Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis

Marine Pollution Bulletin - Tập 48 Số 7-8 - Trang 624-649 - 2004
Md. Shahidul Islam1, Masaru Tanaka1
1Division of Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Alam, 1998, Impact of aquatic pollution and its effect on fisheries in Bangladesh, Mer Tokyo, 36, 23

AMAP, 2002. Arctic Pollution 2002. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme, Oslo 2002

Amundsen, 1999, Invasion of vendace Coregonus albula in a subarctic watercourse, Biological Conservation, 88, 405, 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00110-4

Andersen, 1980, Fisheries resources of the St. Lawrence estuary, Quebec, Canada, Canadian Industry Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 119, 1

Arne, 2001, Experiences from stocking salmonid fry and fingerlings in Norway, Nordic Journal of Freshwater Research, 75, 20

Beliaeff, 1997, US Mussel Watch data from1986 to 1994 Temporal trend detection at large spatial scales, Environmental and Science Technology, 31, 1411, 10.1021/es9606586

Bhattacharya, 1993, Target and non-target effects of anticholinesterase pesticides in fish, Science of the Total Environment Supplement, 859, 10.1016/S0048-9697(05)80092-0

Blight, 1997, Occurrence of plastic particles in Seabirds from the Eastern North Pacific, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 323, 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00095-1

Blomkvist, 1992, Concentrations of DDT and PCB in seals from Swedish and Scottish waters, AMBIO, 21, 539

Bonsdorff, 1997, Coastal eutrophication: causes, consequences and perspectives in the Archipelago areas of the northern Baltic Sea, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 44, 63, 10.1016/S0272-7714(97)80008-X

Borrell, 1999, Patterns of variability of retinol levels in a harbour porpoise population from an unpolluted environment, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 185, 85, 10.3354/meps185085

Bossart, 1990, Hepatitis B-like infection in a Pacific whitesided dolphin (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens), Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 196, 127, 10.2460/javma.1990.196.01.127

Boudouresque, 2002, Biological pollution in the Mediterranean Sea: invasive versus introduced macrophytes, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 44, 32, 10.1016/S0025-326X(01)00150-3

Boyd, 1999, Risks associated with the use of chemicals in pond aquaculture, Aquacultural Engineering, 20, 113, 10.1016/S0144-8609(99)00010-2

Cadee, 1995, Why the whelk Buccinum undatum has become extinct in the Dutch Wadden Sea, Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 34, 337, 10.1016/0077-7579(95)90044-6

Chavalit, 2002, The status of estuarine fish diversity in Thailand, Marine and Freshwater Research, 53, 471, 10.1071/MF01122

Cheevaporn, 2003, Water pollution and habitat degradation in the Gulf of Thailand, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47, 43, 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00101-2

Cloern, 2001, Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 210, 223, 10.3354/meps210223

Cohen, 1997, Estimates of coastal populations, Science, 278, 1211, 10.1126/science.278.5341.1209c

Collins, 1998, Fishery-pollution interactions: A modeling approach to explore the nature and incidence of economic damage, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 211, 10.1016/S0025-326X(97)00193-8

Cornell, 1995, Atmospheric inputs of dissolved organic nitrogen to the oceans, Nature, 36, 243, 10.1038/376243a0

Crews, 1995, The role of estrogen in turtle sex determination and the effect of PCBs, Environmental Health Perspective, 103, 73, 10.1289/ehp.95103s773

Cross, 1988, Evidence for impaired reproduction in white croaker (Genyonemus lineatus) from contaminated areas of southern California, Marine Environmental Research, 24, 185, 10.1016/0141-1136(88)90295-4

Davies, 1978, Pollution studies with marine plankton; Part II. Heavy metals, Advances in Marine Biology, 15, 381, 10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60408-3

Debrot, 1999, Beach debris in curacao, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 795, 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00043-0

Dethlefsen, 1996, Organochlorine compounds in marine organisms from the international North Sea incineration area, Archives of Fishery and Marine Research, 44, 215

Diaz, 1995, Marine benthic hypoxia: a review of its ecological effects and the behavioral responses of benthic macrofauna Oceanography, Marine Biology Annual Review, 33, 245

Dunnet, 1990, Seabird ecology in the North Sea, Netherlands Journal of Sea Research, 26, 387, 10.1016/0077-7579(90)90097-Z

Duursma, 1974, Aspects of organic marine pollution, Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review, 12, 315

Edsall, 1999, Preferred temperatures of juvenile lake whitefish, Journal of Great Lakes Research, 25, 583, 10.1016/S0380-1330(99)70761-6

EEG, 1994. European river and lakes: assessment of their environmental state. European Environment Agency, Monograph #1, Copenhagen, Denmark

Elliott, 2003, Biological pollutants and biological pollution––an increasing cause for concern, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 46, 275, 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00423-X

Elliott, M., Nedwell, S., Jones, N.V., Read, S., Cutts, N.D., Hemingway, K.L., 1998. Intertidal sand and mudflats and subtidal mobile sandbanks. Report to Scottish Association for Marine Science, Oban, for the UK Marine SAC project, 134 pp

Enell, 1995, Environmental impact of nutrients from nordic fish farming, Water Science and Technology, 31, 61, 10.1016/0273-1223(95)00426-N

Falconer, 1983, Trace metals in the common porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, Marine Environmental Research, 8, 119, 10.1016/0141-1136(83)90031-4

FAO, 1992. Aquaculture Production 1984–1990 Fisheries Circular No. 815, p. 206

FAO, 1995. Precautionary approach to fisheries Part 1: Guidelines on the precautionary approach to capture fisheries and species introductions. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

Federico, 2000, The Indian Ocean coast of Somalia, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 41, 141

Folke, C., 1995. Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services as the foundation for social and economic development in coastal areas. In: Biodiversity and Sustainable Use of Coastal Waters, Tjarno Marine Biological Laboratory Series, Swedish Scientific Committee on Biological Diversity; Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, pp. 18–19

Frost, 1997, Marine debris on northern New South Wales beaches (Australia): sources and the role of beach usage, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 348, 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00149-X

Furness, 1985, Ingestion of plastic particles by seabirds at Gough Island, South Atlantic Ocean, Environmental Pollution, 38, 261, 10.1016/0143-1471(85)90131-X

Gabric, 1993, Review of the effects of nonpoint nutrient loading on coastal ecosystems, Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44, 261, 10.1071/MF9930261

GESAMP, 1990. Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspect of Marine Pollution: the State of the Marine Environment UNEP Regional Seas Report and Studies No. 115, UNEP

GESAMP, 2001. Protecting the oceans from land-based activities. Land-based sources and activities affecting the quality and uses of the marine, coastal and associated freshwater environment. GESAMP Reports and Studies No. 71, Nairobi, United Nations Environment Program

Gibbs, 1996, Oviduct malformation as a sterilising effect of tributyltin-induced imposex in Ocenebra erinacea (Gastropoda: Muricidae), Journal of Molluscan Studies, 62, 403, 10.1093/mollus/62.4.403

Gibbs, 1986, Reproductive failure in population of dog-whelk Nucella lapillus caused by imposex induced by tributilyn from antifouling paints, Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 66, 767, 10.1017/S0025315400048414

Gilbert, 1997, Influence of shellfish farming activities on nitrification, nitrate reduction to ammonium and denitrification at the water–sediment interface of the Thau lagoon, France, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 151, 143, 10.3354/meps151143

Gillibrand, 1996, Bottom water stagnation and oxygen depletion in a Scottish Sea Loch, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 43, 217, 10.1006/ecss.1996.0066

Goldberg, 1995, Emerging problems in the coastal zone for the twenty-first century, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31, 152, 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00102-S

Gomoiu, 1992, Marine eutrophication syndrome in the northwestern part of the Black Sea

Gregory, 1999, Plastics and South Pacific Island shores: environmental implications, Ocean and Coastal Management, 42, 603, 10.1016/S0964-5691(99)00036-8

Grillo, V., Parsons, E.C.M., Shrimpton, J.H., 2001. A review of sewage pollution and cetaceans: a Scottish perspective. Paper presented to the Scientific Committee at the 53rd Meeting of the International Whaling Commission, 3–16 July 2001, London

Griswold, 1997, Fisheries and pollution: a conference overview, Transaction of the American Fisheries society, 126, 504

Grosse, 1997, Fisheries and pollution (population-level effects of marine contamination, Baltimore, Maryland, USA, October 12–13, 1995), Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 126, 504

Hatcher, 1994, Effect of suspended mussel culture (Mytilus spp.) on sedimentation, benthic respiration and sediment nutrient dynamics in a coastal bay, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 115, 219, 10.3354/meps115219

HELCOM, 1996. Baltic Sea Environment Proceedings No. 64B. Third Periodic Assessment on the State of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea, 1989–93 Background Document. Helsinki Commission, Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission, p. 252

Hernandez, 1998, Did algal toxins cause monk seal mortality, Nature, 393, 28, 10.1038/29906

HMSO, 1990. Fourth Report: Pollution of beaches, vol. 1. House of Commons Environment Committee, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London

Hontela, 1995, Endocrine and metabolic dysfunction in yellow perch, Perca flavescens, exposed to organic contaminants and heavy metals in the St. Lawrence River, Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry, 14, 725, 10.1897/1552-8618(1995)14[725:EAMDIY]2.0.CO;2

Huhnerfuss, 1997, Annual balances of hexachlorocyclohexanes, polychlorinated biphenyls and triazines in the German Bight, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 419, 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00163-4

Hursthouse, 1994, Inorganic and organic contaminants in intertidal sediments of the Clyde: preliminary observations of historical trends, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 28, 765, 10.1016/0025-326X(94)90337-9

Iwata, 1995, High accumulation of toxic butyltins in marine mammals from Japanese coastal waters, Environmental Science Technology, 29, 2959, 10.1021/es00012a011

Janssen, 1997, Environmental pollution caused elevated concentrations of oestradiol and vitellogenin in the female flounder, Platichthysesus, Aquatic Toxicology, 39, 195, 10.1016/S0166-445X(97)00036-2

Jenssen, 1996, An overview of exposure to, and effects of petroleum oil and organochlorine pollution in grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), The Science of the Total Environmental, 186, 109, 10.1016/0048-9697(96)05089-9

Jepson, 1999, Investigating potential associations between chronic exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and infectious disease mortality in harbour porpoises from England and Wales, The Science of the Total Environment, 243–244, 339, 10.1016/S0048-9697(99)00417-9

Joly, C., 1993. Plant nutrient management and the environment. In: Prevention of Water Pollution by Agriculture and Related Activities. Proceedings of the FAO Expert Consultation, Santiago, Chile, 20–23 October 1992. Water Report 1, FAO, Rome, pp. 223–245

Jon, 2001, Status of the White-beaked Dolphin, Lagenorhynchus albirostris, in Canada, Canadian Field Naturalist, 115, 118

Jones, 1997, TBT implicated in mass dolphin deaths, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 146, 10.1016/S0025-326X(97)84994-6

Justic, 1995, Changes in nutrient structure of river-dominated coastal waters; stoichiometric nutrient balance and its consequences, Estuarine and Coastal Shelf-Science, 40, 339, 10.1016/S0272-7714(05)80014-9

Kannan, 1997, Response to comment on “Elevated accumulation of tributyltin and its breakdown products in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded along the US Atlantic and Gulf coasts”, Environmental Science and Technology, 31, 3035, 10.1021/es972007v

Kannan, 1995, Butyltins in muscle and liver of fish collected from certain Asian and Oceanian countries, Environmental Pollution, 90, 279, 10.1016/0269-7491(95)00028-P

Karakassis, 2000, Impact of cage farming of fish on the seabed in three Mediterranean coastal areas, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57, 1462, 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0925

Kayser, 1976, Waste-water assay with continuous algal cultures: the effect of mercuric acetate on the growth of some marine dinoflagellates, Marine Biology, 36, 61, 10.1007/BF00388429

Khan, 1996, Disruption of nueroendocrine function in Atlantic croaker exposed to Aroclor 1254, Marine Environmental Research, 42, 145, 10.1016/0141-1136(95)00083-6

Kimor, 1992, Impact of eutrophication on phytoplankton composition, 871

Kinne, 1984, Introduction to Part 3––Pollution and protection of the seas: radioactive materials, heavy metals and oils, Marine Ecology, 5, 1091

Kumar, 2001, Surface water pollution in three urban territories of Nepal, India, and Bangladesh, Environmental Management, 28, 483, 10.1007/s002670010238

Kusui, 2003, International survey on the distribution of stranded and buried litter on beaches along the Sea of Japan, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47, 175, 10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00478-2

Lappalainen, 1993, Recreational fishing and environmental impacts in the Archipelago Sea and the Finnish part of the Gulf of Bothnia, Aqua Fennica, 23, 29

Lathrop, 1992, The fishery of the Yahara Lakes, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources Technical Bulletin, 1

Law, 1999, Butyltin compounds in liver tissues of pelagic cetaceans stranded on the coast of England and Wales, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 1258, 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00186-1

Longwell, 1992, Pollution and developmental abnormalities of Atlantic fisheries, Environmental Biology of Fishes, 35, 1, 10.1007/BF00001152

MacKenzie Jr., C.L., Burrell Jr., V.G., 1997. Trends and status of molluscan fisheries in North and Central America and Europe: a synopsis. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 0 (127), 1–14

Malakoff, 1998, Death by suffocation in the Gulf of Mexico, Science, 281, 190, 10.1126/science.281.5374.190

Marin, 1997, Trace metals in the American oyster, Crassostrea virginica, and sediments from the coastal lagoons Mecoacan, Carmen and Machona, Tabasco, Mexico, Chemosphere, 34, 2437, 10.1016/S0045-6535(97)00046-5

Mathews, 1993, Preliminary assessment of the effects of the 1991 Gulf War on Saudi Arabian prawn stocks, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 27, 251, 10.1016/0025-326X(93)90032-F

Max, 2001, Nesting of the Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas, in the Mediterranean: A review of status and conservation needs, Zoology in the Middle East, 24, 45, 10.1080/09397140.2001.10637885

Middleton, 1982, The Oriental Goby, Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temnick and Schlegel), an introduced fish in the coastal waters of New South Wales, Australia, Journal of Fish Biology, 21, 513, 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1982.tb02856.x

Milliman, 1992, Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: the importance of small mountain rivers, Journal of Geology, 100, 525, 10.1086/629606

Mills, E.L., Holeck, K.T., 2001. Biological pollutants in the Great Lakes. Clearwaters 31 (1). Available from <http://www.nywea.org/clearwaters/31000.html>

Moss, A.J., Rayment, G.E., Reilley, N., Best, E.K., 1992. A preliminary assessment of sediment and nutrient exported from Queensland coastal catchment. Report of Queensland, Department of Environment and Heritage and Department of primary industry, Brisbane, 33 p

Munkittrick, 1994, Identification of lampricide formulations as a potent inducer of MFO activity in fish, Journal of Great Lakes Research, 20, 355, 10.1016/S0380-1330(94)71153-9

Nelson, 2000, Australia's National Plan to combat pollution of the sea by oil and other noxious and hazardous substances––overview and current issues, Spill Science and Technology Bulletin, 6, 3, 10.1016/S1353-2561(00)00072-4

Niermann, 1994, Distribution of anchovy eggs and larvae (Engraulis encrasicolus Cuv.) in the Black Sea in 1991–1992, ICES Journal of Marine Science, 51, 395, 10.1006/jmsc.1994.1041

Nigro, 1996, Intracellular storage of mercury and selenium in different marine vertebrates, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 135, 137, 10.3354/meps135137

Ntiba, 2001, Management issues in the Lake Victoria watershed, Lakes and Reservoirs Research and Management, 6, 211, 10.1046/j.1440-1770.2001.00149.x

Oledan, 2001, Challenges and opportunities in watershed management for Laguna de Bay (Philippines), Lakes and Reservoirs Research and Management, 6, 243, 10.1046/j.1440-1770.2001.00154.x

Olin, 1996, Watershed impacts on California salmon populations, Bulletin of National Research Institute of Aquaculture, 115

Olivieri, 1982, Bacterial indicators of pollution, 21

Pablo, 1999, Status and conservation of seabirds breeding in Argentina, Bird Conservation International, 9, 299, 10.1017/S0959270900003506

Paerl, 1993, Emerging role of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in coastal eutrophication: biogeochemical and trophic perspectives, Canadian Journal of the Fisheries and Aquatic Science, 50, 2254, 10.1139/f93-251

Paez-Osuna, 1998, The environmental impact of shrimp aquaculture and the coastal pollution in Mexico, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 65, 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)90035-2

Parks, 1996, Reductions in steroid hormone biotransformation/elimination as a biomarker of pentachlorophenol chronic toxicity, Aquatic Toxicology, 34, 291, 10.1016/0166-445X(95)00045-6

Phil, 1994, Changes in the diet of demersal fish due to eutrophication-induced hypoxia in the Kattegat, Sweden, Canadian Journal of the Fisheries Aquatic Science, 51, 321, 10.1139/f94-033

Prospero, 1996, 27

Qi, 1993, Occurrence of red tides on the coast of China, 43

Reed, L., 1972. An Ocean of Waste. CPC No. 500, Buridge Co., Ltd., Crawley, Sussex, 72 pp

Reeves, 1997, The finless porpoise, Neophocaena phocaenoides (G. Cuvier, 1829): a summary of current knowledge and recommendations for conservation action, Asian Marine Biology, 14, 111

Reijnders, 1986, Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters, Nature, 324, 456, 10.1038/324456a0

Reijnders, 1986, Perspectives for studies of pollution in cetaceans, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 17, 58, 10.1016/0025-326X(86)90290-0

Richard, 2002, Ecosystem response to bivalve density reduction: Management implications, Aquatic Ecology, 36, 51, 10.1023/A:1013354807515

Riegman, 1995, Nutrient-related selection mechanisms in marine plankton communities and the impact of eutrophication on the plankton food web, Water Science Technology, 32, 63, 10.1016/0273-1223(95)00682-6

Robards, 1995, Increasing frequency of plastic particles ingested by seabirds in the subarctic North Pacific, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 30, 151, 10.1016/0025-326X(94)00121-O

Robson, 1997, A summary of regional water quality for Eastern UK Rivers, The Science of the Total Environment, 194/195, 15, 10.1016/S0048-9697(96)05351-X

Rosenberg, 1996, Marine environment quality assessment of the Skagerrak-Kattegat, Journal of the Sea Research, 35, 1, 10.1016/S1385-1101(96)90730-3

Rosenthal, H., 1992. Environmental impacts: negative and positive aspects. In: Workshop on Fish Farm Effluents and their Control in EC Countries. Published by the Department of Fishery Biology, Institute for Marine Science at the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Germany, pp. 4–5

Russel, 1956, Squamous papilloma in the white croaker, Journal of National Cancer Institute, 18, 857

Scott, 2001, Chemical pollution as a factor affecting the sea survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L, Fisheries Management and Ecology, 8, 487, 10.1046/j.1365-2400.2001.00277.x

Sehgal, 1985, Changing ecology of riverine resources of northwestern Himalaya and its effect on commercial and sport fisheries, Zoologica Orientalis, 2, 1

Seitzinger, 1998, Global distribution of nitrous oxide production and N inputs in freshwater and marine and coastal ecosystems, Global Biochemical Cycles, 12, 93, 10.1029/97GB03657

Selong, 1998, Impacts of trout culture effluent on water quality and biotic communities in Virginia Headwater Streams, Progressive Fish-Culturist, 60, 247, 10.1577/1548-8640(1998)060<0247:IOTCEO>2.0.CO;2

SEPA, 2000. SEPA State of the Environment Report: Improving Scotland's Water Environment. Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Stirling

Shafland, 1999, The introduced Butterfly Peacock (Cichla ocellaris) in Florida. I. Fish community analyses, Reviews in Fisheries Science, 7, 71, 10.1080/10641269991319199

2000, vol. 1

2000, vol. 2

2000, vol. 3

Shriadah, 1998, Impacts of an oil spill on the marine environment of the United Arab Emirates along the Gulf of Oman, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 876, 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00055-1

Siddeek, 1999, Demersal fisheries of the Arabian Sea, the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Gulf, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 49, 87, 10.1016/S0272-7714(99)80013-4

Siebert, 1999, Potential relation between mercury concentrations and necropsy findings in cetaceans from German waters of the North and Baltic Seas, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 38, 285, 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00147-7

Smith, 1998, River dolphins in Bangladesh: conservation and the effects of water development, Environmental Management, 22, 323, 10.1007/s002679900108

Smith, 1970, The problem of oil pollution of the sea, Advances in Marine Biology, 8, 215, 10.1016/S0065-2881(08)60493-9

Socolow, R.H., 1999. Nitrogen management and the future of food: lessons from the management of energy and carbon. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, vol. 96, pp. 6001–6008

Srivastava, 1994, Effects of chordecone on the gonads of freshwater catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis, Bulletin of the Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 53, 186, 10.1007/BF00192031

Stiles, 1991, Early reproductive success of the hard clam Mercenaria mercenaria from five sites in Long Island Sound USA, Estuaries, 14, 332, 10.2307/1351667

Stone, 1994, Environmental oestrogens stir debate, Science, 265, 308, 10.1126/science.8023147

Tacon, 1995, Aquaculture feeds and the environment: the Asian experience, Water Science and Technology, 31, 41, 10.1016/0273-1223(95)00425-M

Tanabe, 1998, Butylin contamination in marine mammals from North Pacific and Asian coastal waters, Environmental Science and Technology, 32, 193, 10.1021/es970543h

Taylor, 1998

Thia-Eng, 1999, Marine pollution prevention and management in the East Asian Seas: a paradigm shift in concept, approach and methodology, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 39, 80, 10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00085-5

Tovar, 2000, Environmental implications of intensive marine aquaculture in earthen ponds, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 40, 981, 10.1016/S0025-326X(00)00040-0

UNEP, 1991. The State of the World Environment. United Nations Environment Programmed, Nairobi, 48 p

Vitousek, 1997, Human domination of Earth's ecosystems, Science, 277, 494, 10.1126/science.277.5325.494

Viviani, 1992, Eutrophication, marine biotoxins, human health, 631

Vos, 1989, Immune alterations, 295

Wace, N., 1995. Ocean liter stranded on Australian coast. In: Zann, L.P., Sutton, D. (Eds.), State of the Marine Environment Report for Australia: Technical Annex 2––Pollution. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, Townsville, Queensland

Walker, 1997, Marine debris surveys at Bird Island, South Georgia 1990–1995, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 34, 61, 10.1016/S0025-326X(96)00053-7

Whitaker, 1998, A review of the fishery and biology of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, in South Carolina, Journal of Shellfish Research, 17, 459

Whitfield, 2002, Biological invasion of the Indo-Pacific lionfish Pterosis volitans along the Atlantic coast of North America, Marine Ecology Progress Series, 235, 289, 10.3354/meps235289

Whiting, 1998, Types and sources of marine debris in Fog Bay, Northern Australia, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 36, 904, 10.1016/S0025-326X(98)00066-6

William, 2000, Maintaining the shellfish niche in the new millennium: the Pacific Coast Shellfish Growers approach, Journal of Shellfish Research, 19, 449

Williams, 1996, Combating marine pollution from land-based activities: Australian initiatives, Ocean and Coastal Management, 33, 87, 10.1016/S0964-5691(96)00046-4

Worldwatch Institute, 1999. State of the World 1999: Chapter 5, Charting a New Course for Oceans. Washington, DC, Worldwatch Institute and W.W. Norton. Available from <http://www.worldwatch.org/static/titles/sow.html>

Wu, 1995, The environmental impact of marine fish culture: towards a sustainable future, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31, 159, 10.1016/0025-326X(95)00100-2

WWF, 1993. Marine Update 13: marine pollution and pesticide reduction policies. World Wide Fund for Nature, Panda House, Godalming, Surrey, UK

Xu, 1993, The formation and environmental characteristics of the largest red tide in China, 359

Yamamoto, 2003, Impacts by heavy-oil spill from the Russian tanker Nakhodka on intertidal ecosystems: recovery of animal community, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 47, 91, 10.1016/S0025-326X(03)00051-1

Zaitsev, 1992, Recent changes in the tropic structure of the Black Sea, Fish Oceanography, 1, 180, 10.1111/j.1365-2419.1992.tb00036.x

Zdanowski, 1979, Limnological characteristic of the current state of polluted lake Jamno, Poland, Roczniki Nauk Rolniczych Seria H Rybactwo, 99, 225