Imperatives of recognising the complexities: gendered impacts and responses to COVID-19 in India

Abraham, R., Basole, A., & Kesar, S. (2021). Down and out? The gendered impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on India’s labour. Economia Politica, Special Issue on Women, Pandemics and the Global South. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00234-8 Acosta, A. M., & Evans, D. (2020). COVID-19 and girls' education: What we know so far and what we expect. https://www.cgdev.org/blog/covid-19-and-girls-education-what-we-know-so-far-and-what-we-expect-happen. Accessed 2 Sept 2021. Agarwal, B. (1990). Social security and the family: Coping with seasonality and calamity in rural India. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 17(3), 341–412. Agarwal, B. (1994). A field of one’s own: Gender and land rights in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. Agarwal, B. (1997). Bargaining and gender relations: Within and beyond the household. Feminist Economics, 3(1), 1–51. Agarwal, B. (2003). Gender and land rights revisited: Exploring new prospects via the state, family and market. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(1 & 2), 184–224. Agarwal, B. (2005). A landmark step to gender equality, The Hindu. September 25, Sunday Magazine. http://www.binaagarwal.com/popular%20writings/Landmark%20Step%20to%20Gender%20Equality%20TheHindu_25sep05.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Agarwal, B. (2010). Gender and green governance. Oxford University Press. Agarwal, B. (2018). Can group farms outperform individual family farms? Empirical insights from India. World Development, 108, 57–73. Agarwal, B. (2020a). A tale of two experiments: Institutional innovations in women’s group farming. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 41(2), 169–192. Agarwal, B. (2020b). Does group farming empower rural women: Lessons from India’s experiments. Journal of Peasant Studies, 47(40), 841–872. Agarwal, B. (2021a). Reflections on the less visible and less measured: Gender and COVID-19 in India. Gender and Society, 35(2), 244–255. Agarwal, B. (2021b). Livelihoods in COVID times: Gendered perils and new pathways in India. World Development, 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105312. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Agarwal, B., & Panda, P. (2007). Towards freedom from domestic violence: The neglected obvious. Journal of Human Development, 8(3), 359–388. Agarwal, B., Anthwal, P., & Mahesh, M. (2021). How many and which women own land in India: Intra-gender and inter-gender gaps. Journal of Development Studies. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220388.2021.1887478 Alvi, M., Gupta, S., Menzien-Dick, R. & Ringler, C. (2020). Phone surveys to understand gender impact of COVID-19: A cautionary tale, Blog, International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington DC. https://pim.cgiar.org/2020/07/14/phone-surveys-to-understand-gendered-impacts-of-covid-19-a-cautionary-note/. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Anand, S. & Fan, V. (2016). The health workforce in India. Human Resources for Health Observer Series No. 16, World Health Organisation, Geneva. https://www.who.int/hrh/resources/16058health_workforce_India.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Anand, N., & Jadhav, R. (2020). Indians pawn gold for loans as borrowing from banks becomes tougher. Reuters, June 10. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-india-gold-idUSKBN23H1CR. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Bisht, R., Sarma J., & Saharia, R. (2020). COVID-19 lockdown: Guidelines are not enough to ensure pregnant women receive care, The Wire, 8 May. https://thewire.in/women/covid-19-lockdown-pregnant-women-childbirth. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Business Standard. (2020). Government changes policy to distribute free cooking gas cylinders, June 20. https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/free-lpg-scheme-consumers-to-pay-first-will-get-reimbursement-later-120062000033_1.html. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Ceballos F., Kannan S., & Kramer, B. (2020). Impacts of a national lockdown on smallholder farmers’ income and food security: Empirical evidence from two states in India, World Development, 136. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X20301959?via%3Dihub. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Chakravarty, R. (2021). The Heroes of Our Times: Corona, Amphan and Women, a documentary film by Ranjan Chakravarty. Details reported by the Self-Help Group Forum. https://www.heroesofourtimesthefilm.com/. CNN News18. (2020). Child marriage or trafficking. https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/child-marriage-or-trafficking-choice-covid-19-and-cyclone-amphan-have-left-for-bengals-vulnerable-2780323.html. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. CSE. (2020). Covid19 analysis of relief measures and impact, ongoing study, Centre for Sustainable Employment, Azim Premji University, Bengaluru. https://cse.azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/covid19-analysis-of-impact-and-relief-measures/. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. [Accessed 13 August 2020] Also webinar presentation on May 12, 2020. CSO. (2020). COVID-19 induced lockdown. How is the hinterland coping? and Through the reverse migration lens. Covid-19 surveys, undertaken by several civil society organisations (CSO) in collaboration, supported by Vikas Anvesh Foundation and Sambodhi. http://www.vikasanvesh.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Presentation-based-on-CSO-consortium-survey.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Dalberg. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on women in low-income households in India. http://www.dalberg.com. Accessed 2 Sept 2021. Desai S., Deshmukh, N. & Pramanik, S. (2021): Precarity in a Time of Uncertainty: Gendered Employment Patterns during the Covid-19 Lockdown in India, Feminist Economics, March. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2021.1876903. Accessed 2 Sept 2021. Deshpande, A. (2020). The Covid-19 pandemic and gendered division of paid and unpaid work: Evidence from India, DP No. 13815, IZA Institute of Labour Economics. http://ftp.iza.org/dp13815.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Deshpande, A. (2021). The Covid-19 pandemic and gendered division of paid work, domestic chores and leisure: evidence from India’s first wave. Economia Politica Special Issue on Women, Pandemics and the Global South. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00235-7. Accessed 13 August 2021. Dhawan, V., Pande R., Rabinovich, L., Schaner, S., & Moore C. T. (2020). Getting by on rice and salt: Rural women’s coping strategies during India’s coronavirus lockdown, Insights from Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, Yale Economic Growth Centre brief, 24 April. Didzun, O., De Neve, J.-W., Awasthi, A., Dubey, M., Theilmann, M., Bärnighausen, T., Vollmer, S., & Geldsetzer, P. (2019). Anaemia among men in India: A nationally representative: Cross-sectional study. Lancet Global Health, 7, e1685–e1694. Dutta, M., Selvamani, Y., Singh, S., & Prashad, L. (2019). The double burden of malnutrition among adults in India: Evidence from the National Family Health Survey-4 (2015–16). Epidemiol Health, 41, e2019050. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2019050 DVARA. (2020). Covid-19 impact on daily life, Report. IIT-Madras Research Park Kanagam Village, Taramani, Chennai 600113. https://www.dvara.com/research/socialprotection-initiative/covid-19-impact-on-daily-life/. Accessed 2 Sept 2021. Feminist Studies. (2020). Feminist Analysis of Covid-19, Journal Special Issue, 46(3). Feminist Economics. (2021). A special issue on feminist economic perspectives on the COVID-19 pandemic, 27(1–2). Global Health 50/50. (2020). COVID-19 sex-disaggregated data tracker. https://globalhealth5050.org/the-sex-gender-and-covid-19-project/the-data-tracker//. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. GoI. (1920). Annual Report of the Sanitary Commissioner for the Government of India for 1918, Calcutta. GoI. (2019). Annual Report of the periodic labour force survey, 2017–18. National Statistical Office. GoI. (2020a). Time use in India 2019. Ministry of statistics and programme implementation. National Statistical Office, Government of India. GoI. (2020b). Mask production initiated in the wake of Covid-19 pandemic under NRLM, https://rural.nic.in/press-release/mask-production-initiated-wake-covid-19-pandemic-under-nrlm. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. GoI. (2021). Economic Survey of India, 2020–21, Key highlights. Ministry of Finance, Government of India. https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1693231. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Greenough, P. R. (1982). Prosperity and misery in modern Bengal: The famine of 1943–44. Oxford University Press. GSMA. (2020). The mobile gender gap report. Global Systems for Mobile Communications. https://www.gsma.com/r/gender-gap/. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Gupta, S., Seth, P., Abraham, M., & Pingali, P. (2021). COVID-19 and women’s nutrition security: panel data evidence from rural India. Economia Politica, Special Issue on Women Pandemics and the Global South, 10, 15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00233-9. Accessed 13 August 2021. Harris, J., Depenbusch, L., Pal, A. A., Nair, R. M., & Ramasamy, S. (2020). Food system disruption: Initial livelihood and dietary effects of COVID-19 on vegetable producers in India. Food Security, 12(4), 841–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01064-5. Accessed 13 August 2021. IFPRI-SEWA. (2020). Covid 19 Phone surveys of women. International Food Policy Research Institute: Results presented in a Report prepared by S.Gupta. ILO. (2020). About domestic work. https://www.ilo.org/newdelhi/areasofwork/WCMS_141187/lang--en/index.htm. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Indian Express. (2020a). May 6. https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/apr/03/nurses-complain-of-misbehaviour-by-quarantined-coronavirus-suspects-at-ghaziabad-hospital-2124985.html. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Indian Express. (2020b). May 13. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/dalitality-the-caste-factor-in-social-distancing-coronavirus-6347623/. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. ISST. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 National lockdown on women informal workers in Delhi. Indian Social Studies Trust. Jodha, N. S. (1975). Effectiveness of farmers’ adjustment to risk. Economic and Political Weekly, 13(25), A37–A76. Kochhar, R. (2021). In the pandemic, India’s middle class shrinks and poverty spreads while China sees smaller changes. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/03/18/in-the-pandemic-indias-middle-class-shrinks-and-poverty-spreads-while-china-sees-smaller-changes/. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Kudumbashree. (2020a). Brief study on COVID-19 pandamic and its economic impact on farm livelihoods (JLGs). Kudumbashree State Mission. Kudumbashree. (2020b). Activities of Kudumbashree relating to COVID-19 pandemic prevention. Kudumbashree State Mission. Kulkarni, S., Bhat, S., Harshe, P., & Satpute, S. (2021). Locked out of livelihoods: Impact of covid-19 on widows and other single women farmers in Maharashtra. Economia Politica, Special issue on Women, Pandemics and the Global South. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40888-021-00240-w Kumar, S., & Quinn, S. C. (2012). Existing health inequalities in India: Informing preparedness planning for an influenza pandemic. Health Policy and Planning, 27, 516–526. Mint. (2020). India’s covid-19 count could be missing many women, August 20 https://www.livemint.com/news/india/india-s-covid-19-count-could-be-missing-many-women-11598670961443.html. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Murray, C. J. L., Lopez, A. D., Chin, B., Feehan, D., & Hill, K. H. (2006). Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918–20 pandemic. Lancet, 368, 2211–18. National Law School of India University. (2020). Rapid assessment of the impact of covid-19 lockdown on food and nutrition security in rural Karnataka, https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NHyQPg8BwCRnxsD5i5FSNVLnjWT7z_Ep/view?usp=sharing. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. New Indian Express. (2020). April 12. https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2020/apr/12/across-india-a-massive-agricultural-crisis-inthe-making-due-to-coronavirus-shutdown-2128892.html. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. [Accessed 13 August 2021]. Nikore, M. (2020). Covid Classrooms: India could lose progress made on girls' education. https://www.forbesindia.com/blog/gender-parity/covid-classrooms-india-could-lose-progress-made-on-girls-education/. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Outlook. (2020). https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/community-kitchens-dish-out-28-lakh-food-packets-a-day-in-kerala-for-lockdownhit/1798261. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Pande, R., Schaner, S., Moore, C. T., & Stacy, E. (2020). A majority of India’s poor women may miss COVID-19 PMJDY cash transfers. Economic Growth Centre, Yale University. Patra, S. & Patro, B.K (2020). COVID-19 and adolescent mental health in India, Lancet, correspondence, December, p. 1015. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(20)30461-2/fulltext. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Reja, S. M., & Das, B. (2020). Remittance arrangements within India and covid-19: Kerala’s migrant construction workers from West Bengal. South Asia Research, 41(1), 1–13. Sahas, J. (2020). Voices of the Invisible Citizens: A rapid assessment on the impact of COVID-19 lockdown on internal migrant workers. Delhi: Jan Sahas. Sandeep, G., Ramanathan, M., & Varma, R. P. (2018). Gender differences in self-reported heart disease and multiple risk factors in India: Evidence from the 71st Round of the National Sample Survey Office, 2014. World Health & Population, 17(4), 19–29. Scroll. (2020). https://scroll.in/article/959235/100-million-indians-fall-through-gaps-in-food-safety-net-economists-urge-rethink-on-covid-19-relief. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. SEWA-Bharat. (2020). Gendered precarity in the lockdown. http://www.sewabharatresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Gendered_Precarity_SB_Lockdown-1.pdf. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Shannawaz, M., & Arokiasamy, P. (2018). Overweight/obesity: An emerging epidemic in India. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 12(11), LC01–LC05. Sonawale, S. (2020). The Gendered Impact of COVID-19 on school education. https://www.cbgaindia.org/blog/gendered-impact-covid-19-school-education/. Accessed 2 Sept 2021. Sugden, F., Agarwal, B., Leder, S., Panchali, S., Raut, M., Kumar, A., et al. (2021). Experiments in farmers' collectives in eastern India and Nepal: Process, benefits, and challenges. Journal of Agrarian Change, 21, 90–121. Times of India. (2020). PPE pecking order leaves nurses, ward boys at risk. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ppe-pecking-order-leaves-nurses-ward-boys-at-risk/articleshow/75309226.cms. Accessed 13 Aug 2021. Trivedi, D. (2021). 10 million girls at risk of dropping out of school because of the COVID-19 pandemic. RTE Forum, Frontline, January. Tumbe, C. (2011). Remittances in India: Facts and figures. Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 54(3), 479–501. World Bank. (2020). In India, women’s Self-Help Groups combat the COVID-19 pandemic. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2020/04/11/women-self-help-groups-combat-covid19-coronavirus-pandemic-india. Accessed 13 Aug 2021.