Impacts of integrated soil and water conservation programs on vegetation regeneration and productivity as indicator of ecosystem health in Guna-Tana watershed: evidences from satellite imagery

Springer Science and Business Media LLC - Tập 7 - Trang 1-14 - 2018
Getachew Workineh Gella1,2
1Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Debre Tabor University, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia
2Guna Tana Integrated Field Research and Development Center, Debre Tabor, Ethiopia

Tóm tắt

Northern Ethiopian Highlands, including Guna-Tana watershed, have experienced profound natural resources degradation which are resulted from coupled natural and anthropogenic factors. To mitigate this problem, Ethiopian government has launched various soil and water conservation programs at different watersheds. Overall objective of this study was to analyze impacts of soil and water conservation programs on vegetation regeneration and ecosystem productivity at in Guna-Tana watershed. As prime data source, the study has utilized Moderate Imaging Spectrometer satellite bi-monthly Enhanced Vegetation Index, 8-day land surface temperature and annual Net Primary Productivity products of the past 17 years starting from 2000. Imagery was processed by using various image preprocessing and analytical techniques. Long-term trend was tested by using Sens slope estimator and Mann–Kendall’s monotonic trend test. Analyzed trend was also segregated into slope and agroecology classes. More importantly, to supplement trend analysis, Vegetation Disturbance Index was developed. Results have showed that despite of long-term soil and water conservation programs, except small patches, vast expanses of the watershed have showed decrease in vegetation regeneration and primary productivity trend. This observed trend has also spatial variability across slope gradient and agroecological classes of the watershed. Though there is tendency of increasing vegetation regeneration and productivity, its observed that significant positive change as a result of watershed conservation programs was very little. This indicates that for better regeneration of vegetation and maintenance of ecosystem health in a watershed, intervention programs should be revised and constraints should be assessed. Taking these into consideration, the study calls further implementation strategies which have accounted agroecology and livelihoods production system.

Tài liệu tham khảo

Abera A, Fitih A (2015) Lessons from watershed based climate smart agricultural practices in Jego Gudedo watershed, Ethiopia. Int J Sci Technol Res 4(12):80–85 Adugnaw B, Frankl A, Jacob M, Lanckriet S, Hendrickx H, Nyssen J (2016) Afro-alpine forest cover change on Mt. Guna (Ethiopia). In: Geophysical research abstracts, vol 18 (EGU2016-1992) Asnake M (2017) Assessing the effectiveness of land resource management practices on erosion and vegetative cover using GIS and remote sensing techniques in Melaka watershed, Ethiopia. Environ Syst Res 6:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-017-0093-6 Bayazit M, Önöz B (2008) To pre-whiten or not to pre-whiten in trend analysis? Hydrol Sci J 52(4):611–624. https://doi.org/10.1623/hysj.53.3.669 Binyam TH, Maeda ED, Heiskanen J, Pellikka P (2015) Reconstructing pre-agricultural expansion vegetation cover of Ethiopia. Appl Geogr 62:357–365 Chebud AY, Melesse MA (2009) Numerical modeling of the groundwater flow system of the Gumera sub-basin in Lake Tana basin, Ethiopia. Hydrol Process 23:3694–3704 Chen T, Huang Q, Liu M, Li M, Qu L, Deng S, Chen D (2017) Decreasing net primary productivity in response to urbanization in Liaoning Province, China. Sustainability 9:162. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9020162 Chisholm N, Tassew W (2012) Managing watersheds for resilient livelihoods in Ethiopia. OECD, Development Co-operation Report 2012. OECD Publishing, Paris. https://doi.org/10.1787/dcr-2012-15-en Ciais P, Reichstein M, Viovy N, Granier A, Ogee J, Allard V, Aubinet M (2005) Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003. Nature 437:529–533 CSA (2004) National population statistical abstract. CSA, Addis Ababa CSA, EDRI, IFPRI (2006) Atlas of Ethiopian rural economy. CSA, EDRI, IFPRI, Addis Ababa Donald WM, Jean S, Steven AD, Jon BH (2011) Statistical analysis for monotonic trends, Tech Notes 6, November 2011. Developed for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency by Tetra Tech, Inc., Fairfax, VA, 2011. https://www.epagov/polluted-runoff-nonpoint-source-pollution/nonpointsource-monitoringtechnical-notes Eve M, Whitford GW, Havstadt MK (1999) Applying satellite imagery to triage assessment of ecosystem health. Environ Monit Assess 54:205–227 Essayas KA, Fasikaw, AZ, Amy SC, Seifu AT, Muhammed E, William DP, Tammo SS (2014) Monitoring state of biomass recovery in the Blue Nile Basin using image-based disturbance index. In: Melesse AM et al. (eds) Nile River Basin. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02720-3_13 Feng X, Fu B, Lu N, Zeng Y, Wu B (2013) How ecological restoration alters ecosystem services: an analysis of carbon sequestration in China’s Loess Plateau. Sci Rep 3:2846. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep02846 Fensholt R, Sandholt I, Rasmussen SM, Stisen S, Diouf A (2006) Evaluation of satellite based primary production modelling in the semi-arid Sahel. Remote Sens Environ 105:173–188 Fikir A, Nurhussen T, Nyssen J, Atkilt G, Amanuel Z, Mintesinot B, Deckers J, Poesen J (2009) The impacts of watershed management on land use and land coverdynamics in Eastern Tigray (Ethiopia). Resour Conserv Recycl 53:192–198 Gebregziabher G, Abera DA, Gebresamuel G, Giordano M, Langan S (2016) An assessment of integrated watershed management in Ethiopia. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo. (IWMI Working Paper 170). https://doi.org/10.5337/2016.214 Genene TM, Abiy G (2014) Review on overall status of soil and water conservation system and its constraints in different agro ecology of southern Ethiopia. J Nat Sci Res 4(7):59–69 Getachew E, Getachew F, Mulatie M, Assefa MM (2016) Evaluation of technical standards of physical soil and water conservation practices and their role in soil loss reduction: the case of Debre Mewi watershed, north-west Ethiopia. In: Melesse MA, Abtew W (eds) Landscape dynamics, soils and hydrological processes in varied climates. Springer International Publishing, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18787-7_35 Gete Z, Hurni H (2001) Implications of land use and land cover dynamics for mountain resource degradation in the northwestern Ethiopian highlands. Mt Res Dev 21(2):184–191 Hao W, Guohua L, Zongshan L, Xin Y, Meng W, Li G (2015) Impacts of climate change on net primary productivity in arid and semiarid regions of China. Chin Geogr Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11769-015-0762-1 Helsel RD, Hirsch MR (1992) Statistical methods in water resources: studies in environmental science 49. Elsevier Science Publishing, New York Huete A, Didan K, Miura T, Rodriguez EP, Gao X, Ferreira GL (2002) Overview of the radiometric and biophysical performance of the MODIS vegetation indices. Remote Sens Environ 83:195–213 Hurni H, Kebede T, Gete Z (2005) The implications of changes in population, land use, and land management for surface runoff in the upper Nile basin area of Ethiopia. Mt Res Dev 25(2):147–154 Hurni H, Solomon A, Amare B, Berhanu D, Ludi E, Portner B, Birru Y, Gete Z (2010) Land degradation and sustainable land management in the highlands of Ethiopia. In: Hurni H, Wiesmann U (eds) Global change and sustainable development: a synthesis of regional experiences from research partnerships, vol 5. Geographica Bernensia, Bern, pp 187–207 Hurni H, Berhe WA, Chadhokar P, Daniel D, Gete Z, Grunder M, Kassaye G (2016) Soil and water conservation in ethiopia: guidelines for development agents, 2nd edn. Bern: Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, with Bern Open Publishing (BOP). https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.80013 Indiarto D, Sulistyawati E (2014) Monitoring net primary productivity dynamics in Java island using MODIS satellite imagery. Asian J Geoinform 14(1):1–14 Kebede W (2014) Effects of soil and water conservation measures and challenges for its adoption: Ethiopia in focus. J Environ Sci Technol 7(4):185–199 Lemlem T, Suryabhagavan KV, Sridhar G, Legesse G (2017) Land use and land cover changes and soil erosion in Yezat watershed, North Western Ethiopia. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 5(2):85–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2017.05.004 Li A, Bian J, Lei G, Huang C (2012) Estimating the maximal light use efficiency for different vegetation through the CASA model combined with time-series remote sensing data and ground measurements. Remote Sens 4:3857–3876. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs4123857 Li Z, Xu D, Guo X (2014) Remote sensing of ecosystem health: opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives. Sensors 14:21117–21139. https://doi.org/10.3390/s141121117 Machiwal D, Jha KM (2012) Hydrologic time series analysis: theory and practice. Springer, Dordrecht Meaza H (2015) the role of community based watershed management for climate change adaptation in Adwa, Central Tigray Zone. Int J Weather Clim Change Conserv Res 1(1):11–35 Mekuria W, Aynekulu E (2011) Enclosure land management for restoration of the soils in degraded communal lands in Ethiopia. Land Degrad Dev. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.1146 Mellander P-E, Gebrehiwot SG, Gardenas AI, Bewket W, Bishop K (2013) Summer rains and dry seasons in the upper blue Nile basin: the predictability of half a century of past and future spatiotemporal patterns. PLoS ONE 8(7):e68461. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0068461 Mildrexler JD, Zhao M, Heinsch AF, Running WF (2007) A new satellite-based methodology for continental-scale disturbance detection. Ecol Appl 17:235–250 Mildrexler JD, Zhao M, Heinsch AF, Running WF (2009) Testing a MODIS global disturbance index across North America. Remote Sens Environ 113:2103–2117 Molla MA (2016) Integrated watershed management and sedimentation. J Environ Prot 7:490–494 Monteith J (1972) Solar radiation and productivity in tropical ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 9:747–766 Neumann M, Zhao M, Kindermann G, Hasenauer H (2015) Comparing MODIS net primary production estimates with terrestrial national forest inventory data in Austria. Remote Sens 7:3878–3906. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70403878 Nigussie H, Tsunekawa A, Nyssen J, Poesen J, Tsubo M, Derege TM, Schu B, Enyew A, Firew T (2015) Soil erosion and conservation in Ethiopia: a review. Prog Phys Geogr 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133315598725 Nigussie H, Atsushi T, Jean P, Mitsuru T, Derege TM, Ayele AF, Jan N, Enyew A (2017) Comprehensive assessment of soil erosion risk for better land use planning in river basins: case study of the Upper Blue Nile River. Sci Total Environ 574:95–108 Nyssen J, Clymans W, Descheemaeker K, Poesen J, Vandecasteele I, Vanmaercke M, Zenebe A, Camp M, Haile M, Haregeweyn N, Moeyersons J, Martens K, Gebreyohannes K, Deckers J, Walraevens K (2010) Impact of soil and water conservation measures on catchment hydrological response: a case in north Ethiopia. Hydrol Process 24:1880–1895. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.7628 Osman M, Sauerborn P (2001) Soil and water conservation in Ethiopia. J Soils Sediments 1(2):117–123 Pan S, Tian H, Dangal RS, Ouyang Z, Tao B, Ren W, Lu C, Running S (2014) Modeling and monitoring terrestrial primary production in a changing global environment: toward a multiscale synthesis of observation and simulation. Adv Meteorol. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/965936 Potter SC, Randerson TJ, Field BC, Matson AP, Vitousek MP, Mooney AH, Klooster AS (1993) Terrestrial ecosystem production: a process model based on global satellite and surface data. Glob Biogeochem Cycles 7(4):811–841 Rocchini D, Metz M, Ricotta C, Landa M, Frigeri A, Neteler M (2013) Fourier transforms for detecting multitemporal landscape fragmentation by remote sensing. Int J Remote Sens 34(24):8907–8916. https://doi.org/10.1080/01431161.2013.853896 Running SW, Nemani RR, Heinsch FA, Zhao M, Reeves M, Hashimoto H (2004) A continuous satellite-derived measure of global terrestrial production. Bioscience 54:547–560 Schmidt E, Fanaye T (2012) Household and plot level impact of sustainable land and watershed management (SLWM) practices in the Blue Nile. Ethiopia Strategy Support Program II (ESSP II) ESSP II Working Paper 42 Seleshi Y, Ermias T, Griensven A, Uhlenbrook S, Mul M, Kwast J, Zaag P (2012) Land use change and suitability assessment in the Upper Blue Nile Basin under water resources and socioeconomic constraints: a drive towards a decision support system. In: International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) 2012 international congress on environmental modelling and software managing resources of a limited planet, Sixth Biennial Meeting, Leipzig, Germany Seleshi Y, Zaag P, Mul M, Uhlenbrook S, Ermias T, Griensven A, Kwast J (2013) Coupled hydrologic and land use change models for decision making on land and water resources in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. In: Geophysical research abstracts, vol 15 (EGU2013-12838-1) Seleshi GY, Marloes LM, Griensven A, Ermias T, Priess J, Schweitzer C, Zaag P (2016) Land-use change modelling in the Upper Blue Nile Basin. Environments 3:21. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments3030021 Setegn GS, Srinivasan R, Dargahi B (2008) Hydrological modelling in the Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia using SWAT Model. Open Hydrol J 2:49–62 Shimeles D (2012) Effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures for land restoration in the Wello area, northern Ethiopian highlands. PhD dissertation Submitted to University of Bonn, Germany Simane B, Zaitchik FB (2014) The sustainability of community-based adaptation projects in the Blue Nile highlands of Ethiopia. Sustainability 6:4308–4325. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6074308 Sjöström M, Zhao M, Archibald S, Arneth A, Cappelaere B, Falk U, De Grandcourt A, Hanan N, Kergoat L, Kutsch W, Merbold L, Ardö J (2013) Evaluation of MODIS gross primary productivity for Africa using eddy covariance data. Remote Sens Environ 131:275–286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2012.12.023 Sung S, Nicklas F, Georg K, Lee KD (2016) Estimating net primary productivity under climate change by application of global forest model (G4M). J Korean Soc People Plants Environ 19(6):549–558. https://doi.org/10.11628/ksppe.2016.19.6.549 Tabari H, Taye TM, Willems P (2015) Statistical assessment of precipitation trends in the upper Blue Nile River basin. Stoch Environ Resour Risk Assess. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-015-1046-0 Teferi E, Uhlenbrook S, Bewket W (2015) Inter-annual and seasonal trends of vegetation condition in the Upper Blue Nile (Abay) Basin: dual-scale time series analysis. Earth Syst Dyn 6:617–636. https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-6-617-2015 Temesgen G, Tesfahun F (2014) Evaluation of land use/land cover changes in east of lake Tana, Ethiopia. J Environ Earth Sci 4(11):49–53 Turner PD, Rifts DW, Cohen BW, Gower TS, Running WS, Zhao M, Costa HM, Kirschbaum AA, Ham MJ, Saleska RS, Ahl ED (2006) Evaluation of MODIS NPP and GPP products across multiple biomes. Remote Sens Environ 102:282–292 Waga M, Deribe G, Tilahun A, Matta D, Jermias M (2007) Challenges of collective action in soil and water conservation, the case of Gununo watershed, Southern Ethiopia. In: African crop science conference proceeding, vol 8, pp 1541–1545 Wolde M, Mastewal Y (2013) Changes in woody species composition following establishing enclosures on grazing lands on the lowlands of northern Ethiopia. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 7(1):30–40. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJEST11.378 Woldeamlak B, Solomon A (2013) Land-use and land-cover change and its environmental implications in a tropical highland watershed, Ethiopia. Int J Environ Stud 70(1):126–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2012.755765 Woubet G, Dagnachew L (2011) Flood hazard and risk assessment using GIS and remote sensing in Fogera Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. In: Melesse MA (ed) Nile River Basin. Berlin: Springer Science + Business Media. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0689-7_9 Xiaoming F, Bojie F, Xiaojun Y, Yihe L (2010) Remote sensing of ecosystem services: an opportunity for spatially explicit assessment. Chin Geogr Sci 20(6):522–535 Yue S, Wang CY (2002) Applicability of pre-whitening to eliminate the influence of serial correlation on the MannKendall test. Water Resour Res 38(6):WR00861 Zerihun W (1999) Forests in the vegetation types of Ethiopia and their status in the geographical context. Paper presented at forest genetic resources conservation strategy development workshop, June 1999. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia Zhengchao R, Huazhong Z, Hua S, Xiaoni L (2011) Spatio–temporal distribution pattern of vegetation net primary productivity and its response to climate change in Buryatiya Republic, Russia. J Resour Ecol 2(3):257–265. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1674-764x.2011.03.009 Zhou W, Li LJ, Mu JS, Gang CC, Sun GZ (2013) Effects of ecological restoration-induced land-use change and improved management on grassland net primary productivity in the Shiyanghe River Basin, north-west China. Grass Forage Sci 69:596–610. https://doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12073