Impacts of changing sea-ice conditions on Arctic marine mammals
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Aars J, Lunn NF, Derocher AE (2006) Polar bears. Proc.14th Working Meeting of the IUCN SSC Polar Bears Specialist Group, 20–24 June 2005. IUCN, Cambridge
Aars J, Marques TA, Buckland ST, Andersen M, Belikov S, Boltunov A, Wiig Ø (2009) Estimating the Barents Sea polar bear subpopulation size. Mar Mamm Sci 25:35–52
ACIA (2005) Arctic climate impact assessment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
AMAP (2003) AMAP assessment 2002: the influence of global change on contaminant pathways to, within, and from the Arctic. Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP), Oslo
AMSA (2009) Arctic marine shipping assessment. PAME, Arctic Council, Tromø
Amstrup SC, Marcot BG, Douglas DC (2008) A Bayesian network modeling approach to forecasting the 21st century worldwide status of polar bears In: DeWeaver ET, Bitz CM, Tremblay L-B (eds) Arctic sea ice decline: observations, projections, mechanisms and implications, Geophys Monogr Ser 180, Am Geophys Union, Washington DC, pp 213–268
Arnbom T (2009) Walrus—facing new challenges in a changing Arctic. The Circle 4:15–17
Arrigo KR, van Dijken G, Pabi S (2008) Impact of a shrinking Arctic sea ice cover on marine primary production. Geophys Res Lett 35:L19603. doi: 10.1029/2008GL035028
Ashjian CJ, Braund SR, Campbell RG, George JC, Kruse J, Maslowski W, Moore SE, Nicolson CR, Okkonen SR, Sheer BF, Sherr EB, Spitz T (2010) Climate variability, oceanography, bowhead whale distribution and Inupiiat subsistence whaling near Barrow, AK. Arctic 63:179–194
Barber DG, Iacozza J (2004) Historical analysis of sea ice conditions in M’Clintock Channel and the Gulf of Boothia, Nunavut: implications for ringed seal and polar bear habitat. Arctic 57:1–14
Barber DG, Galley R, Asplin MG, DeAbreu R, Warner KA, Pucko M, Gupta M, Prinsenberg S, Julien S (2009) Perennial pack ice in the southern Beaufort Sea was not as it appeared in the summer of 2009. Geophy Res Lett 36:L24501. doi: 10.1029/2009GL041434
Bluhm BA, Gradinger R (2008) Regional variability in food availability for Arctic marine mammals. Ecol Appl 18:S77–S96
Born EW (2005) An assessment of the effects of hunting and climate on walruses in Greenland. Dr. Philos. Thesis, NHM, University of Oslo, Oslo
Burns J (2009) Harbor and spotted seals. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 533–542
Carmack E, McLaughlin F (2001) Arctic Ocean change and consequences to biodiversity: a perspective on linkage and scale. Mem Natl Inst Polar Res (Japan), Spec Issue 54:365–375
Chernook VI, Boltnev AI (2008) Regular instrumental aerial surveys detect a sharp drop in the birth rates of the harp seal in the White Sea. In: Collection of Scientific Papers from the Marine Mammals of the Holarctic V Conference, Odessa, Ukraine, 14-18 October, pp 100–104
Clark DA, Lee DS, Freeman MMR, Clark SG (2008) Polar bear conservation in Canada: defining the policy problems. Arctic 61:347–360
Cooper LW, Ashjian CJ, LA SmithSL C, Grebmeier JM, Campbell RG, Sheer EB (2006) Rapid seasonal sea-ice retreat in the Arctic could be affecting Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) recruitment. Aquat Mamm 32:98–102
Crompton AE, Obbard ME, Petersen SD, Wilson PJ (2008) Population genetic structure in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from Hudson Bay, Canada: implications of future climate change. Biol Conserv 141:2528–2539
Derocher AE, Lunn NJ, Stirling I (2004) Polar bears in a warming climate. Integr Comp Biol 44:163–176
Dowsley M (2009) Community clusters in wildlife and environmental management using TEK and community involvement to improve co-management in an era of rapid environmental change. Polar Res 28:43–59
Dowsley M, Wenzel G (2008) “The time of the most polar bears”: a co-management conflict in Nunavut. Arctic 61:177–189
Durner GM, Douglas DC, Nielson RM, Amstrup SC, McDonald TL, Stirling I, Mauritzen M, Born EW, Wiig Ø, DeWeaver E, Serreze MC, Belikov SE, Holland MM, Maslanik J, Aars J, Bailey DA, Derocher AE (2009) Predicting 21st-century polar bear habitat distribution from global climate models. Ecol Monogr l79:25–58
Dyck MG, Kebreab E (2009) Estimating the energetic contribution of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) summer diets to the total energy budget. J Mammal 90:585–593
Fay FH (1982) Ecology and biology of the Pacific walrus, Odobenus rosmarus divergens Illiger. North American Fauna No. 74. United States Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington DC
Ferguson SH (2009) Killer whales on the rise in the Canadian Arctic. The Circle 4:20–23
Ferguson SH, Stirling I, McLoughlin P (2005) Climate change and ringed seal (Phoca hispida) recruitment in Western Hudson Bay. Mar Mamm Sci 21:121–135
Finley KJ, Miller GW, Davis RA, Koski WR (1983) A distinctive large breeding population of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) inhabiting the Baffin Bay pack ice. Arctic 36:162–173
Finley KJ (2001) Natural history and conservation of the Greenland whale, or bowhead in the Northwest Atlantic. Arctic 54:55–76
Fischbach AS, Amstrup SC, Douglas DC (2007) Landward and eastward shift of Alaskan polar bear denning associated with recent sea ice changes. Polar Biol 30:1395–1405
Fischbach AS, Monson DH, Jay CD (2009) Enumeration of Pacific walrus carcasses on beaches of the Chukchi Sea in Alaska following a mortality event, September 2009. Open-File Report 2009-1291, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston
Freitas C, Kovacs KM, Ims RA, Fedak MA, Lydersen C (2008a) Ringed seal post-moulting movement tactics and habitat selection. Oecologia 155:193–204
Freitas C, Kovacs KM, Ims RA, Lydersen C (2008b) Predicting habitat use by ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in a warming Arctic. Ecol Model 217:19–32
Freitas C, Kovacs KM, Ims RA, Fedak MA, Lydersen C (2009) Deep into the ice: over-wintering and habitat selection in Atlantic walruses. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 375:247–261
Fuller T, Morton DP, Sarkar S (2008) Incorporating uncertainty about species’ potential distributions under climate change into the selection of conservation areas with a case study from the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska. Biol Conserv 141:1547–1559
Furgal CM, Innes S, Kovacs KM (1996) Characteristics of ringed seal (Phoca hispida) subnivian lairs and habitat and their influence on predation. Can J Zool 74:858–874
Garlich-Miller JL, Quakenbush LT, Bromaghin JJ (2006) Trends in age structure and productivity of Pacific walruses harvested in the Bering Strait region of Alaska, 1952–2002. Mar Mamm Sci 22:880–896
George JC, Zeh J, Suydam R, Clark C (2004) Abundance and population trend (1978–2001) of western arctic bowhead whales surveyed near Barrow, Alaska. Mar Mamm Sci 20:755–773
George JC, Nicolson C, Drobot S, Maslanik J, Suydam R (2006) Sea ice density and bowhead whale body condition: preliminary findings (Abstract). Biennial Conference of the Society of Marine Mammalogy, San Diego
Giles KA, Laxon SW, Ridout AL (2008) Circumpolar thinning of Arctic sea ice following the 2007 record ice extent minimum. Geophys Res Lett 35:L22502. doi: 10.1029/2008GL035710
Gleason JS, Rode KD (2009) Polar bear distribution and habitat association reflect long-term changes in fall sea ice conditions in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Arctic 62:405–417
Grebmeier JM, Overland JE, Moore SE, Farley EV, Carmack EC, Cooper LW, Frey KE, Helle JH, McLaughlin FA, McNutt SL (2006a) A major ecosystem shift in the northern Bering Sea. Science 311:1461–1464
Grebmeier JM, Cooper LW, Feder HM, Sirenko BI (2006b) Pelagic-benthic coupling and ecology dynamics in the Pacific-influenced Amerasian Arctic. Prog Oceanogr 71:331–361
Grebmeier JM, Moore SE, Overland JE, Frey K, Gradinger R (2010) Bio-response to recent extreme sea ice retreats in the Pacific Arctic. EOS Trans Am Geophys Union 91:161–168
Hammill MO (2009) Ringed seals. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 972–974
Härkonen T, Stenman O, Jüsssi M, Jüssi I, Sagitov R, Verevkin M (1998) Population size and distribution of the Baltic ringed seal (Phoca hispida botnica). In: Heide-Jørgensen M-P, Lydersen C (eds) Ringed seals of the North Atlantic. NAMMCO Sci Publ, Tromsø, pp 167–180
Harvell CD, Kim K, Vurkholder JM, Colwell RR, Epstein PR, Grimes DJ, Hofmann EE, Lipp EK, Osterhaus ADME, Overstreet RM, Porter JW, Smith GW, Vasta GR (1999) Review: marine ecology—emerging marine diseases—climate links and anthropogenic factors. Science 285:1505–1510
Harwood LA, Smith TG, Melling H (2000) Variation in reproduction and body condition of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida) in western Prince Albert Sound, NT, Canada, as assessed through a harvest-based sampling program. Arctic 53:422–431
Hassol SJ (2004) Impacts of a warming Arctic. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Haug T, Nilssen KT, Lindblom L, Lindstrom U (2007) Diets of hooded seals (Cystophora cristata) in coastal waters and drift ice waters along the east coast of Greenland. Mar Biol Res 3:123–133
Heide-Jørgensen MP (2009) Narwhal. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 754–758
Heide-Jørgensen MP, Laidre KL (2004) Declining extent of open-water refugia for top predators in Baffin Bay and adjacent waters. Ambio 33:487–494
Higdon JW, Ferguson SH (2009) Loss of arctic sea ice causing punctuated change in sightings of killer whales (Orcinus orca) over the past century. Ecol Appl 19:1365–1375
Hobson KA, Ambrose WG, Renaud PE (1995) Sources of primary production, benthic–pelagic coupling, and trophic relationships within the Northeast Water Polynya: insights from 13C and 15N analysis. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 128:1–10
Hobson KA, Stirling I, Andriashek DS (2009) Isotopic homogeneity of breath CO2 from fasting and berry-eating polar bears: implications for tracing reliance on terrestrial foods in a changing Arctic. Can J Zool 87:50–55
Hunt GL Jr, Stabeno P, Walters G, Sinclair E, Brodeu RD, Napp JM, Bond NA (2002) Climate change and control of the southeastern Bering Sea pelagic ecosystem. Deep Sea Res II 49:5821–5853
Hunt GL Jr, Stabeno PJ, Strom S, Napp JM (2008) Patterns of spatial and temporal variation in the marine ecosystem of the southeastern Bering Sea, with special reference to the Pribilof Domain. Deep Sea Res II 55:1919–1944
ICES—International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (2008) Report of the Joint ICES/NAFO Working Group on Harp and Hooded Seals, 27–30 August 2008, Tromsø, Norway. ICES CM 2008/ACOM 17
Ingvaldsen R, Gjøsæter H (2008) The effect of temperature and stock size on geographical distribution of capelin (Mallotus villosus, Muller) in the Barents Sea. ICES CM 2008/B:09 Abstract: 87
IUCN (2008) IUCN Red list of endangered animals, www.iucnredlist.org/mammals (2008)
IWC—International Whaling Commission (2010) Report of the workshop on cetaceans and climate change. J Cetacean Res Manag Suppl 11(2):451–480
Jensen SK, Lydersen C, Kovacs KM, Åsbakk K, Aars J (2010) The prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in polar bears and its marine mammalian prey; evidence for a marine transmission pathway? Polar Biol 33:599–606
Johnston DW, Friedlaendeer AW, Torres LG, Lavigne DM (2005) Variation in sea ice cover on the east coast of Canada from 1969–2002: climate variability and implications for harp and hooded seals. Clim Res 29:209–222
Kavry VI, Boltunov AN, Nikiforov VV (2008) New coastal haulouts of walruses (Odobenus rosmarus)—response to the climate changes. In: Collection of Scientific Papers from the Marine Mammals ofthe Holarctic V Conference, Odessa, Ukraine, 14-18 October, pp 248–251
Kelly BP (2001) Climate change and ice breeding pinnipeds. In: Walther G-R, Burga CA, Edwards PJ (eds) “Fingerprints” of climate change. Kluwer/Plenum, New York, pp 43–55
Kingsley MCS, Stirling I, Calvert W (1985) The distribution and abundance of seals in the Canadian High Arctic, 1980–1982. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 41:1189–1210
Kovacs KM (2008) Background document for development of a circumpolar ringed seal (Phoca hispida) monitoring plan. Report to the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda
Kovacs KM (2009a) Bearded seal. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 97–101
Kovacs KM (2009b) Hooded seal. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 569–572
Kovacs KM, Lydersen C (2006) Birds and mammals of Svalbard. Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø
Kovacs KM, Lydersen C (2008) Climate change impacts on seals and whales in the North Atlantic Arctic and adjacent shelf seas. Sci Progr 91:117–150
Kwok R (2007) Near zero replenishment of the Arctic multiyear sea ice cover at the end of 2005 summer. Geophys Res Lett 34:L05501. doi: 10.1029/2006GL028737
Kwok R, Rothrock DA (2009) Decline in Arctic sea ice thickness from submarine and ICES records: 1958–2008. Geophys Res Lett 36:L15501. doi: 10.1029/2009GL039035
Kwok R, Cunningham GF, Wensnahan M, Rigor I, Zwally HJ, Yi D (2009) Thinning and volume loss of the Arctic Ocean sea ice cover: 2003–2208. J Geophys Res 114:C07005. doi: 10.1029/2009JC005312
Labansen AL, Lydersen C, Haug T, Kovacs KM (2007) Spring diet of ringed seals (Pusa hispida) from north-western Spitsbergen, Norway. ICES J Mar Sci 64:1246–1256
Laidre KL, Heide-Jørgensen MP (2005) Arctic sea ice trends and narwhal vulnerability. Biol Conserv 121:509–517
Laidre KL, Stirling I, Lowry LF, Wiig Ø, Heide-Jørgensen MP, Ferguson SF (2008a) Quantifying the sensitivity of arctic marine mammals to climate-induced habitat change. Ecol Appl 18:S97–S125
Laidre KL, Simpkins M, Lowry L, Heide-Jørgensen M-P, Reeves R, Moore S (2008b) Background document for development of a circumpolar beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) monitoring plan. Report to the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission, Bethesda
Lavigne DM (2009) Harp seal. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 543–547
Lowry L, Boveng P (2009) Ribbon seal. In: Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 955–958
Lydersen C, Kovacs KM (1999) Behaviour and energetics of ice-breeding, North Atlantic phocid seals during the lactation period. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 187:265–281
Lydersen C, Martin AR, Kovacs KM, Gjertz I (2001) Summer and autumn movements of white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Svalbard, Norway. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 219:265–274
MacDonald RW, Harner T, Fyfe J (2005) Recent climate change in the Arctic and its impact on contaminant pathways and interpretation of temporal trend data. Sci Total Environ 342:5–86
MacGarvin M, Simmonds MP (1996) Whales and climate change. In: Simmonds MP, Hutchinson JD (eds) The conservation of whales and dolphins: science and practice. Wiley, Chichester, pp 321–332
Markham A (1996) Potential impacts of climate change on ecosystems: a review of implications for policymakers and conservation biologists. Clim Res 6:179–191
Maslanik JA, Fowler C, Stroeve J, Drobot S, Zwally J, Yi D, Emery W (2007) A younger, thinner Arctic ice cover: increased potential for rapid, extensive sea-ice loss. Geophys Res Lett 34:L24501. doi: 10.1029/2007GL032043
Mckinney MA, Peacock E, Letcher RJ (2009) Sea ice-associated diet change increases the levels of chlorinated and brominated contaminants in polar bears. Environ Sci Technol 43(12):4334–4339
Metcalf V, Robards M (2008) Sustaining a healthy human-walrus relationship in a dynamic environment: challenges for co-management. Ecol Appl 18:S148–S156
Molnar PK, Derocher AE, Thiemann GW, Lewis MA (2010) Predicting survival, reproduction and abundance of polar bears under climate change. Biol Conserv 143:1612–1622
Moore SE (2000) Variability of cetacean distribution and habitat selection in the Alaskan Arctic, autumn 1982-91. Arctic 53:448–460
Moore SE (2005) Long-term environmental change and marine mammals. In: Reynolds JE, Perrin WF, Reeves RR, Montgomery S, Ragen TJ (eds) Marine mammal research: conservation beyond crisis. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 137–147
Moore SE, Huntington HP (2008) Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecol Appl 18:S157–S165
Moore SE, Laidre KL (2006) Trends in sea ice cover within habitats used by bowhead whales in the western Arctic. Ecol Appl 16:932–944
Moore SE, Reeves RR (1993) Distribution and movement in the bowhead whale. In: Burns JJ, Montague JJ, Cowles CJ (eds) The bowhead whale. Special Publication No. 2, Society for Marine Mammalogy. Allen Press, Lawrence, pp 313–386
Moore SE, Grebmeier JM, Davies JR (2003) Grey whale distribution relative to forage habitat in the northern Bering Sea: current conditions and retrospective summary. Can J Zool 81:734–742
Moore SE, George JC, Sheffield G, Bacon J, Ashjian CJ (2010) Bowhead whale distribution and feeding near Barrow, Alaska in late summer 2005-06. Arctic 63:195–205
Mueter FJ, Litzow MA (2008) Sea ice retreat alters the biogeography of the Bering Sea continental shelf. Ecol Appl 18:309–320
Mueter FJ, Broms C, Drinkwater KF, Friedland KD, Hare JA, Hunt GL, Melle W, Taylor M (2009) Ecosystem responses to recent oceanographic variability in high-latitude Northern Hemisphere ecosystems. Prog Oceanogr 81:93–110
Nielsen MR (2009) Is climate change causing the increasing narwhal (Monodon monoceros) catches in Smith Sound, Greenland? Polar Res 28:238–245
Nghiem SV, Rigor IG, Perovich DK, Clemente-Colon P, Weatherly JW, Neumann G (2007) Rapid reduction of Arctic perennial sea ice. Geophys Res Lett 34:L19504. doi: 10.1029/2007GL031138
Noyes PD, McElwee MK, Miller HD, Clark BW, Van Tiem LA, Walcott KC, Erwin KN, Levin ED (2009) The toxicology of climate change: environmental contaminants in a warming world. Environ Int 35:971–976
O’Corry-Crowe G (2008) Climate change and the molecular ecology of arctic marine mammals. Ecol Appl 18:S56–S76
O’Corry-Crowe G (2009) Beluga whale. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 108–112
Orlova EL, Ushakov NG, Nesterova VN, Boitsov VD (2002) Food supply and feeding of capelin (Mallotus villosus) of different size in the central latitudinal zone of the Barents Sea during intermediate and warm years. ICES J Mar Sci 59:968–975
Overland JE (2009) The case for global warming in the Arctic. In: Nihoul JCJ, Kostianoy AG (eds) Influence of climate change on the changing arctic and sub-arctic conditions. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 13–23
Overland JE, Wang M (2010) Large-scale atmospheric circulation changes associated with the recent loss of Arctic sea ice. Tellus 62A:1–9
Ovsyanikov NG, Menyushina IE, Bezrukov AV (2008) Unusual Pacific walrus mortality at Wrangel Island in 2007. Mar Mamm Holarctic 2008: 413-416
Pabi S, van Dijken GL, Arrigo KR (2008) Primary production in the Arctic Ocean, 1998–2006. J Geophys Res 113:C08005. doi: 10.1029/2007/JC004578
Parks EK, Derocher AE, Lunn NJ (2006) Seasonal and annual movement patterns of polar bears on the sea ice of Hudson Bay. Can J Zool 84:1281–1294
Pertoldi C, Sonne C, Dietz R, Schmidt NM, Loeschcke V (2009) Craniometric characteristics of polar bear skulls from two periods with contrasting levels of industrial pollution and sea ice extent. J Zool 279:321–328
Piepenburg D (2005) Recent research on Arctic benthos: common notions need to be revised. Polar Biol 28:733–755
Polyak L, Alley RB, Andrews JT, Brigham-Grette J, Cronin TM, Darby DA, Dyke AS, Fitzpatrick JJ, Funder S, Holland M, Jennings AE, Miller GH, O’Regan M, Savelle J, Serreze M, St. John K, White JWC, Wolff E (2010) History of sea ice in the Arctic. Quat Sci Rev 29:1679–1715
Prowse TD, Fugal C, Wrona FJ, Reist JD (2009) Implications of climate change for Northern Canada: freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ambio 38:282–289
Ragen TJ, Huntington HP, Hovelsrud GK (2008) Conservation of Arctic marine mammals faced with climate change. Ecol Appl 18(S2):S166–S174
Rausch RL, George JC, Brower HK (2007) Effect of climate warming on the Pacific walrus, and potential modification of its helminth fauna. J Parasitol 93:1247–1251
Regehr EV, Amstrup SC, Stirling I (2006) Polar bear population status in the southern Beaufort Sea. Open-File Report 2006–1337, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston
Regehr EV, Lunn NJ, Amstrup SC, Stirling I (2007) Effects of earlier sea ice breakup on survival and population size of polar bears in western Hudson Bay. J Wildl manage 71:2673–2683
Regehr EV, Hunter CM, Caswell H, Amstrup SC, Stirling I (2010) Survival and breeding of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea in relation to sea ice. J Anim Ecol 79:117–127
Richard PR, Martin AR, Orr JR (2001) Summer and autumn movements of belugas of the Eastern Beaufort Sea stock. Arctic 54:223–236
Richardson E, Stirling I, Kochtubajda B (2007) The effects of forest fires on polar bear maternity denning habitat in western Hudson Bay. Polar Biol 30:369–378
Rockwell RF, Gormezano LJ (2009) The early bear gets the goose: climate change, polar bears and lesser snow geese in western Hudson Bay. Polar Biol 32:539–547
Rode KD, Amstrup SC, Regehr EV (2010) Reduced body size and cub recruitment in polar bears associated with sea ice decline. Ecol Appl 20:768–782
Rugh DJ, Shelden KEW (2009) Bowheads. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals, 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 131–133
Schliebe S, Rode KD, Gleason JS, Wilder J, Proffitt K, Evans TJ, Mille S (2008) Effects of sea ice extent and food availability on spatioal and temporal distribution of polar bears during the fall open-water period in the Southern Beaufort Sea. Polar Biol 31:999–1010
Schumacher JD, Bond NA, Brodeur RD, Livingston PA, Napp JM, Stabeno PJ (2003) Climate change in the Southeastern Bering Sea and some consequences for biota. In: Hempel G, Sherman K (eds) Large marine ecosystems of the world: trends in exploitation, protection, and research. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 17–40
Sheffield G, Grebmeier JM (2009) Pacific walrus (Odobenus rosmarus divergens): differential prey digestion and diet. Mar Mamm Sci 25:761–777
Sheffield G, Fay FH, Feder H, Kelly BP (2001) Laboratory digestion of prey and interpretation of walrus stomach contents. Mar Mamm Sci 17:310–330
Simmonds MP, Isaac SJ (2007) The impacts of climate change on marine mammals: early signs of significant problems. Oryx 41:19–26
Simpkins M, Kovacs KM, Laidre K, Lowry L (2009) A framework for monitoring arctic marine mammals. Findings of a Workshop Sponsored by the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Valencia, March 2007. CAFF International Secretariat, CAFF CBMP Report No. 16
Smith TG, Harwood LA (2001) Observations of neonate ringed seals, Phoca hispida, after early break-up of the sea ice in Prince Albert Sound, Northwest Territories, Canada, spring 1998. Polar Biol 24:215–219
Smith TG, Hammill MO, Taugbol T (1991) A review of the developmental, behavioural and physiological adaptations of the ringed seal, Phoca hispida, to life in the arctic winter. Arctic 44:124–131
Smith PA, Elliot, KH, Gaston AJ, Gilchrist HG (2010) Has early ice clearance increased predation on breeding birds by polar bears? Polar Biol (in press). doi: 10.1007/s00300-010-0791-2
Stirling I (1997) The importance of polynyas, ice edges, and leads to marine mammals and birds. J Mar Syst 10:9–21
Stirling I (2009) Polar bears. In: Perrin WF, Würsig B, Thewissen JGM (eds) Encyclopedia of marine mammals. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 888–890
Stirling I, Derocher AE (1993) Possible impacts of climate warming on polar bears. Arctic 46:240–245
Stirling I, Parkinson CL (2006) Possible effects of climate warming on selected populations of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Canadian Arctic. Arctic 59:261–275
Stirling I, Smith TG (2004) Implications of warm temperatures, and an unusual rain event for the survival of ringed seals on the coast of southeastern Baffin Island. Arctic 57:59–67
Stirling I, Lunn NJ, Iacozza JO (1999) Long-term trends in the population ecology of polar bears in western Hudson Bay in relation to climatic change. Arctic 52:294–306
Stirling I, Lunn NJ, Iacozza J, Elliott C, Obbard M (2004) Polar bear distribution and abundance on the southerwestern Hudson Bay coast during open water season, in relation to population trends and annual ice patterns. Arctic 57:15–26
Stirling I, Richardson E, Thiemann GW, Derocher AE (2008) Unusual predation attempts of polar bears on ringed seals in the southern Beaufort Sea: possible significance of changing spring ice conditions. Arctic 61:14–22
Stafford KM, Moore SE, Spillane M, Wiggins S (2007) Gray whale calls recorded near Barrow, Alaska, throughout the winter of 2003-04. Arctic 60:167–172
Stroeve J, Holland MM, Meier W, Scambos T, Serreze M (2007) Arctic sea ice decline: faster than forecast. Geophys Res Lett 24:L09501. doi: 10.1029/2007GL029703
Tamelander T, Renaud PE, Hop H, Carrol ML, Ambrose WG, Hobson KA (2006) Trophic relationships and pelagic-benthic coupling during summer in the Barents Sea Marginal Ice Zone, revealed by stable carbon and nitrogen isotope measurements. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 310:33–46
Taylor MK, Laake J, McLoughlin PD, Cluff HD, Born EW, Rosing-Asvid A, Mesier F (2008) Population parameters and harvest risks for polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of Kane Basin, Canada and Greenland. Polar Biol 31:491–499
Thiemann GW, Iverson SJ, Stirling I (2008) Polar bear diets and Arctic marine food webs: insights from fatty acid analysis. Ecol Monogr 74:591–613
Towns T, Derocher AE, Stirling I, Lunn NJ, Hedman E (2009) Spatial and temporal patterns of problem polar bears in Churchill, Manitoba. Polar Biol 32:1529–1537
Tynan CT, DeMaster DP (1997) Observations and predictions of arctic climate change: potential effects on marine mammals. Arctic 50:308–322
Van Bressem MF, Raga JA, Di Guardo G, Jepson PD, Duignan PJ, Siebert U, Barrett T, Santos MCD, Moreno IB, Siciliano S, Aguilar A, Van Waerebeek K (2009) Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors. Dis Aquat Org 86:143–157
Vibe C (1967) Arctic animals in relation to climatic fluctuations. Medd Grønland 170:1–227
Wang M, Overland JE (2009) A sea ice free summer Arctic within 30 years? Geophys Res Lett 36:L07502. doi: 10.1029/2009GL037820
Wassmann P (2008) Impacts of global warming on Arctic pelagic ecosystems and processes. In: Duarte CM (ed) Impacts of global warming on polar ecosystems. FBBVA Press, Bilbao, pp 111–138
Wathne JA, Haug T, Lydersen C (2000) Prey preferences and niche overlap of ringed seals Phoca hispida and harp seals P. groenlandica in the Barents Sea. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 194:233–239
Wiig Ø, Born E, Garner EW (eds) (1995) Polar bears. Proc 11th working meeting IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group. IUCN, Gland Cambridge
Wiig Ø, Derocher AI, Belikov SE (1999) Ring seal (Phoca hispida) breeding in the drifting pack ice of the Barents Sea. Mar Mamm Sci 15:595–598