Implementation and efficiency analysis of composite DNS-metric for dynamic server selection
Tóm tắt
User requirements for a high availability and fast response time of network services require placing more than one server for accessing particular network service, often using multiple communication links and locations. Dynamic Server Selection (DSS) is a new DNS method for the optimal server selection of a multiple available network service that allows dynamic selection of a server on the client side based on the information of the server load and its network topological distance from the client. The server selection is based on the calculations of a composite DNS-metric in which servers, whose IP addresses are sent in a DNS response, are ranked from the optimal to the least suitable. Calculation parameters are server response time, which the client measures for each server independently, and the server load, which is specified by the server administrator and is forwarded to the client together with the rules for calculating the composite DNS-metric. The DSS method has the lowest overall network service response time in comparison with the other four observed methods (Geographical, Hops, Random and RTT) which, in measurements done in a real time environment for two servers accessible by two independent internet links each, have a longer response time from 8.5 to 26.8% compared to DSS. Results of the proposed analytical model for calculating the efficiency index of the DSS method are compared with results of the practical measurements confirming the relevance of the analytical model. In measurements, the DSS method achieved a high average efficiency index of 1.23.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Sonderegger, J., Blomberg, O., Milne, K., & Palislamovic, S. (2009). JUNOS high availability. Newton: O’Reilly Media Inc.
Hewlett-Packard (2005). ProCurve Networking by HP–WAN Design Guide: The Lower Layers. Hewlett-Packard Development Company, 4AA0-0717ENW, 8/2005.
Cisco Systems. (1999). Computer networks, domain name system, network servers (2nd ed.). Indianapolis: Cisco Press.
Cisco Systems (2013). CCNA routing and switching curriculum. Cisco Networking Academy Program. http://www.netacad.com.
Wen, Y. (2001). Enterprise IP LAN/WAN Design version 1.1. 2001 TAOS - The Sys Admin Company. http://www.taos.com.
Cahn, R. S. (1998). Wide area network design: Concepts and tools for optimization. Burlington: Kaufmann Publishers.
Mockapetris, P. (1987). Domain names: Concepts and facilities. STD 13, RFC 1034. https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC1034.
Mockapetris, P. (1987). Domain names: Implementation and specification. STD 13, RFC 1035. https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC1035.
Crovella, M. E., & Carter, R. L. (1995). Dynamic server selection in the internet. Technical Report, Boston University.
Carter, R. L., Crovella, M. E.(1997). Server selection using dynamic path characterization in wide-area networks. In INFOCOM 1997 sixteenth annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies. Proceedings (Vol. 3, pp. 1014–1021). IEEE.
Fei, Z., Bhattacharjee, S., Zegura, E. W., & Ammar, M. H. (1998). A novel server selection technique for improving the response time of a replicated service. In INFOCOM 1998 seventeenth annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies. Proceedings (Vol. 2, pp. 783–791). IEEE.
Carter, R. L., & Crovella, M. E. (1999). On the network impact of dynamic server selection. Computer Networks, 31, 2529–2558.
Shimokawa, T., Yoshida, N., & Ushijima, K. (2000). Flexible server selection using DNS. In ICDCS workshop on internet 2000 (pp. A76–A81).
Shimokawa, T., Yoshida, N., Ushijima, K. (2000). DNS-based mechanism for policy-added server selection. In International conference on advances in infrastructure for electronic business, science, and education on the internet, SSGRR 2000.
Shaikh, A., Tewari, R., & Agrawal, M. (2001). On the effectiveness of DNS-based server selection. In INFOCOM 2001 twentieth annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies, Proceedings (Vol. 3). IEEE.
Shimokawa, T., Yoshida, N., Ushijima, K. (2001). Server selection mechanism with pluggable selection policies. In 2006 Electronics and communications in Japan, Part 3 (Vol. 89, No. 8) (translated from Denshi Joho Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. J84-D-I, No. 9, September 2001, pp. 1396–1403).
Pan, J., Hou, Y. T., & Li, B. (2003). An overview of DNS-based server selections in content distribution networks. Computer Networks, 43(2003), 695–711.
Mase, K., Kuribayashi, T., & Tsuno, A. (2004). A dynamic server selection method using QoS statistics. In Electronics and communications in Japan, Part 1, Vol. 87, No. 7 (translated from Denshi Joho Tsushin Gakkai Ronbunshi, Vol. J86-B, No. 3, 2003, pp. 499–510).
Cai, L., Ye, J., Pan, J., Shen, X. S., & Mark, J. W. (2006). Dynamic server selection using fuzzy inference in content distribution networks. Computer Communications, 29(8), 1026–1038.
Alzoubi, H. A., Rabinovich, M., & Spatscheck, O. (2007). MyXDNS: A request routing DNS server with decoupled server selection, In Proceedings of the 16th international conference on World Wide Web (pp. 351–360).
Mendonc, N. C., Silva, J. A. F., & Anido, R. O. (2008). Client-side selection of replicated web services: An empirical assessment. The Journal of Systems and Software, 81, 1346–1363.
Bhardwaj, S. K., & Malhotra, J. S. (2011). Simulation and comparison of hashing techniques in CDN DNS. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 3(4), 3039–3044.
Nicholes, M. O., Chuah, C., Wub, S. F., & Mukherjee, B. (2011). Inter-domain collaborative routing (IDCR): Server selection for optimal client performance. Computer Communications, 34, 1798–1809.
Jin, Y., Yamai, N., Okayama, K., & Nakamura, M. (2012). An adaptive route selection mechanism per connection based on multipath DNS round trip time on multihomed networks. Journal of Information Processing, 20(2), 386–395.
Poese, I., Frank, B., Ager, B., Smaragdakis, G., Uhlig, S., & Feldmann, A. (2012). Improving content delivery with PaDIS. IEEE Internet Computing, 16(3), 46–52.
Mackus, T., Simonaitis, T., & Tamulioniene, D. (2012). Adaptive TTL based approach to balance DNS server load. Electronics and Electrical Engineering, 117, 81–84.
Pope, M. B., Warkentin, M., Mutchler, L. A., Luo, X. R. (2012). The domain name system—Past, present, and future. In 2012 Communications of the Association for Information Systems (Vol. 30, Article 21, pp. 329–346).
Kamilaris, A., & Pitsillides, A. (2012). Using DNS for global discovery of environmental services. In 8th International conference on Web Information Systems and Technologies (WEBIST) (pp. 280–284).
Otto, J. S., Sánchez, M. A., Rula, J. P., Stein, T., & Bustamante, F. E. (2012). namehelp: Intelligent client-side DNS resolution. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 42(4), 287–288.
Frank, B. (2014). Dynamic content delivery infrastructure deployment using network cloud resources. Technische Universität Berlin, Fakultät IV: Elektrotechnik und Informatik, Doctoral Thesis.
Liu, L., Zhou, C., Zhang, X., Guo, Z., & Li, C. (2014). Probabilistic chunk scheduling approach in parallel multiple-server dash. In 2014 IEEE visual communications and image processing conference (pp. 5–8).
Zhang, S., Li, B., Li, B. (2015). Presto: Towards fair and efficient http adaptive streaming from multiple servers. In 2015 IEEE international conference on communications (ICC) (pp. 6849–6854).
Goel, U., Wittie, M. P., & Steiner, M. (2015) Faster web through client-assisted CDN server selection. In 2015 24th International conference on computer communication and networks (ICCCN), August 2015.
Bouten, N., Claeys, M., Van Poecke, B., Latrey, S., & De Turck, F. (2016). Dynamic server selection strategy for multi-server HTTP adaptive streaming services. In 12th International conference on network and service management, 2016 (pp. 201–209).
Ookla. (2017). How does the test itself work? Retrieved December 20, 2017 from https://support.speedtest.net/hc/en-us/articles/203845400-How-does-the-test-itself-work-How-is-the-result-calculated-.
Sundaresan, S., Lee, D., Deng, X., Feng, Y., & Dhamdhere, A. (2017). Challenges in inferring internet congestion using throughput measurements. In Proceedings of IMC 2017, London, United Kingdom, November 1–3, 2017.
Padhye, J., Firoiu, V., Towsley, D. F., & Kurose, J. F. (2000). Modeling TCP reno performance: A simple model and its empirical validation. In IEEE/ACM transactions on networking.
Sundaresan, S., Dhamdhere, A., Allman, M., & Claffy, K. (2017). TCP congestion signatures. In Proceedings of IMC 2017, London, United Kingdom, November 1–3, 2017.
Mathis, M., Semke, J., Mahdavi, J., & Ott, T. (1977). The macroscopic behavior of the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 27(3), 67–82.
Giustiniano, D., Goma, E., Toledo, A. L., & Athanasiou, G. (2013). Optimizing TCP performance in multi-AP residential broadband connections via Minislot access. Journal of Computer Networks and Communications, 2013, Article ID 752363. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/752363.
Padhye, J., Firoiu, V., Towsley, D., & Kurose, J. (1998). Modeling TCP throughput: A simple model and its empirical validation. In 1998 ACM SIGCOMM applications, technologies, architectures and protocols for computer communication (pp. 303–314).
Padhye, J. (2000). Model based approach to TCP friendly congestion control. Doctoral Dissertation.
Cardwell, N., Savage, S., & Anderson, T. (2000). Modeling TCP latency. In INFOCOM 2000 nineteenth annual joint conference of the IEEE computer and communications societies (pp. 1724–1751).
Kazmi, M., Shamim, A., Wahab, N., & Anwar, F. (2014). Comparison of TCP tahoe, reno, new reno, sack and vegas in IP and MPLS networks under constant bit rate traffic. In International conference on advanced computational technologies & creative media, August 2014.
Arunakumariand, B., & Chennareddy, P. (2015). TCP reno, sack and vegas performance analysis. International Journal on Cybernetics and Informatics, 4(2), 111–123.
Yu, Y., Wessels, D., Larson, M., & Zhang, L. (2012). Authority server selection in DNS caching resolvers. SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 42(2), 80–86.
Wang, Z., Wang, X., & Lee, X. (2010). Analyzing BIND DNS server selection algorithm. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 6(11), 5131–5142.
Vixie, P. (Ed.), Thomson, S., Rekhter, Y., & Bound, J. (1997). Dynamic updates in the domain name system (DNS UPDATE). RFC 2136. https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC2136.