Implications of mangrove dynamics for private and use in bragança, north Brazil: a case study
Tóm tắt
This work analyses effects of recent variations in the tidal inundation frequency in a mangrove ecosystem in the Bragança peninsula, North Brazil, and its implications for land occupation and use. Field data, time series of remote sensing images and local legislation were analysed focusing on the potential socio-economic impact of a changing environmental setting due to a rise in relative sea level. In the investigated period (1972–1997), vegetation changes along the coastline indicate net losses of mangrove coverage. In the central part of the peninsula, a topographically higher herbaceous plain constituting part of a farm presents an active progression of mangrove forest into an area previously dominated by grasses and herbs. This area measured 8.8 km2 in 1972 but was gradually reduced to 5.6 km2 in 1997, while progressively replaced by a monospecific stand of the black mangrove,Avicennia germinans. A linear extrapolation indicates that the elevated plain may be completely covered by mangrove by 2035. Current Brazilian legislation prohibits the extraction of mangrove trees without an officially approved management plan. Thus, the usable area of the farm has suffered a reduction by ca. 36% over 25 yr and we predict that is could be entirely replaced by mangroves in the next 35 yr. In this case study, legislation and ecosystem characteristics are analysed and a management plan discussed which could represent income alternatives for affected resource users at the local and regional level.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Anon, 1988.Constituçoes do Brasil e do Pará. CEJUP, Belém, BR.
Anon. 1990.Lei organica do Municipio de Bragança. Camara Municipal de Bragança. CEJUP, Belém, BR.
Anon. 1992.Coletânea de Legislação Federal do Meio Ambiente. Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis (IBAMA), Brasilia, BR.
Anon. 2000a.Resultados preliminares do censo de população 2000. IBGE, Brasilia, BR.
Anon. 2000b.Assembléia legislativa do Estado do Pará. Bases de leis. www.prodepa.gov.br-alepa
Adler, F.R. 1996. A model of self-thinning through local competition.Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 9980–9984.
Aubrey, D.G., Emery, K.O. & Uchupi, E. 1988. Changing coastal levels of South America and the Caribbean region from tide-gauge records.Tectonophysics 154: 269–284.
Baker, W.L. 1992. Effects of settlement and fire suppression on landscape structure.Ecology 73: 1879–1887.
Bart, J. 1995. Acceptance criteria for using individual-based models to make management decisions.Ecol. Appl. 5: 411–420.
Berger, U. & Hildenbrandt, H. 2000. A new approach to spatially explicit modelling of forest dynamics: spacing, ageing and neighbourghood competition of mangrovet trees.Ecol. Model. 132: 287–302.
Berger, U., Glaser, M., Koch, B., Krause, G., Lara, R.J., Saint-Paul, U., Schories, D. & Wolff, M. 1999. MADAM— the approach of an integrated project on mangrove dynamics and management.J. Coastal Conserv. 5: 125–134.
Boorman, L.A. 2000. The functional role of salt marshes in linking land and sea. In: Sherwood, B. (ed.)British saltmarshes. Linnean Society Special Publication, London, UK.
Chapman, V.J. 1960.Salt marshes and salt deserts of the World. Interscience Publishers, New York, NY.
Cohen, M.C.L., Lara, R.J., Ramos, J.F.F. & Dittmar, T. 1999. Factors influencing the variability of magnesium, calcium and potassium in waters of a mangrove creek in Bragança. North Brazil.Mangr. Salt Marsh. 3: 9–15.
Franzinelli, E. 1982. Contribuição à geologia da costa do Estado do pará (entre a baia de Curaça e Maiau). In: Suguio, K., De Meis, M.R.M. & Tessler, M.G. (eds.)Atlas IV Simpósio do Quaternario no Brasil, pp. 305–322, Rio do Janeiro, BR.
Gornitz, V. 1991. Global coastal hazards from future sea-level rise.Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 89: 379–398.
Guo, Q. & Rundel, P.W. 1998. Self-thinning in early postfire chaparral succession: mechanisms, implications, and a combined approach.Ecology 79: 579–586.
Hanson, K. & Maul, G. 1989. Analysis of the historical meteorological record at Key West, Florida (1851–1986) for evidence of trace gas induced climate change. In: Maul, G. (ed.)Implication of climatic changes in the wider Caribbean region. UNEP/IOC Regional Task Team Report, pp. 63–71.
Kjerve, B. & Lacerda, L.D. 1993. Mangroves of Brazil. In: Lacerda, L.D. (ed.)Mangrove ecosystems technical reports, ITTO TS-13, 2: 245–272.
Leme Machado, P. 1993. Proteção legal: Manguezaise dunas. Universidade Aberta do Nordeste (S.L.). No. 9, p. 7.
Londsdale, W.M. 1990. The self-thinning rule: dead or alive?Ecology 71: 1373–1388.
Londsdale, W.M. & Watkinson, A.R. 1982. Light and self-thinning.New Phytol. 90: 431–435.
Meirelles, H.L. 1993.Direito Municipal Brasileiro. Revista dos Tribunais, 6ta Edição.
Mesquita, A.R. & Harari, J. 1983.Tides and tide gauges of Ubantuba and Cananéia, p. 120. Relatório Instituto Oceanográfico. Universidade de São Paulo, BR.
Mesquita, A.R. & Leite, J.B.A. 1985.Sobre a variabilidade do nível médio do mar na costa sudeste do Brasil. I Encontro Regional de Geofisica, São José dos Campos, pp. 27–29.
Muehe, D. & Neves, C.F. 1995. The implications of sea-level rise on the Brazilian coast: a preliminary assessment.J. Coastal Res. 14: 54–78.
Nittrouer, C.A., Kuehl, S.A., Rhine, J.M., Figueiredo, A.G., Faria, L.E.C., Dias, G.T.M., Silva, M.A.M., Allison, M.A., Pacioni, T.D., Segall, M.P., Underkoffler, E.C. & Borges, H.V. 1991. Sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Amazon continental shelf.Oceanography 25: 33–38.
O'Callaghan, E. 1996.Landuse. The interaction of economics, ecology and hydrology. Chapman & Hall, London, UK.
Pirazolli, P.A. 1986. Secular trends of relative sea levels (RSL) changes indicated by tide-gauge records.J. Coastal Res. 1: 1–26.
Proust, M.T., Lintier, M. & Barthes, B. 1988.Evolution cotière en Guyane Fraçaise: la zone de Sinnamary. Congresso Brasileiro de Geologia e 7 Congresso Latinoamericano de Geologia, Abstracts, pp. 406–407. Belém, BR.
Quang, V.C. 1994. A tree survival equation and diameter growth model for loblolly pine based on the self-thinning rule.J. Appl. Ecol. 31: 693–698.
Schwendenman, L. 1998.Tidal and seasonal variations of soil and water properties in a Brazilian mangrove ecosystem. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Karlsruhe, Resources Engineering Programme, Karlsruhe, DE.
Silva, G.N. 1992.Variação do nível médio do mar: Causas, consequências e metodologia de análise. M. Sc. Thesis. Programa de Engenharia Oceânica, COOPE. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, BR.
Silva, G.N. & Neves, C.F. 1991. Variação do nível médio do mar na Ilha Fiscal entre 1965–1986. Anais IX Simpósio Brasileiro de Recursos Hídricos e 5. Simpósio Brasileiro de Hidráulica e Recursos Hídricos Rio de Janeiro.Brazilian Water Resources Association (ABRH) 3: 568–577.
Szlafsztein, C.F., Lara, R.J. & Cohen, M.C.L. 2000. Coastal management: some studies of the past and present of the Bragança region (Pará, Brazil). The MADAM project.J. Int. Environ. Creation 2: 132–139.
Titus, J.G. & Narayanan, V.K. 1995.The probability of sealevelrise. United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Twilley, R.R., Rivera-Monroy, V.H., Chen, R. & Botero, L. 1999. Adapting an ecological mangrove model to simulate trajectories in restoration ecology.Mar. Pol. Bull. 37: 404–419.