Impact of urban morphology on pedestrians: A review of urban approaches

Abdulla, 2017, 11, 163 Acheampong, 2020, Spatial structure, intra-urban commuting patterns and travel mode choice: Analyses of relationships in the Kumasi Metropolis, Ghana, Cities, 96, 10.1016/j.cities.2019.102432 Alexander, 1977 Alfonzo, 2005, To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs, Environment and Behavior, 37, 808, 10.1177/0013916504274016 Al-Sayed, 2018 Amoroso, 2012, Indicators for sustainable pedestrian mobility, WIT Transactions on The Built Environment, 128, 173, 10.2495/UT120161 Anciaes, 2017, The distribution of walkability in an African city: Praia, Cabo Verde, Cities, 67, 9, 10.1016/j.cities.2017.04.008 Andreou, 2013, Thermal comfort in outdoor spaces and urban canyon microclimate, Renewable Energy, 55, 182, 10.1016/j.renene.2012.12.040 Araldi, 2019, From the street to the metropolitan region: Pedestrian perspective in urban fabric analysis, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46, 1243 ASHRAE, 2017 Auliciems, 1981, Towards a psycho-physiological model of thermal perception, International Journal of Biometeorology, 25, 109, 10.1007/BF02184458 Balsas, 2021, Exciting walk-only precincts in Asia, Europe and North-America, Cities, 112, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103129 Basaly, 2021, Improvement of outdoor space microclimate in hot arid regions using solar pavilions, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 147, 10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000724 Berghauser Pont, 2019, Development of urban types based on network centrality, built density and their impact on pedestrian movement, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46, 1549 Bianca, 2015 Birgillito, 2018, Passenger mobility in a discontinuous space: Modelling access/egress to maritime barrier in a case study, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2018, 10.1155/2018/6518329 Blocken, 2012, CFD simulation for pedestrian wind comfort and wind safety in urban areas: General decision framework and case study for the Eindhoven university campus, Environmental Modelling & Software, 30, 15, 10.1016/j.envsoft.2011.11.009 Breuste, 2011 Carmona, 2003 Cervero, 1997, Travel demand and the 3DS: Density, diversity, and design, Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2, 199, 10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6 Cervero, 2013, Influences of built environments on walking and cycling: Lessons from Bogotá, International Journal of Sustainable Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 3, 203, 10.1080/15568310802178314 Cheung, 2017, Determination and application of outdoor thermal benchmarks, Building and Environment, 123, 333, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.07.008 Chiaradia, 2019, Urban morphology/urban form Cieślak, 2015, The quality of pedestrian space in the city: A case study of Olsztyn, Bulletin of Geography. Socio–economic Series, 30, 31, 10.1515/bog-2015-0033 Cirianni, 2017 Cole, 2021, Variations between major and regional Australian cities in physically active and sedentary travel behaviors, Cities, 114, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103200 D’Acci, 2019, Orientational versus esthetical urban street morphology parameterization in Space Syntax, Spatial Cognition & Computation, 19, 172, 10.1080/13875868.2018.1564754 Dobbins, 2009 Dong, 2019, New quantitative approach for the morphological similarity analysis of urban fabrics based on a convolutional autoencoder, IEEE Access, 7, 138162, 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2931958 Dosher, 2000, Mechanisms of perceptual attention in precuing of location, Vision Research, 40, 1269, 10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00019-5 Duan, 2021, Land use characteristics of Xi'an residential blocks based on pedestrian traffic system, Alexandria Engineering Journal, 60, 15, 10.1016/j.aej.2020.04.032 Elgheznawy, 2021, The impact of sun sail-shading strategy on the thermal comfort in school courtyards, Building and Environment, 202, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2021.108046 Eliasson, 2007, Climate and behaviour in a Nordic city, Landscape and Urban Planning, 82, 72, 10.1016/j.landurbplan.2007.01.020 Elraouf, 2022, Evaluating urban outdoor thermal comfort: A validation of ENVI-met simulation through field measurement, Journal of Building Performance Simulation, 15, 268, 10.1080/19401493.2022.2046165 Elzeni, 2021, Classification of urban morphology indicators towards urban generation, Port-Said Engineering Research Journal, 26, 43 Elzeni, 2021, Genetic algorithms application in urban morphology generation, Port-Said Engineering Research Journal, 26, 21 Erell, 2011 Ewing, 2021 Ewing, 2009, Measuring the unmeasurable: Urban design qualities related to Walkability, Journal of Urban Design, 14, 65, 10.1080/13574800802451155 Ewing, 2006, Identifying and measuring urban design qualities related to walkability, Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3 Fathi, 2020, The role of urban morphology design on enhancing physical activity and public health, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, 10.3390/ijerph17072359 Filomena, 2021, Modelling the effect of landmarks on pedestrian dynamics in urban environments, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 86, 10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2020.101573 Galindo, 2018, Effects of thermophysiological and non-thermal factors on outdoor thermal perceptions: The Tomebamba Riverbanks case, Building and Environment, 138, 235, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.04.024 Gehl, 1971 Gehl, 2010 Gilliéron, 2013, Pedestrian navigation for the benefit of mobility Hajrasouliha, 2014, The impact of street network connectivity on pedestrian volume, Urban Studies, 52, 2483, 10.1177/0042098014544763 Hassan, 2020, Urban morphology as a passive strategy in promoting outdoor air quality, Journal of Building Engineering, 29, 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101204 Hassan, 2020, Improving outdoor air quality based on building morphology: Numerical investigation, Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9, 319, 10.1016/j.foar.2020.01.001 Hatamzadeh, 2014, Walking behaviors by trip purposes, Transportation Research Record, 2464, 118, 10.3141/2464-15 Hillier, 2007 Hillier, 2005, 475 Hillier, 1993, Natural movement: Or, configuration and attraction in urban pedestrian movement, Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 20, 29, 10.1068/b200029 Höppe, 2002, Different aspects of assessing indoor and outdoor thermal comfort, Energy and Buildings, 34, 661, 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00017-8 Im, 2018, The hidden side of the entropy-based land-use mix index: Clarifying the relationship between pedestrian volume and land-use mix, Urban Studies, 56, 1865, 10.1177/0042098018763319 Jacobs, 1961 Jacobs, 2003, Memory, Spatial Jamei, 2017, Urban development and pedestrian thermal comfort in Melbourne, Solar Energy, 144, 681, 10.1016/j.solener.2017.01.023 Jamei, 2018, Effect of street design on pedestrian thermal comfort, Architectural Science Review, 62, 92, 10.1080/00038628.2018.1537236 Jasiński, 2022, COVID-19 pandemic is challenging some dogmas of modern urbanism, Cities, 121, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103498 Javad, 2012, Exploring housing attributes selection based on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Procedia Computer Science, 42, 311 K, 2019, Factors influencing Pedestrian Speed in Level of Service (LOS) of pedestrian facilities, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 3, 10.1016/j.trip.2019.100066 Kang, 2015, The effects of spatial accessibility and centrality to land use on walking in Seoul, Korea, Cities, 46, 94, 10.1016/j.cities.2015.05.006 Kang, 2017, Measuring the effects of street network configurations on walking in Seoul, Korea, Cities, 71, 30, 10.1016/j.cities.2017.07.005 Kang, 2018, The S + 5Ds: Spatial access to pedestrian environments and walking in Seoul, Korea, Cities, 77, 130, 10.1016/j.cities.2018.01.019 Kim, 2021, Differences in the influence of microclimate on pedestrian volume according to land-use, Land, 10, 10.3390/land10010037 Knez, 2009, Psychological mechanisms in outdoor place and weather assessment: Towards a conceptual model, International Journal of Biometeorology, 53, 101, 10.1007/s00484-008-0194-z Koh, 2013, Comparing pedestrians’ needs and behaviors in different land use environments, Journal of Transport Geography, 26, 43, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.08.012 Koohsari, 2019, Natural movement: A space syntax theory linking urban form and function with walking for transport, Health & Place, 58, 10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.01.002 Kourtit, 2020, How to make cities the home of people – A ‘soul and body’ analysis of urban attractiveness, Land Use Policy, 111 Koushki, 1988, The effect of socio-economic development on household travel behavior in Saudi Arabia, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences, 22, 131, 10.1016/0038-0121(88)90014-6 Kristjánsdóttir, 2019, Roots of urban morphology, International Journal of Architecture & Planning, 7, 15 Kropf, 2017 Krüger, 2017, Impact of site-specific morphology on outdoor thermal perception: A case-study in a subtropical location, Urban Climate, 21, 123, 10.1016/j.uclim.2017.06.001 Lai, 2019, A review of mitigating strategies to improve the thermal environment and thermal comfort in urban outdoor spaces, Science of the Total Environment, 661, 337, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.062 Lamíquiz, 2015, Effects of built environment on walking at the neighbourhood scale. A new role for street networks by modelling their configurational accessibility?, Transportation Research Part A, 74, 148 Lee, 2013, Combining space syntax with gis-based built environment measures in pedestrian walking activity Lenzholzer, 2018, Qualitative methods to explore thermo-spatial perception in outdoor urban spaces, Urban Climate, 23, 231, 10.1016/j.uclim.2016.10.003 Lerman, 2014, Using space Syntax to model pedestrian movement in urban transportation planning, Geographical Analysis, 46, 392, 10.1111/gean.12063 Li, 2019, Walking behavior in the old downtown Beijing: The impact of perceptions and attitudes and social variations, Transport Policy, 73, 1, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.10.005 Lin, 2008, Analysis of relationship between pedestrian facilities and urban morphology based on visibility Littlefair, 2000 Lynch, 1960 Lynch, 1981 Ma, 2014, The objective versus the perceived environment: What matters for bicycling?, Transportation, 41, 1135, 10.1007/s11116-014-9520-y Ma, 2021, Critical factors influencing the comfort evaluation for recreational walking in urban street environments, Cities, 116, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103286 Malavenda, 2020, Residential location, mobility, and travel time: A pilot study in a small-size Italian Metropolitan Area, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2020, 10.1155/2020/8827466 Marshall, 2005, Streets and patterns, 2004 Marshall, 2011, A joint framework for urban morphology and design, Built Environment, 37 Marshall, 2011, A joint framework for urban morphology and design, Built Environment (1978-), 37, 409, 10.2148/benv.37.4.409 Mateo-Babiano, 2016, Pedestrian's needs matters: Examining Manila's walking environment, Transport Policy, 45, 107, 10.1016/j.tranpol.2015.09.008 Mateo-Babiano, 2005, Theoretical discourse on sustainable space design: Towards creating and sustaining effective sidewalks, Business Strategy and the Environment, 41, 300, 10.1002/bse.490 Megahed, 2020, Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from Covid-19 pandemic, Sustainable Cities and Society, 61, 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350 Mehta, 2008, Walkable streets: Pedestrian behavior, perceptions and attitudes, Journal of Urbanism, 1, 217 Melnikov, 2017, Models of pedestrian adaptive behaviour in hot pedestrian adaptive Beha, Procedia Computer Science, 108C Mendiate, 2022, Pedestrian travel behaviour and urban form: Comparing two small Mozambican cities, Journal of Transport Geography, 98, 10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103245 Methorst, 2007 Monokrousou, 2016, Interpreting and predicting pedestrian movement in public space through space Syntax analysis, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 223, 509, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.05.312 Morakinyoa, 2017 Mouratidis, 2022, COVID-19 and urban planning: Built environment, health, and well-being in Greek cities before and during the pandemic, Cities, 121, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103491 Musolino, 2019, Passengers and freight mobility with electric vehicles: A methodology to plan green transport and logistic services near port areas, Transportation Research Procedia, 37, 393, 10.1016/j.trpro.2018.12.208 Nakamura, 2016, The spatial relationship between pedestrian flows and street characteristics around multiple destinations, IATSS Research, 39, 156, 10.1016/j.iatssr.2015.08.001 Nassar, 2015 Nassar, 2021, Urban acupuncture in large cities: Filtering framework to select sensitive urban spots in Riyadh for effective urban renewal, Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs (JCUA), 5, 1, 10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n1-1 Nassar, 2018 Nieuwenhuijsen, 2016, Car free cities: Pathway to healthy urban living, Environment International, 94, 251, 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.032 Nikolopoulou, 2007, Use of outdoor spaces and microclimate in a Mediterranean urban area, Building and Environment, 42, 3691, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.09.008 Nikolopoulou, 2003, Thermal comfort and psychological adaptation as a guide for designing urban spaces, Energy and Buildings, 35, 95, 10.1016/S0378-7788(02)00084-1 Nikolopoulou, 2001, Thermal comfort in outdoor urban spaces: Understanding the human parameter, Solar Energy, 70, 227, 10.1016/S0038-092X(00)00093-1 Nutsugbodoa, 2018, Public transport mode preferences of international tourists in Ghana: Implications for transport planning, Travel Behaviour and Society, 11, 1, 10.1016/j.tbs.2017.11.002 Oliveira, 2018 Ortúzar, 2011 Ozbil, 2011, Understanding the link between street connectivity, land use and pedestrian flows, Urban Design International, 16, 125, 10.1057/udi.2011.2 Pafka, 2018, Limits of space syntax for urban design: Axiality, scale and sinuosity, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 1 Parvin, 2007, Multilevel pedestrian movement: Does visibility make any difference? Pattacini, 2012, Climate and urban form, Urban Design International, 17, 107, 10.1057/udi.2012.2 Paukaeva, 2021, Impacts of the temporary urban design on the people's behavior - The case study on the winter city Khabarovsk, Russia, Cities, 117, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103303 Perini, 2014, Effects of vegetation, urban density, building height, and atmospheric conditions on local temperatures and thermal comfort, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13, 495, 10.1016/j.ufug.2014.03.003 Rafiemanzelat, 2017, City sustainability: The influence of walkability on built environments, Transportation Research Procedia, 24, 97, 10.1016/j.trpro.2017.05.074 Rahmana, 2015, What makes people use the street?: Towards a liveable urban environment in Kuala Lumpur city centre, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 170, 624, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.01.064 Refaat, 2019 Robinson, 2011 Rotton, 2004, Outdoor temperature, climate control, and criminal assault: The spatial and temporal ecology of violence, Environment and Behavior, 36, 276, 10.1177/0013916503259515 Russell, 1977, Evidence for a three-factor theory of emotions, Journal of Research in Personality, 11, 273, 10.1016/0092-6566(77)90037-X Schirmer, 2015, A multiscale classification of urban morphology, The Journal of Transport and Land Use, 9, 130 Shaer, 2021, Examining the associations between perceived built environment and active travel, before and after the COVID-19 outbreak in Shiraz city, Iran, Cities, 115, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103255 Shooshtarian, 2016, The effect of individual and social environments on the users thermal perceptions of educational urban precincts, Sustainable Cities and Society, 26, 119, 10.1016/j.scs.2016.06.005 Sim, 2019 Singh, 2016, Factors affecting walkability of neighborhoods, Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 216, 643, 10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.048 Soares, 2020, The relationship between the spatial configuration and the fourth sustainable dimension creativity in University Campuses: The case study of Zernike Campus, Groningen, The Netherlands, Sustainability, 12, 9263, 10.3390/su12219263 Sohn, 2018, The impact of neighborhood permeability on residential burglary risk: A case study in Seattle, USA, Cities, 82, 27, 10.1016/j.cities.2018.05.002 Soni, 2016, Benefits of pedestrianization and warrants to pedestrianize an area, Land Use Policy, 57, 139, 10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.009 Southworth, 2005, Designing the Walkable City, Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131, 246, 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9488(2005)131:4(246) Spagnolo, 2003, A field study of thermal comfort in outdoor and semi-outdoor environments in subtropical Sydney Australia, Building and Environment, 38, 721, 10.1016/S0360-1323(02)00209-3 Speck, 2012 Taleghani, 2015, Outdoor thermal comfort within five different urban forms in theNetherlands, Building and Environment, 83, 65, 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.03.014 Vanky, 2017, Effect of weather on pedestrian trip count and duration: City-scale evaluations using mobile phone application data, Preventive Medicine Reports, 8, 30, 10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.07.002 Wasim, 2018, Effect of urban design on microclimate and thermal comfort outdoors in warm-humid Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, International Journal of Biometeorology, 62, 373, 10.1007/s00484-017-1380-7 Wei, 2016, Impact of urban morphology parameters on microclimate, Procedia Engineering, 169, 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.10.017 Whyte, 1988 Yoshimura, 2022, Street pedestrianization in urban districts: Economic impacts in Spanish cities, Cities, 120, 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103468 Zacharias, 2004, Spatial behavior in San Francisco’s Plazas: The effects of microclimate, other people, and environmental design, Environment and Behavior, 36, 638, 10.1177/0013916503262545 Zacharias, 2018, Local environmental factors in walking distance at metro stations, Public Transport, 10, 91, 10.1007/s12469-017-0174-y Zhai, 2020, The SOR (stimulus-organism-response) paradigm in online learning: An empirical study of students’ knowledge hiding perceptions, Interactive Learning Environments, 28, 586, 10.1080/10494820.2019.1696841