Impacts of hydrogeological characteristics on groundwater-level changes induced by earthquakes
Tóm tắt
Changes in groundwater level during earthquakes have been reported worldwide. In this study, field observations of co-seismic groundwater-level changes in wells under different aquifer conditions and sampling intervals due to near-field earthquake events in Taiwan are presented. Sustained changes, usually observed immediately after earthquakes, are found in the confined aquifer. Oscillatory changes due to the dynamic strain triggered by passing earthquake waves can only be recorded by a high-frequency data logger. While co-seismic changes recover rapidly in an unconfined aquifer, they can sustain for months or longer in a confined aquifer. Three monitoring wells with long-term groundwater-level data were examined to understand the association of co-seismic changes with local hydrogeological conditions. The finite element software ABAQUS is used to simulate the pore-pressure changes induced by the displacements due to fault rupture. The calculated co-seismic change in pore pressure is related to the compressibility of the formation. The recovery rate of the change is rapid in the unconfined aquifer due to the hydrostatic condition at the water table, but slow in the confined aquifer due to the less permeable confining layer. Fracturing of the confining layer during earthquakes may enhance the dissipation of pore pressure and induce the discharge of the confined aquifer. The study results indicated that aquifer characteristics play an important role in determining groundwater-level changes during and after earthquakes.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Biot MA (1941) General theory of three-dimensional consolidation. J Appl Phys 12(2):155–164. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1712886
Biot MA (1956) General solutions of the equations of elasticity and consolidation of a porous material. J Appl Mech 78:91–96.
Charmoille A, Fabbri O, Mudry J, Guglielmi Y, Bertrand C (2005) Post-seismic permeability change in a shallow fractured aquifer following a M-L 5.1 earthquake (Fourbanne karst aquifer, Jura outermost thrust unit, eastern France). Geophys Res Lett 32(18):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL023859
Chia Y, Wang YS, Chiu JJ, Liu CW (2001) Changes of groundwater level due to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake in the Choshui River alluvial fan in Taiwan. Bull Seis Soc Am 91(5):1062–1068. https://doi.org/10.1785/0120000726
Chia Y, Chiu JJ, Chiang YH, Lee TP, Wu YM, Horng MJ (2008) Implications of coseismic groundwater level changes observed at multiple-well monitoring stations. Geophys J Int 172(1):293–301. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2007.03628.x
Cooper HH, Bredehoeft JD, Papadopulos IS, Bennett RR (1965) The response of well-aquifer systems to seismic waves. J Geophys Res 70(16):3915–3926. https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ070i016p03915
Cucci L, Tertulliani A (2015) The hydrological signature of a seismogenic source: coseismic hydrological changes in response to the 1915 Fucino (central Italy) earthquake. Geophys J Int 200(3):1374–1388. https://doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggu448
CWB (2006) Earthquake seismicity. Central Weather Bureau. http://www.cwb.gov.tw/V7e/earthquake/seismic.htm. Accessed 25 October 2016
Das BM (2008) Advanced soil mechanics. Taylor and Francis, London
Domenico PA, Schwartz FW (1997) Physical and chemical hydrogeology, 2nd edn. Wiley, Chichester, UK
Elkhoury JE, Brodsky EE, Agnew DC (2006) Seismic waves increase permeability. Nature 411(7097):1135–1138. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04798
Grecksch G, Roth F, Kumpel HJ (1999) Co-seismic well-level changes due to the 1992 Roermond earthquake compared to static deformation of half-space solutions. Geophys J Int 138(2):470–478. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-246X.1999.00894.x
Igarashi G, Wakita H, Sato T (1992) Precursory and coseismic anomalies in well water levels observed for the February 2, 1992 Tokyo Bay earthquake. Geophys Res Lett 19(15):1583–1586. https://doi.org/10.1029/92GL01422
Itaba S, Koizumi N, Matsumoto N, Takahashi M, Sato T, Ohtani R, Kitagawa Y, Kuwahara Y, Sato T, Ozawa K (2008) Groundwater level changes related to the ground shaking of the Noto Hanto earthquake in 2007. Earth Planets Space 60(12):1153–1159. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03352872
Jang CS, Liu CW, Chia Y, Cheng LH, Chen YC (2008) Changes in hydrogeological properties of the River Choushui alluvial fan aquifer due to the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan. Hydrogeol J 16(2):389–397. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-007-0233-6
Jónsson S, Segall P, Pedersen R, Björnsson G (2003) Post-earthquake ground movements correlated to pore-pressure transients. Nature 424(6945):179–183. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01776
King CY, Igarashi G (2002) Earthquake-related hydrologic and geochemical changes. Int Handbook Earthquake Eng Seismol 81(A):637–645. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0074-6142(02)80242-X
King CY, Zhang W, Zhang Z (2006) Earthquake-induced groundwater and gas changes. Pure Appl Geophys 163(4):633–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-006-0049-7
Kitagawa Y, Koizumi N, Takahashi M, Matsumoto N, Sato T (2006) Changes in groundwater levels or pressures associated with the 2004 earthquake off the west coast of northern Sumatra (M9.0). Earth Planets Space 58(2):173–179. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03353375
Koizumi N, Lai WC, Kitagawa Y, Matsumoto N (2004) Comment on “Coseismic hydrological changes associated with dislocation of the September 21, 1999 Chi-chi earthquake, Taiwan” by Min Lee et al. Geophys Res Lett 31:L13603. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019897
Koizumi N, Kano Y, Kitagawa Y, Sato T, Takahashi M, Nishimura S, Nishida R (1996) Groundwater Anomalies Associated with the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu Earthquake. J Phys Earth 44(4):373–380. http://doi.org/10.4294/jpe1952.44.373
Lee M, Liu TK, Ma KF, Chang YM (2002) Coseismic hydrological changes with dislocation of the September 21, 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan. Geophys Res Lett 29(17):5-1–5-4. https://doi.org/10.1029/2002GL015116
Liu LB, Roeloffs EA, Zheng XY (1989) Seismically induced water level fluctuations in the Wali well, Beijing, China. J Geophys Res 94(B7):9453–9462. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB07p09453
Matsumoto N, Kitagawa G, Roeloffs EA (2003) Hydrological response to earthquakes in the Haibara well, central Japan, I—water level changes revealed using state space decomposition of atmospheric pressure, rainfall and tidal responses. Geophys J Int 155(3):885–898. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2003.02103.x
Montgomery DR, Manga M (2003) Streamflow and water well responses to earthquakes. Science 300(5628):2047–2049. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1082980
Montgomery DR, Greenberg HM, Smith DT (2003) Streamflow response to the Nisqually earthquake. Earth Planet Sci Lett 209(1–2):19–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00074-8
Obrzud R, Truty A (2012) The hardening soil model: a practical guidebook. Zace, Preverenges, Switzerland
Ohno M, Wakita H, Kanjo K (1997) A water well sensitive to seismic waves. Geophys Res Lett 24(6):691–694. https://doi.org/10.1029/97GL00471
Okada Y (1992) Internal deformation due to shear and tensile faults in a half-space. Bull Seism Soc Am 82(8):1018–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(86)90674-1
Palciauskas VV, Domenico PA (1989) Fluid pressure in deforming porous rocks. Water Resour Res 25(2):203–213. https://doi.org/10.1029/WR025i002p00203
Quilty EG, Roeloffs EA (1997) Water-level changes in response to the 20 December 1994 earthquake near Parkfield, California. Bull Seismol Soc Am 87(2):310–317
Quilty EG, Farrar CD, Galloway DL, Hamlin SN, Laczniak RJ, Roeloffs EA, Sorey ML, Woodcock DE (1995) Hydrologic effects associated with the January 17, 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake: US Geol Surv Open-File Rep 95-813, 47 pp
Rice JR, Cleary MP (1976) Some basic stress diffusion solutions for fluid-saturated elastic porous media with compressible constituents. Rev Geophys Space Phys 14(2):227–241. https://doi.org/10.1029/RG014i002p00227
Roeloffs EA (1988) Hydrologic precursors to earthquakes: a review. Pure Appl Geophy 126(2):177–209. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00878996
Roeloffs EA (1996) Poroelastic techniques in the study of earthquake-related hydrologic phenomena. Adv Geophys 37:135–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2687(08)60270-8
Roeloffs EA (1998) Persistent water level changes in a well near Parkfield, California, due to local and distant earthquakes. J Geophys Res 103(B1):869–889. https://doi.org/10.1029/97JB02335
Roeloffs EA, Burford SS, Riley FS, Records AW (1989) Hydrologic effects on water level changes associated with episodic fault creep near Parkfield, California. J Geophys Res 94(B9):12387–12402. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB094iB09p12387
Roeloffs EA, Quilty EG, Scholtz CH (1997) Water level and strain changes preceding and following the August 4, 1985 Kettleman Hills, California, earthquake. Pure Appl Geophys 149(1):21–60. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00945160
Rojstaczer S (1988) Intermediate period response of water levels in wells to crustal strain: sensitivity and noise level. J Geophys Res 93(B11):13619–13634. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB093iB11p13619
Rojstaczer S, Wolf S (1992) Permeability changes associated with large earthquakes: an example from Loma Prieta, California. Geology 20(3):211–214. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1992)020<0211:PCAWLE>2.3.CO;2
Rojstaczer S, Wolf S, Michel R (1995) Permeability enhancement in the shallow crust as a cause of earthquake induced hydrological changes. Nature 373(6511):237–239. https://doi.org/10.1038/373237a0
Sato T, Sakai R, Furuya K, Kodama T (2000) Coseismic spring flow changes associated with the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Geophys Res Lett 27(8):1219–1222. https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GL011187
Sato T, Matsumoto N, Kitagawa Y, Koizumi N, Takahashi M, Kuwahara Y, Ito H, Cho A, Satoh T, Ozawa K, Tasaka S (2004) Changes in groundwater level associated with the 2003 Tokachi-oki earthquake. Earth Planets Space 56(3):395–400. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03353071
Shi Z, Wang G, Liu C (2013) Co-seismic groundwater level changes induced by the may 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in the near field. Pure Appl Geophy 170(11):1773–1783. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-012-0606-1
Shi Z, Wang G, Wang CY, Manga M, Liu C (2014) Comparison of hydrological responses to the Wenchuan and Lushan earthquakes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 391:193–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.048
Terzaghi K (1926) Principles of soil mechanics: a summary of experimental studies of clay and sand. McGraw-Hill, New York
Thomas HE (1940) Fluctuations of ground-water levels during the earthquakes of November 10, 1938, and January 24, 1939. Bull Seismol Soc Am 30(2):93–97
USGS (2006) M 7.1: Taiwan region, Earthquake Hazards Program. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000f114#executive. Accessed 25 October 2016
Wakita H (1975) Water wells as possible indicators of tectonic strain. Science 189(4202):553–555. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.189.4202.553
Waller R (1966) Effects of the March 1964 Alaska earthquake on the hydrology of the Anchorage area. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 544(B):B1–B18
Wang CY, Wang CH, Kuo CH (2004a) Temporal change in groundwater level following the 1999 (Mw = 7.5) Chi-Chi earthquake, Taiwan. Geofluids 4(3):210–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-8123.2004.00082.x
Wang CY, Manga M, Dreger D, Wong A (2004b) Streamflow increase due to rupturing of hydrothermal reservoirs: evidence from the 2003 San Simeon, California, earthquake. Geophys Res Lett 311(10):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL020124
Weingarten M, Ge S (2014) Insights into water level response to seismic waves: a 24 year high-fidelity record of global seismicity at Devils Hole. Geophys Res Lett 41(1):74–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058418
WRA (2013) Introduction of quality inspection and management of groundwater observation data (in Chinese). Water Resour Agency Newslett v42. http://epaper.wra.gov.tw/Article_Detail.aspx?s=23E71BBDA43442F1. Accessed 25 October 2016