Impaired spelling in Alzheimers disease: a linguisticdeficit?

Aarsland D, Hoien T, Larsen JP, Oftedal M. Lexical and nonlexical spelling deficits in dementia ofthe Alzheimer type. Brain and Language 1996;52:551–63. Alexander MP, Friedman RB, Loverso F, Fischer RS. Lesion localization of phonological agraphia.Brain and Language 1992;83–95. Balota DA, Duchek JM. Semantic priming effects, lexical repetition effects, and contextualdisambiguation effects in healthy aged individuals and individuals with senile dementia of theAlzheimer type. Brain and Language 1991;40:181–201. Beauvois MF, Derouesne J. Lexical or orthographic agraphia. Brain 1981;104:21–49. Becker JT, Huff FJ, Nebes RD, Holland A, Boller F. Neuropsychological function in Alzheimersdisease: pattern of impairment and rates of progression. Archives of Neurology 1988;45:263–8. Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. Erlbaum, NJ: Hillsdale, 1988. Croisile B, Brabant M, Carmol T, Lepage Y, Aimard G, Trillet M. Comparison between oral andwritten spelling in Alzheimers disease. Brain and Language 1996;54:361–87. Ellis AW, Young AW. Human cognitive neuropsychology. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1988. Francis WN, Kucera H. Frequency analysis of English usage: lexicon and grammar. HoughtonMifflin Co, Boston, 1982. Friedman RB, Ferguson S, Robinson S, Sunderland T. Mechanisms of reading in AlzheimersDisease. Brain and Language 1992;43:400–13. Gabrieli JDE, Keane MM, Stanger BZ et al. Dissociations among structural-perceptual,lexical-semantic, and event-fact memory systems in Alzheimer, amnesic and normal subjects. Cortex1994;30:75–103. Glosser G, Friedman RB, Grugan PK, Lee JH, Grossman M. Lexical semantic and associativepriming in Alzheimers disease. Neuropsychology 1998;12:1–7. Glosser G, Friedman RB, Kohn SE, Sands L, Grugan PK. Cognitive mechanisms for processingnonwords: evidence from Alzheimers disease. Brain and Language 1998;63:32–49. Glosser G, Friedman RB, Roeltgen DP. Clues to the cognitive organization of reading and writingfrom developmental hyperlexia. Neuropsychology 1996;10:168–75. Glosser G, Kaplan E. Linguistic and nonlinguistic impairments in writing: A comparison of patientswith focal and multifocal CNS disorders. Brain and Language 1989;37:357–80. Glosser G, Kohn SE, Friedman RB, Sands L, Grugan P. Repetition of single words and nonwordsin Alzheimers Disease. Cortex 1997;33:653–66. Glushko RJ. The organization and activation of orthographic knowledge in reading aloud. Journalof Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 1979;5:674–91. Glushko RJ. Principles for pronouncing print: The psychology of phonography. In: Lesgold AM,Perfetti CA, editors. Interactive processes in reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1981:61–84. Haxby JV, Raffaelle K, Gillette J, Schapiro MB, Rapoport SI. Individual trajectories of cognitivedecline in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and ExperimentalNeuropsychology 1992;14:575–92. Henderson V, Buckwalter J, Sobel E, Freed DM, Diz MM. The agraphia of Alzheimers disease.Neurology 1992;37:776–84. Hillis A, Benzing L, Caramazza A. Dissolution of spelling in a patient with Alzheimers disease:evidence for phoneme-to- grapheme correspondence rules. Brain and Language 1996;55:62–5. Hillis A, Caramazza A. The graphemic buffer and attentional mechanisms. Brain and Language1989;36:208–35. Horner J, Heyman A, Dawson D, Rogers H. The relationship of agraphia to the severity of dementiain Alzheimers disease. Archives of Neurology 1988;45:760–3. Hughes JC, Graham N, Patterson K, Hodges JR. Dysgraphia in mild dementia of Alzheimers type.Neuropsychologia 1997;35:533–45. Keane MM, Gabrieli JD, Fenneman A, Growden JH. Evidence for a dissociation between perceptualand conceptual priming in Alzheimers disease. Behavioral Neuroscience 1991;105:326–42. Keane MM, Gabrieli JD, Growden JH, Corkin S. Priming in perceptual identification ofpseudowords is normal in Alzheimers disease. Neuropsychologia 1994;32:343–56. LaBarge E, Smith DS, Dick L, Storandt M. Agraphia in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archivesof Neurology 1992;49:1151–6. Lambert J, Eustache F, Vaider F, Dary M, Rioux P, Lechevalier B. Agraphia in Alzheimers disease:an independent lexical impairment. Brain and Language 1996;53:222–33. Libon D, Grossman M, Mickanin J, Hughes E, Onishi K, Biassou N, DEsposito M, Xin-Shen D,Alavi A, Reivich M. Apractic agraphia and ideomotor apraxia for tools: cognitive and PET studies.Brain and Language 1994;47:446–9. Marcel A. Surface dyslexia and beginning reading: A revised hypothesis of the pronunciation ofprint and its impairments. In: Coltheart M, Patterson K, Marshall JC, editors. Deep dyslexia.London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980:227–58. Margolin DI, Goodman-Schulman R. Oral and written spelling impairments. In: Margolin DI, editor.Cognitive neuropsychology in clinical practice. New York: Oxford U. Press, 1992:263–97. Martin A. Neuropsychology of Alzheimers disease: The case for subgroups. In: Schwartz MF, editor.Modular deficits in Alzheimer- type dementia. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990:142–76. Mattis S. Dementia rating scale. Psychological Assessment Resources, Odessa, FL, 1988. McKhann G, Drachman D, Folstein M, Katzman R, Price D, Stadlen EM. Clinical diagnosis ofAlzheimers disease. Neurology 1984;34:939–44. Neils J, Roeltgen DP, Constantinidou F. Decline in homophone spelling associated with loss ofsemantic influence on spelling in Alzheimers disease. Brain and Language 1995;49:27–49. Neils J, Roeltgen DP, Greer A. Spelling and attention in early Alzheimers disease: evidence forimpairment of the graphemic buffer. Brain and Language 1995;49:241–62. Penniello MJ, Lambert J, Eustache F, Petit-Taboue MC, Barre L, Viader F, Morin P, LechevalierB, Baron JC. A PET study of the functional neuroanatomy of writing impairment in Alzheimersdisease. The role of the left supramarginal and left angular gyrus. Brain 1995;118:697–706. Platel N, Lambert J, Eustache F, Cadet B, Dary M, Viader F, Lechevalier B. Characteristics andevolution of writing impairment in Alzheimers disease. Neuropsychologia 1993;31:1147–58. Plaut DC, McClelland JL, Seidenberg MS, Patterson K. Understanding normal and impaired wordreading: computational principles in quasi-regular domains. Psychological Review 1996;103:56–115. Rapcsak SZ, Arthur SA, Bliklen DA, Rubens AB. Lexical agraphia in Alzheimers Disease. Archivesof Neurology 1989;46:65–8. Roeltgen DP. Agraphia. In: Heilman KM, Valenstein E, editors. Clinical neuropsychology, 3rd ed.New York: Oxford University Press, 1993:63–90. Roeltgen DP, Rapscak S. Acquired disorders of writing and spelling. In: Blanken G, Dittman J,Grimm H, Marchall JC, Wallesch C, editors. Linguistic disorders and pathologies. Berlin: Walterde Gruyter, 1993:262–78. Schwartz MF, Marin OSM, Saffran EM. Dissociations of language function in dementia: a casestudy. Brain and Language 1979;7:277–30. Seidenberg MS, Plaut DC, Peterson AS, McClelland JL, McRae K. Nonword pronunciation andmodels of word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception andPerformance 1994;20:1177–96. Shallice T. Phonological agraphia and the lexical route in writing. Brain 1981;104:412–29. Shallice T, McCarthy R. Phonological reading: from patterns of impairment to possible procedures.In: Patterson KE, Marshall JC, Coltheart M, editors. Surface dyslexia. London: Erlbaum,1985:361–97. Stern Y, Jacobs DM. Preliminary findings from the predictors study: utility of clinical signs forpredicting disease course. Alzheimers Disease and Associated Disorders 1995;9:S14-S18. Trudgill P. Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society. London: Penguin Books, 1995. Venezky RL. The structure of English orthography. The Hague: Mouton Werker, 1970.