Impact of Swiss agricultural policies on nitrate leaching from arable land
Tóm tắt
From 1993 onwards, various policy measures aiming at reducing nitrogen (N) losses were introduced in Swiss agriculture. We studied the impact of these measures on nitrate leaching under arable land in the Fehraltorf catchment near Zurich. Because of the well-drained soils, the shallow water table and the intensive agricultural activity, the groundwater in this catchment is highly vulnerable to nitrate pollution. N fluxes and transformations on the field scale were simulated using the deterministic model LEACHMN. Following the calibration of the model with a dataset from a long-term lysimeter experiment, simulations were run for the period 1998–2003. As far as possible, field-specific management data from farmers’ control sheets were used as input. Average nitrate leaching in the period 1998–2003 was estimated to amount to 39 kg N ha−1 year−1. The conditions before the introduction of the policy measures were simulated in three scenarios with a higher use of both mineral N fertiliser and animal manure and 50% less or no catch crops. We found that lowering mineral N fertiliser and manure application by about 25% led to an average decrease in nitrate leaching of 10 kg N ha−1 year−1. Doubling the catch crop area yielded a further decrease of 6 kg N ha−1 year−1 on average. Altogether, the implementation of reduced N fertiliser inputs and increased use of catch crops proved to be effective and led to a mean reduction in N leaching of 29% (16 kg ha−1 year−1) for the arable land in the Fehraltorf catchment.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abbaspour K.C., Johnson A., van Genuchten M.Th. (2004) Estimating uncertain flow and transport parameters using a sequential uncertainty fitting procedure, Vadose Zone J. 3, 1340–1352.
Addiscott T.M., Mirza N.A. (1998) Modelling contaminant transport at catchment or regional scale, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 67, 211–221.
Aronsson H., Torstensson G. (1998) Nitrogen leaching, nitrogen mineralisation and change in soil organic nitrogen in a field experiment with frequent use of catch crops, Soil Use Manage. 14, 6–13.
Askegaard M., Olesen J.E., Kristensen K. (2005) Nitrate leaching from organic arable crop rotations: effects of location, manure and catch crop, Soil Use Manage. 21, 181–188.
Beaudoin N., Mary B., Laurent F., Aubrion G., Saad J.K. (2004) Is the N balance a good indicator of nitrogen losses in arable systems? in: Hatch D.J., Chadwick D.R., Jarvis S.C., Roker J.A. (Eds.), Controlling nitrogen flows and losses, Proc. of the 12th Nitrogen Workshop, Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, pp. 487–489.
Beaudoin N., Saad J.K., van Laethem C., Machet J.M., Maucorps J., Mary B. (2005) Nitrate leaching in intensive agriculture in Northern France: Effect of farming practices, soils and crop rotations, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 111, 292–310.
Bergström L., Brink N. (1986) Effects of differentiated applications of fertilizer on leaching losses and distribution of inorganic N in the soil, Plant Soil 93, 333–345.
Boller B., Lüscher A., Zanetti S. (2003) Schätzung der biologischen Stickstoff-Fixierung in Klee-Gras-Beständen, Schriftenreihe der FAL 45, 47–54.
Børgesen C.D., Djurhuus J., Kyllingsbæk A. (2001) Estimating the effect of legislation on nitrogen leaching by upscaling field simulations, Ecol. Model. 136, 31–48.
BUWAL (2002) Stickstoff-Depositionskarte der Schweiz — Stand 1998. Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft (BUWAL) http://stratus.meteotest.ch/lugis/map/presentation/lugis_style/ map.asp. Last accessed February 2007.
BUWAL, BWG (2004) NAQUA — Grundwasserqualität in der Schweiz 2002/2003, Bundesamt für Umwelt, Wald und Landschaft / Bundesamt für Wasser und Geologie (Eds.), Bern, 204 p.
Chaplot V., Saleh A., Jaynes D.B., Arnold J. (2004) Predicting water, sediment and NO3-N loads under scenarios of land-use and management practices in a flat watershed, Water Air Soil Poll. 154, 271–293.
Conseil Fédéral (1998) Ordonnance des paiements directs, Berne, SR 910.13.
Dabney S.M., Delgado J.A., Reeves D.W. (2001) Using winter cover crops to improve soil quality and water quality, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 32, 1221–1250.
Decrem M., Abbaspour K.C., Nievergelt J., Herzog F., Richner W. (2004) Inverse stochastic modelling of water and N drainage from lysimeters, in: Hatch D.J., Chadwick D.R., Jarvis S.C., Roker J.A. (Eds.), Controlling nitrogen flows and losses, Proc. of the 12th Nitrogen Workshop. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen, pp. 417–418.
Eckersten H., Jansson P.E., Johnsson H. (1998) SOILN Model, Version 9.2, User’s. Manual, Division of Agricultural Hydrotechnics, Communication 98(6).
Fassio A., Giupponi C., Hiederer R., Simota C. (2005) A decision support tool for simulating the effects of alternative policies affecting water resources: an application at the European scale, J. Hydrol. 304, 462–476.
Granlund K., Rekolainen S., Grönroos J., Nikander A., Laine Y. (2000) Estimation of the impact of fertilisation rate on nitrate leaching in Finland using a mathematical simulation model, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 80, 1–13.
Herzog F. (2005) Agri-environmental schemes as landscape experiments, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 108, 175–177.
Herzog F., Richner W. (Eds.) (2005) Évaluation des mesures écologiques: Domaines de l’azote et du phosphore, Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Zurich, Les cahiers de la FAL 57, 132 p.
Hoffmann M., Johnsson H. (2004) Nitrogen leaching from agricultural land in Sweden, Ambio 29, 67–73.
Hutson J.L. (2003) LEACHM — Model description and user’s guide. School of Chemistry, Physics & Earth Sciences, The Flinders University of South Australia, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, SA5001. www.scieng.fiinders.edu.au/cpes/people/ hutson_j/leachweb.html. Last accessed July 2005.
Hutson J.L., Wagenet R.J. (1991) Simulating nitrogen dynamics in soils using a deterministic model, Soil Use Manage. 7, 74–78.
Jabro J.D., Toth J.D., Dou Z., Fox R.H., Fritton D.D. (1995) Evaluation of nitrogen version of LEACHM for predicting nitrate leaching, Soil Sci. 160, 209–217.
Jemison J.M. Jr., Jabro J.D., Fox R.H. (1994) Evaluation of LEACHM II. Simulation of nitrate leaching from nitrogen-fertilized and manured corn, Agron. J. 86, 852–859.
Johnsson H., Bergström L., Jansson P.-E., Paustian K. (1987) Simulated nitrogen dynamics and losses in a layered agricultural soil, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 18, 333–356.
Johnsson H., Larsson M.H., Mårtensson K., Hoffmann M. (2002) SOILNDB: a decision support tool for assessing nitrogen leaching losses from arable land, Environ. Modell. Softw. 17, 505–517.
Krejci V., Fankhauser R., Gammeter S., Grottker M., Harmuth B., Merz P., Schilling W. (1994) Integrierte Siedlungsentwässerung, Fallstudie Fehraltorf, EAWAG Report, No. 8, Dübendorf, 268 p.
Lehmann J., Briner H.U., Rosenberg E. (1991) Zwischenkulturen — was können sie und was können sie nicht? Landwirtschaft Schweiz 4, 151–158.
Lewan E. (1994) Effects of a catch crop on leaching of nitrogen from a sandy soil: simulations and measurements, Plant Soil 166, 137–152.
Menzi H., Frick R., Kaufmann R. (1997) Ammoniak-Emissionen in der Schweiz: Ausmass und technische Beurteilung des Reduktionspotentials, Schriftenreihe der FAL 26, 107 p.
Müller-Wohlfeil D.-L, Jørgensen J.O., Kronvang B., Wiggers L. (2002) Linked catchment and scenario analysis of nitrogen leaching and loading: a case study from a Danish catchment-fjord system, Manager Fjord, Phys. Chem. Earth 27, 691–699.
Ng H.Y.F., Drury C.F., Serem V.K., Tan C.S., Gaynor J.D. (2000) Modeling and testing of the effect of tillage, cropping and water management practices on nitrate leaching in clay loam soil, Agr. Water Manage. 43, 111–131.
Nievergelt J. (2002) Nitrat und Fruchtfolgen 20 Jahre lang beobachtet, Agrarforschung 9, 28–33.
OFAG (2006) Rapport agricole, Federal Office for Agriculture (OFAG), Berne, 235 p.
OFS (2004) Agricultural statistics, Swiss Federal Statistical Office (OFS), Neuchâtel, 198 p.
Penman H.L. (1948) Natural evaporation from open water, bare soil and grass, Proc. R. Soc. A 193, 120–146.
Prasuhn V., Herzog F., Schärer M., Frossard E., Flühler H., Flury C., Zgraggen K. (2004) Stoffflüsse im Greifenseegebiet: Phosphor und Stickstoff, Agrarforschung 11, 440–445.
Prasuhn V., Sieber U. (2005) Changes in diffuse phosphorus and nitrogen inputs into surface waters in the Rhine watershed in Switzerland, Aquat. Sci. 67, 363–371.
Rawls W.J., Ahuja L.R., Brakensiek D.L., Shirmohammadi A. (1992) Infiltration and soil water movement, in: Maidment D.R. (Ed.), Handbook of Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 5.1–5.51.
Reichert P., Borsuk M.E. (2005) Does high forecast uncertainty preclude effective decision support? Environ. Modell. Softw. 20, 991–1001.
Schmied B., Abbaspour K.C., Schulin R. (2000) Inverse estimation of parameters in a nitrogen model using field data, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 64, 533–542.
Sogbedji J.M., van Es H.M., Hutson J.L. (2001a) N rate and transport under variable cropping history and fertiliser rate on loamy sand and clay loam soils: I. Calibration of the LEACHMN model, Plant Soil 229, 57–70.
Sogbedji J.M., van Es H.M., Hutson J.L. (2001b) N rate and transport under variable cropping history and fertiliser rate on loamy sand and clay loam soils: II. Validation of the LEACHMN model using different calibration scenarios, Plant Soil 229, 71–82.
Spiess E. (2005) Le bilan de l’azote en Suisse, in: Herzog F., Richner W. (Eds.), Évaluation des mesures écologiques: Domaines de l’azote et du phosphore, Agroscope FAL Reckenholz, Zurich, Les cahiers de la FAL 57, 26–31.
Tonitto C., David M.B., Drinkwater L.E. (2006) Replacing bare fallows with cover crops in fertilizer-intensive cropping systems: a meta-analysis of crop yield and N dynamics, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 112, 58–72.
USP (2004) Statistiques et évaluations concernant l’agriculture et l’alimentation, Swiss Farmers’ Union (USP), Brugg, 224 p.
VDZH (1998) Landwirtschaftliche Bodenkarte des Kantons Zürich l:5’000, Fachstelle Bodenschutz, Amt für Landschaft und Natur, Volkswirtschaftsdirektion des Kantons Zürich (VDZH), Zürich.
Walther U., Ryser J.P., Flisch R. (2001) Grundlagen für die Düngung im Acker- und Futterbau 2001, Agrarforschung 8, supplement, 88 p.
Wendland F., Bach M., Kunkel R. (1998) The influence of nitrate reduction strategies on the temporal development of the nitrate pollution of soil and groundwater throughout Germany — a regionally differentiated case study, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 50, 167–179.
Wolf J., Oenema O., Rötter R.P. (2005) Nutrient emission models in environmental policy evaluation at different scales-experience from the Netherlands, Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 105, 291–306.
Wösten J.H.M., Lilly A., Nemes A., Le Bas C. (1999) Development and use of a database of hydraulic properties of European soils, Geoderma 90, 169–185.
Wu L., McGechan M.B., Lewis D.R., Hooda P.S., Vinten A.J.A. (1998) Parameter selection and testing the soil nitrogen dynamics model SOILN, Soil Use Manage. 14, 170–181.