Impact of reach geometry on stream channel sensitivity to extreme floods

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms - Tập 39 Số 13 - Trang 1778-1789 - 2014
Eirik M. Buraas1, Carl E. Renshaw1, Francis J. Magilligan2, W. Brian Dade1
1Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 USA.
2Department of Geography, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA

Tóm tắt

ABSTRACTPredicting spatial and temporal variations in bank erosion due to extreme floods presents a long‐standing challenge in geomorphology. We develop two methodologies for rapid, regional‐scale assessments of stream reaches susceptible to channel widening. The first proposes that channel widening occurs when unit stream power exceeds a critical threshold (300 W/m2). The second is motivated by the observation that widening often occurs at channel bends. We introduce a new metric, the bend stress parameter, which is proportional to the centripetal force exerted on a concave bank. We propose that high centripetal forces generate locally high bank shear forces and enhance channel bank erosion. We test both metrics using the geomorphic signature of Tropical Storm Irene (2011) on the White and the Saxtons Rivers, Vermont. Specifically, we test if reaches where significant channel widening occurred during Irene required one or both metrics to exceed threshold values. We observe two distinct styles of channel widening. Where unit stream power and bend stress parameter are high, widening is usually due to bank retreat. Elsewhere widening is usually due to the stripping of the upstream end of mid‐channel islands. Excluding widening associated with the stripping of the heads of mid‐channel islands, almost all the widening (> 98%) occurred along reaches identified as susceptible to widening. The combined metrics identify up to one‐quarter of the reaches lacking susceptibility to channel widening. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

10.2307/621860

10.1029/WR013i002p00303

10.1130/00167606(1977)88<1057:SRTFWE>2.0.CO;2

Baker VR, 1987, Catastrophic Flooding, 1

Beven K, 1981, The effect of ordering on the geomorphic effectiveness of hydrologic events, Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci. Publ., 132, 510

10.1002/rra.2717

10.1029/2003wr002068

10.1002/esp.3290020410

10.1029/2005RG000185

10.1002/esp.448

10.1029/135G135

CostaJE O'ConnorJE.1995.Geomorphically effective floods. InNatural and Anthropogenic Influences in Fluvial Geomorphology Geophysical Monograph 89:45–56. DOI:10.1029/GM089p0045

10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.03.009

DollCG.1970.Surficial geologic map of Vermont. Vermont Geological Survey Montpelier Vermont.

DollCG CadyWM ThompsonJB BillingsMP.1961.Centennial geologic map of Vermont. Vermont Geological Survey Montpelier VT.

10.1061/(ASCE)0733‐9429(2007)133:7(831)

10.1029/2003JF000086

10.1016/S0169‐555X(01)00056‐3

10.1007/s11269‐009‐9426‐1

10.1029/2003wr001965

Garbrecht J, 1995, Note on the use of USGS level 1 7.5‐minute DEM coverages for landscape drainage analyses, Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing, 61, 519

10.1002/(SICI)10969837(199710)22:10<923::AID‐ESP763>3.0.CO;2‐E

Hack JT, 1973, Stream‐profile analysis and stream‐gradient index, Journal of Research of the U.S. Geological Survey, 1, 421

HancockGS AndersonRS WhippleKX.1998.Beyond power: bedrock river incision process and form.Rivers Over Rock; Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels Geophysical Monograph‐American Geophysical Union 107:35–60.

10.1002/esp.1763

10.1130/0016‐7606(1975)86<487:TCOCMO>2.0.CO;2

10.1061/(ASCE)07339429(1984)110:11(1557)

Homer C, 2007, Completion of the 2001 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 73, 337

10.1016/S0169555X(00)00005‐2

10.1002/esp.2079

10.1029/135G135

10.1029/94WR00757

10.1130/0091‐7613(2000)28<531:CMAMCI>2.0.CO;2

10.1017/S0022112081000451

JaquithS KlineM.2001.Vermont regional hydraulic geometry Curves. River Management Program of the Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation Waterbury Vermont.

10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.11.003

10.1017/CBO9781139164016

10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2000.tb04293.x

10.1130/00917613(2001)029<0415:QDRURV>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/98WR01550

10.1111/1467‐8306.00064

10.1130/0016‐7606(1960)71[769:RM]2.0.CO;2

10.1111/j.1467‐8306.1988.tb00222.x

10.1016/0169‐555X(92)90014‐F

10.1086/516009

10.1002/esp.3290150203

MillerAJ.1995.Valley morphology and boundary conditions influencing spatial patterns of flow.Natural and Anthropogenic Influences in Fluvial Geomorphology Geophysical Monograph 89:57–81. DOI:10.1029/GM089p0057

10.1002/esp.3290150203

MontgomeryDR BuffingtonJM.1993.Channel classification prediction of channel response and assessment of channel condition. Washington State Department of Natural Resources Report TFW‐SH10‐93‐002.

10.1061/(ASCE)07339429(1983)109:3(327)

10.1130/0016‐7606(1986)97<497:ASAOBE>2.0.CO;2

10.1002/esp.3760050102

10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.05.004

PealerS.2012.Lessons from Irene: Building resiliency as we rebuild. Vermont Agency of Natural Resources Waterbury Vermont.

10.1002/rra.1243

10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.12.009

SchwartzJ.2011. “Vermont Rebounding Quickly From Hurricane Irene”.The New York Times.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/06/us/vermontrebounding‐from‐hurricane‐irene.html. Retrieved December 6 2011.

10.1017/S0022112006008925

SklarL DietrichWE.1998.River longitudinal profiles and bedrock incision models; stream power and the influence of sediment supply.Rivers Over Rock Fluvial Processes in Bedrock Channels. Geophysical Monograph 107:237–260.

10.1130/0016‐7606(2000)112<1250:LRTTFD>2.0.CO;2

10.1029/98JB02139

Vermont Center for Geographic Information (VCGI).2006.Vermont “Hydrologically Corrected” Digital Elevation Model (VTHYDRODEM). Waterbury Vermont.

10.1002/rra.1523

10.1002/rra.1343

10.1016/S0169-555X(00)00007-6

10.1086/626637

10.1002/esp.3290030207

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms

Tập 39 Số 13

1778-1789

Thông tin tác giả