Impact of eutrophication on the silicate cycle of man-made basins in the Rhine delta
Tóm tắt
The impact of eutrophication on the biogeochemical cycle of silicate in the Rhine delta was analysed by 1) comparing the seasonal variation in river water, stagnant fresh water and coastal seawater and 2) observations in well-controlled experimental reservois subjected to different regimes of phosphate precipitation. The high input of dissolved sliciate from Rhine water was rapidly depleted in receiving waater systems through vigorous phytoplankton (datom) growth. In reservoirsca. 50% of the silicate input was retained over a seven years' observation period. Regeneration of silicate immobilized by diatoms was accelerated by very dense blooms of phytoplankton in reservoirs and in Lake IJssel that increased the pH value over 9. The prevailling lowratios of Si/N and Si/P in Rhine water entall the risk of massive blooms of flagellates or cyanobacteria in receiving waters. The 50% reduction in nitrogen and phosphate emission agreed upon in the Rhine Action Plan may reduce butnot eliminate this risk.
Tài liệu tham khảo
ADMIRAAL, W. and J.C. VAN DER VLUGT, 1988. High rates of denitrification in a stroage reservoir fed with water of the river Rhine. Arch Hydrobiol., 1113: 593–605.
ADMIRAAL, W., E.D. DE RUYTER VAN STEVENINCK and H.A.M. DE KRUIJF, 1989. Environmental stress in five aquatic ecosystems in the floodplain of the Total Environment, 78: 59–75.
ADMIRAA, W. P. BREUGEM, D.M.L.H.A. JACOBS and E.D. DE RUYTER VAN STEVENNICK, 1990. Fixation of dissolved silicate and sedimentation of biogenic silicate in the lower river Rhine during diatom blooms. Biogeochemistry, in press.
BAILEY-WATTS, A.E., 1976. Planktonic diatoms and silica in Loch Leven, Kinross, Scotland: a one month silica budget. Freshwater Biology, 6: 203–213.
BANNINK, B.A. and J.C. VAN DER VLUGT, 1978a. Hydrobiological and chemical response to the addition of iron and aluminium salts, studied in three Lund-type butylrubber reservoirs. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol., 20: 1816–1821.
BANNINK, B.A. and J.C. VAN DER VLUGT, 1978b. Erfahrungen mit dem Zusatz von Fällmitteln im Grote Rug Speicherbecken und vergleichende Untersuchungen in 3 Modell-Reservolren nach Lund. DVGW Schriffenrelhe Wasser nr. 16: 216–243.
BANNINK, B.A., J.H.M. VAN DER MEULEN, J.C.H. PEETERS and J.C. VAN DER VLUGT, 1980. Hydrobiological consequences of the addition of phosphate precipitants to iniet waters of lakes. Hydrobiol. Bull., 14:73–89.
BERGER, C. and H.E. SWEERS, 1988. Lage IJsselmeer and its phytoplankton with special attention to the suitability of the lakes as a habitat forOscillatoria agardhii Gom. Journal of Plankton Research, 10: 579–599.
CADEE, G.C. and J. HEGEMAN, 1986. Seasonal and annual variation ofPhaeocystis pouchetii Haptophyceae) in the western most inlet of the Wadden Sea during the 1973to 1985 period. Neth. J. Sea. Res., 20: 29–36.
DE HAAN, H., 1984. Effect of metal speciation on growth of phytoplankton with special reference to iron. Hydrobiol. Bull., 18: 85–94.
DE JONG, A.L., N.T. DE OUDE, A.H. SMITS and J. VOLTZ, 1989. The phosphate load of the River Rhine 1975–1986. Aqua, 38: 176–188.
D'ELIA, C.F., D.M. NELSON and W.R. BOYNTON, 1983. Chesapeake Bay nutrient and plankton dynami: III: The annual cycle of dissolved silicon. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 47: 1945–1955.
DE VRIES, I. and C.F. HOPSTAKEN, 1984. Nutrient cycling and ecosystem behaviour in a salt-water lake. Neth. J. Sea Res., 18: 221–245.
FRANSZ, H.G. and J.H.G. VERHAGEN, 1985. Modelling research on the production cycle of phytoplankton in the southern bight of the North Sea in relation to riverborn nutrient loads. Neth. J. Sea. Res., 19: 241–250.
GULATI, R.D. and E. VAN DONK, 1989. Biomanipulation in the Netherlands: application in freshwater ecosystems — an introduction. Hydrobiol. Bull. 23: 1–4.
HELDER, W., R.T.P. DE VRIES and M.M. RUTGERS VAN DER LOEFF, 1983. Behaviour of nitrogen nutrients and dissolved silica in the Ems-Dollard Estuary. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 40 (suppl.): 188–200.
LIJKLEMA, L., J.H. JANSE, R.M.M. ROIJACKERS and M.L. MEIJER, 1988. Eutrofiëring in Nederland. H2O, 17: 462–467.
MOED, J.R., H.L. HOOGVELD and W. APELDOORN, 1976. Dominant diatoms in Tjeukemeer (The Netherlands) II Silicon depletion. Freshwater Biology, 6: 355–362.
MORRIS, A.W., 1971. Trace metal variations in sea water of the Menai Strait caused by bloom ofPhaecystis). Nature, 233: 427–428.
OEHLER, J.H., 1979. Deposition and diagenesis of biogenic silica. pp. 467–483. In: Biogeochemical cycling of mineral-forming elements (ed. P.A. Trudinger and D.J. Swaine). Studies in Environmental Science 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
RIPPEY, B., 1983. A laboratory study of the sillicon release proces from a lake sediment (Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland). Arch. Hydrobiol., 96: 417–433.
RUTGERS VAN DER LOEFF, M.M., L.G. ANDERSON, P.O.J. HALL, A. IVERFELDT, A.B. JOSEFSON, B. SUNDBY and S.G.F. WESTERLUND, 1984. The asphyxiation technique: An approach to distinguishing between molecular diffusion and biologically mediated transport at the sediment-water interface. Limnol. Oceanogr., 29: 675–686.
SCHINDLER, D.W., 1981. Interrelations between the cycles of elements in freshwater ecysystems, pp. 113–123. In: Some perspectives of the major biochemical cycles (ed. G.E. LIKENS) SCOPE.
SILVERMAN, M.P., 1979. Biological and organic chemical decomposition of silicates. pp. 445–465. In: Biogeochemical cycling of mineral-forming elements (ed. P.A. Trudinger and D.J. Swaine). Studies in Environmental Science 3, Elsevier, Amsterdam.
VAN BENNEKOM, A.J., W.W.C. GIESKENS and S.B. TIJSSEN, 1975. Eutrophication of Dutch coastal waters. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 189: 359–374.
VAN BENNEKOM, A.J., E. KRIJGSMAN VAN HARTINGSVELD, G.C.M. VAN DER VEER, and H.F.J. VAN VOORST, 1974. The seasonal cycles of reactive silicate and suspended diatoms in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Neth. J. Sea Res., 8: 174–207.
VAN DER VLUGT, J.C. and T. ALDENBERG, 1982. Blooms of algae and their control by phosphorus precipitation/inactivation (in Dutch). H2O, 15: 73–79.
VAN HEUSDEN, G.P.H., 1972. Estimation of the biomass of plankton. Hydrobiologia, 39: 165–208.
VAN lIERE, L., 1986. Loosdrecht Lakes, origin, eutrophication, restoration and research programme. Hydrobiol. Bull., 20: 9–15.
VELDHUIS, M.J.W., F. COLIJN and L.A.H. VENEKAMP, 1986. The spring bloom ofPhaecystis pouchetii (Haptophycaea)in Dutch coastal waters Neth. J. Sea Res., 20: 37–48.
WULFF, F. and L. RAHM, 1988. Long-term, seasonal and spatial variations of nitrogen, phosphorus and silicate in the Baltic: an overview. Marien Environmental Research, 26: 19–37.
YAMADA, S.S. and C.F. D'ELIA, 1984. Silicic acid regeneration from estuarine sediment cores. Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser. 18, 113–118.