Impacts of the South Asian high on tropical cyclone genesis in the South China Sea

Adler RF et al.(2018) The Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) monthly analysis (New Version 2.3) and a review of 2017 global precipitation. Atmosphere (Basel) 9:138. https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos9040138

Boos WR, Kuang Z (2010) Dominant control of the South Asian monsoon by orographic insulation versus plateau heating. Nature 463:218–222. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08707

Briegel LM, Frank WM (1997) Large-scale influences on tropical cyclogenesis in the Western North Pacific. Mon Weather Rev 125:1397–1413. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1997)125%3c1397:LSIOTC%3e2.0.CO;2

Chen G (2011) How does shifting pacific ocean warming modulate on tropical cyclone frequency over the South China Sea? J Clim 24:4695–4700. https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4140.1

Chu J-H, Sampson CR, Levine AS, Fukada E (2002) The joint typhoon warning center tropical cyclone best-tracks, 1945–2000. Naval Research Lab, Monterey

Du Y, Yang L, Xie S-P (2011) Tropical Indian Ocean influence on Northwest Pacific tropical cyclones in summer following strong El Niño*. J Clim 24:315–322. https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3890.1

Duan AM, Wu GX (2005) Role of the Tibetan Plateau thermal forcing in the summer climate patterns over subtropical Asia. Clim Dyn 24:793–807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-004-0488-8

Emanuel KA, David Neelin J, Bretherton CS (1994) On large-scale circulations in convecting atmospheres. Q J R Meteorol Soc 120:1111–1143. https://doi.org/10.1002/qj.49712051902

Flohn H (1957) Large-scale aspects of the “Summer Monsoon” in South and East Asia. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 35A:180–186. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj1923.35a.0_180

Gill A (1980) Some simple solutions for heat-induced tropical circulation. Q J R Meteorol Soc 106:447–462

Goh AZC, Chan JCL (2010) Interannual and interdecadal variations of tropical cyclone activity in the South China Sea. Int J Climatol 30:827–843. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1943

Gray WM (1968) Global view of the origin of tropical disturbances and storms. Mon Weather Rev 96:669–700

Gray WM (1979) Hurricanes: their formation, structure and likely role in the tropical circulation. In: Shaw DB (ed) Meteorology over tropical oceans. Royal Meteorological Society, Bracknell, pp 155–218

Holton JR (1973) An introduction to dynamic meteorology. Am J Phys 41:752–754

Hoskins BJ, Rodwell MJ (1995) A model of the Asian summer monsoon. Part I: the global scale. J Atmos Sci 52:1329–1340

Huang G, Qu X, Hu K (2011) The impact of the tropical Indian Ocean on South Asian High in boreal summer. Adv Atmos Sci 28:421–432. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-9224-y

Huang B et al.(2015) Extended reconstructed sea surface temperature version 4 (ERSST.v4). Part I: upgrades and intercomparisons. J Clim 28:911–930. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00006.1

Jiang X, Li Y, Yang S, Wu R (2011) Interannual and interdecadal variations of the South Asian and western Pacific subtropical highs and their relationships with Asian-Pacific summer climate. Meteorol Atmos Phys 113:171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-011-0146-8

Kalnay E et al.(1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:437–471

Kossin JP, Emanuel KA, Camargo SJ (2016) Past and projected changes in western north pacific tropical cyclone exposure. J Clim 29:5725–5739. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0076.1

Krishnamurti TN et al.(1973) Tibetan high and upper tropospheric tropical circulations during northern summer. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 54:1234–1250. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477-54.12.1234

Li RCY, Zhou W (2014) Interdecadal change in South China Sea tropical cyclone frequency in association with zonal sea surface temperature gradient. J Clim 27:5468–5480. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00744.1

Liebmann B, Smith AC (1996) Description of a complete (interpolated) outgoing longwave radiation dataset. Bull Am Meteorol Soc, 1275–1277. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26233278?seq=1 (Accessed 30 Sept 2020).

Liu B, Wu G, Mao J, He J (2013) Genesis of the south Asian high and its impact on the Asian summer monsoon onset. J Clim 26:2976–2991. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-12-00286.1

Mason RB, Anderson CE (1963) The development and decay of the 100-MB. Summertime anticyclone over Southern Asia. Mon Weather Rev 91:3–12. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1963)091%3c0003:TDADOT%3e2.3.CO;2

Ning L, Liu J, Wang B (2017) How does the South Asian high influence extreme precipitation over eastern China? J Geophys Res Atmos 122:4281–4298. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026075

Peduzzi P, Chatenoux B, Dao H, De Bono A, Herold C, Kossin J, Mouton F, Nordbeck O (2012) Global trends in tropical cyclone risk. Nat Clim Change 2:289–294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1410

Philander SGH, Gu D, Halpern D, Lambert G, Lau NC, Li T, Pacanowski RC (1996) Why the ITCZ is mostly north of the equator. J Clim 9:2958–2972. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1996)009%3c2958:WTIIMN%3e2.0.CO;2

Qu X, Huang G (2012) An Enhanced influence of tropical Indian Ocean on the South Asia high after the late 1970s. J Clim 25:6930–6941. https://doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00696.1

Shukla J (1998) Predictability in the midst of chaos: a scientific basis for climate forecasting. Science 282:728–731. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.282.5389.728

Tao S, Zhu F (1964) The 100 mb flow patterns in southern Asia in summer and its relation to the advance and retreat of the west2 pacific subtropical anticyclone over the far east. Acta Meteorol Sin 34:385–396

Wang B (1992) The vertical structure and development of the ENSO anomaly mode during 1979–1989. J Atmos Sci 49:698–712. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1992)049%3c0698:TVSADO%3e2.0.CO;2

Wang B, Chan JCL (2002) How strong ENSO events affect tropical storm activity over the western North Pacific. J Clim 15:1643–1658. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015%3c1643:HSEEAT%3e2.0.CO;2

Wang C, Wang B (2019) Tropical cyclone predictability shaped by western Pacific subtropical high: integration of trans-basin sea surface temperature effects. Clim Dyn 53:2697–2714. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-019-04651-1

Wang C, Wu L (2016) Interannual shift of the tropical upper-tropospheric trough and its influence on tropical cyclone formation over the western North Pacific. J Clim 29:4203–4211. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-15-0653.1

Wang C, Wu L (2018a) Future changes of the monsoon trough: sensitivity to sea surface temperature gradient and implications for tropical cyclone activity. Earth’s Future 6:919–936. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018EF000858

Wang C, Wu L (2018b) Projection of North Pacific tropical upper-tropospheric trough in CMIP5 models: implications for changes in tropical cyclone formation locations. J Clim 31:761–774. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0292.1

Wang B, Wu R, Fu X (2000) Pacific-East Asian teleconnection: how does ENSO affect East Asian climate? J Clim 13:1517–1536. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2000)013%3c1517:PEATHD%3e2.0.CO;2

Wang B, Ding Q, Fu X, Kang I-S, Jin K, Shukla J, Doblas-Reyes F (2005) Fundamental challenge in simulation and prediction of summer monsoon rainfall. Geophys Res Lett 32:15711. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022734

Wang G, Su J, Ding Y, Chen D (2007) Tropical cyclone genesis over the south China sea. J Mar Syst 68:318–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JMARSYS.2006.12.002

Wang B, Bao Q, Hoskins B, Wu G, Liu Y (2008) Tibetan Plateau warming and precipitation changes in East Asia. Geophys Res Lett. https://doi.org/10.1029/2008gl034330

Wang L, Huang R, Wu R (2013) Interdecadal variability in tropical cyclone frequency over the South China Sea and its association with the Indian Ocean sea surface temperature. Geophys Res Lett 40:768–771

Wang X, Zhou W, Li C, Wang D (2014) Comparison of the impact of two types of El Niño on tropical cyclone genesis over the South China Sea. Int J Climatol 34:2651–2660. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.3865

Wang C, Wang B, Wu L (2019) A region-dependent seasonal forecasting framework for tropical cyclone genesis frequency in the Western North Pacific. J Clim 32:8415–8435. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-19-0006.1

Wei W, Zhang R, Wen M, Rong X, Li T (2014) Impact of Indian summer monsoon on the South Asian High and its influence on summer rainfall over China. Clim Dyn 43:1257–1269. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-013-1938-y

Wei W, Zhang R, Wen M, Kim B-JJ, Nam J-CC (2015) Interannual variation of the South Asian high and its relation with Indian and east asian summer monsoon rainfall. J Clim 28:2623–2634. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00454.1

Wei W, Zhang R, Wen M, Yang S, Li W (2019) Dynamic effect of the South Asian high on the interannual zonal extension of the western North Pacific subtropical high. Int J Climatol. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.6160

Wilks DS (2006) Statistical methods in the atmospheric sciences. Academic Press, London

Wu L, Wang C (2015) Has the western Pacific subtropical high extended westward since the late 1970s? J Clim 28:5406–5413. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00618.1

Wu G et al.(2007) The influence of mechanical and thermal forcing by the Tibetan Plateau on Asian climate. J Hydrometeorol 8:770–789

Wu L, Wang C, Wang B (2015) Westward shift of western North Pacific tropical cyclogenesis. Geophys Res Lett 42:1537–1542. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL063450

Wu L, Feng X, Liang M (2017) Insensitivity of the summer South Asian high intensity to a warming Tibetan Plateau in modern reanalysis datasets. J Clim 30:3009–3024. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0359.1

Xie S-P, Hu K, Hafner J, Tokinaga H, Du Y, Huang G, Sampe T (2009) Indian Ocean capacitor effect on Indo-Western Pacific climate during the summer following El Niño. J Clim 22:730–747. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2544.1

Xue X, Chen W, Chen S, Feng J (2018) PDO modulation of the ENSO impact on the summer South Asian high. Clim Dyn 50:1393–1411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-017-3692-z

Yang H, Sun S (2003) Longitudinal displacement of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in summer and its influence. Adv Atmos Sci 20:921–933. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02915515

Zhang Q, Wu G, Qian Y (2002) The bimodality of the 100 hPa South asia high and its relationship to the climate anomaly over East Asia in summer. J Meteorol Soc Jpn Ser II 80:733–744. https://doi.org/10.2151/jmsj.80.733

Zhang P, Yang S, Kousky VE (2005) South Asian high and Asian-Pacific-American climate teleconnection. Adv Atmos Sci 22:915–923

Zhang Q, Wu L, Liu Q (2009) Tropical cyclone damages in China 1983–2006. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 90:489–496. https://doi.org/10.1175/2008BAMS2631.1

Zhao P, Zhang X, Li Y, Chen J (2009) Remotely modulated tropical-North Pacific ocean–atmosphere interactions by the South Asian high. Atmos Res 94:45–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ATMOSRES.2009.01.018

Zuki ZM, Lupo AR (2008) Interannual variability of tropical cyclone activity in the southern South China Sea. J Geophys Res 113:D06106. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD009218