence from international stock markets

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 10 - Trang 171-195 - 2013
Florian Esterer1, David Schröder2
1MainFirst Schweiz AG, Zürich, Switzerland
2Birkbeck College, University of London, Bloomsbury, London, UK

Tóm tắt

Investors can generate excess returns by implementing trading strategies based on publicly available equity analyst forecasts. This paper captures the information provided by analysts by the implied cost of capital (ICC), the internal rate of return that equates a firm’s share price to the present value of analysts’ earnings forecasts. We find that U.S. stocks with a high ICC outperform low ICC stocks on average by 6.0 % per year. This spread is significant when controlling the investment returns for their risk exposure as proxied by standard pricing models. Further analysis across the world’s largest equity markets validates these results.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Ball, R., Brown, P.: An empirical evaluation of accounting income numbers. J Acc Res 6, 159–178 (1968) Barber, B., Lehavy, R., Trueman, B.: Rating changes, rating levels, and the predictive value of analysts’ recommendations. Financial Manag 39(2), 533–553 (2010) Barber, B., Lehavy, R., McNichols, M., Trueman, B.: Can investors profit from the prophets? Security analyst recommendations and stock returns. J Finance 56(2), 531–563 (2001) Becchetti, L., Rocci, R., Trovato, G.: Industry and time specific deviations from fundamental values in a random coefficients model. Ann Finance 3(2), 257–276 (2007) Botosan, C.A.: Disclosure level and the cost of equity capital. Acc Rev 72(3), 323–349 (1997) Botosan, C.A., Plumee, M.: Assessing alternative proxies for the expected risk premium. Acc Rev 80(1), 21–54 (2005) Botosan, C.A., Plumee, M., Wen, H.: The relation between expected returns, realized returns, and firm characteristics. Contemp Acc Res 28(4), 1085–1122 (2011) Bradshaw, M.T., Drake, M.S., Myers, J.N., Myers, L.A.: A re-examination of analysts’ superiority over time-series forecasts of annual earnings. Rev Acc Stud 17(4), 944–968 (2012) Brav, A., Heaton, J.B.: Competing theories of financial anomalies. Rev Financial Stud 15(2), 575–606 (2002) Brigham, E.F., Shome, D.K., Vinson, S.R.: The risk premium approach to measuring a utility’s cost of equity. Financial Manag 14(Spring), 33–45 (1985) Carhart, M.M.: On persistence in mutual fund performance. J Finance 52(1), 57–82 (1997) Chan, L.K.C.: On the contrarian investment strategy. J Bus 61(2), 147–163 (1988) Chan, L.K.C., Karceski, J., Lakonishok, J.: Analysts’ conflict of interest and biases in earnings forecasts. J Financial Quant Anal 42(4), 893–914 (2007) Claus, J., Thomas, J.: Equity premia as low as three percent? Evidence from analysts’ earnings forecasts for domestic and international stock markets. J Finance 56(5), 1629–1666 (2001) Cohen, L., Lou, D.: Complicated firms. Journal of Financial Economics 104, 383–400 (2012) Cornell, B.: The Equity Risk Premium: The Long-run Future of the Stock Market. John Wiley & Sons, New York (1999) Cowles, A.: Can stock market forecasters forecast? Econometrica 1(3), 309–324 (1933) Cvitanic, J., Lazarak, A., Martellini, L., Zapatero, F.: Dynamic portfolio choice with parameter uncertainty and the economic value of analysts’ recommendations. Rev Financial Stud 19(4), 1113–1156 (2006) DeBondt, Werner F.M., Thaler, Richard H.: Does the stock market overreact? Journal of Finance 40(3), 793–808 (1985) Drerup, T.: Recommendation revisions, uncertainty, and post-earnings announcement drift. Bonn Graduate School of Economics, Working Paper (2012) Easton, P.: PE ratios PEG ratios, and estimating the implied expected rate of return on equity capital. Acc Rev 79, 73–96 (2004) Easton, P.: Use of forecasts of earnings to estimate and compare cost of capital across regimes. J Bus Finance Acc 33(3), 374–394 (2006) Easton, P., Monahan, S.: An evaluation of accounting-based measures of expected returns. Acc Rev 80(2), 501–538 (2005) Edwards, E., Bell, P.: The Theory and Measurement of Business Income. Berkeley: University of California Press (1961) Elton, E.J., Gruber, M.J., Gultekin, M.: Expectations and share prices. Manag Sci 27(9), 975–987 (1981) Fama, E.F., French, K.R.: Common risk factors in the returns on stocks and bonds. J Financial Econ 33, 3–56 (1993) Francis, J., Olsson, P., Oswald, D.R.: Comparing the accuracy and explainability of dividend, free cash flow, and abnormal earnings equity valuation. J Acc Res 38(1), 45–70 (2000) Francis, J., Rayn, L., Olsson, P., Schipper, K.: Information uncertainty and post-earnings-announcement-drift. J Bus Finance Acc 34(3–4), 403–433 (2007) Frankel, R., Lee, C.M.C.: Accounting diversity and international valuation. MIT and Cornell University, Working paper (1996) Frankel, R., Lee, C.M.C.: Accounting valuation, market expectation, and cross-sectional stock returns. J Acc Econ 25, 283–319 (1998) Gebhardt, W.R., Lee, C.M.C., Swaminathan, B.: Toward an implied cost of capital. J Acc Res 39(1), 135–176 (2001) Gode, D., Mohanram, P.: Inferring the cost of capital estimates using the Ohlson–Juettner model. Rev Acc Stud 8, 399–431 (2003) Green, C.: The value of client access to analyst recommendations. J Financial Quant Anal 41(1), 1–24 (2006) Guay, W., Kothari, S.P.: Properties of implied cost of capital using analysts’ forecasts. Aust J Manag 36(2), 125–149 (2011) Jegadeesh, N.: Evidence of predictable behaviour of security returns. J Finance 45(3), 881–898 (1990) Jegadeesh, N., Kim, J., Krische, S.D., Lee, M.C.: Analysing the analysts: when do recommendations add value? J Finance 59(3), 1083–1124 (2004) Jegadeesh, Narasimhan, Woojin, Kim: Value of analyst recommendation: International evidence. Journal of Financial Markets 9(3), 274–309 (2006) Jegadeesh, N., Titman, S.: Returns to buying winners and selling losers: implications for stock market efficiency. J Finance 48, 65–91 (1993) Jiang, X., Lee, B.S.: An empirical test of the accounting-based residual income model and the traditional dividend discount model. J Bus 78(4), 1465–1504 (2005) Keim, D.B., Madhavan, A.: The cost of institutional equity traders. Financial Anal J 54, 50–69 (1998) Lee, C.M.C., Swaminathan, B.: Valuing the dow: a bottom-up approach. Financial Anal J 55(5), 4–23 (1999) Lee, C.M.C., Ng, D., Swaminathan, B.: Testing international asset pricing models using implied costs of capital. J Financial Quant Anal 44, 307–335 (2009) Lee, C.M.C., So, E., Wang, C.C.Y.: Evaluating implied cost of capital estimates. Working paper (2011) Lee, C.M.C., Myers, J., Swaminathan, B.: What is the intrinsic value of the dow? J Finance 54(5), 1693–1741 (1999) Malkiel, B.G.: The capital formation problem in the united states. J Finance 34(2), 291–306 (1979) Michaely, R., Womack, K.: Conflict of interests and the credibility of underwriter analyst recommendations. Rev Financial Stud 12, 653–686 (1999) Newey, W.K., West, K.D.: A simple, positive semi-definite, heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix. Econometrica 55, 703–708 (1987) Preinreich, G.A.D.: Annual survey of economic theory: the theory of depreciation. Econometrica 6, 219–241 (1938) Pástor, L., Sinha, M., Swaminathan, B.: Estimating the intertemporal risk-return tradeoff using the implied cost of capital. J Finance 63(6), 2859–2897 (2008) Stotz, O.: Active portfolio management, implied expected returns, and analyst optimism. Financial Mark Portfolio Manag 19(3), 261–275 (2005) Womack, K.L.: Do brokerage analysts’ recommendations have investment value? J Finance 51, 137–167 (1996)