Impact of Environmental Conditions on the Degree of Efficiency and Operating Range of PV-Powered Electric Vehicles

Applied Sciences - Tập 12 Số 3 - Trang 1232
Christian Schuss1, Tapio Fabritius1
1Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques (OPEM) Research Unit, University of Oulu, FIN-90570 Oulu, Finland

Tóm tắt

This paper investigates the impact of environmental conditions on the possible output power of photovoltaic (PV) installations on top of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and battery-powered electric vehicles (BEVs). First, we discuss the characteristics and behavior of PV cells in order to provide an understanding of the energy source that we aim to integrate into vehicles. Second, we elaborate on how PV cells and panels can be simulated to estimate the potential extension of the electrical driving range (ERE) of BEVs and HEVs. In particular, we concentrate on the impact of the vehicle’s curved roof surface on the possible output of the PV installation. In this research, we present considerations for vehicles in both parking and driving conditions. More precisely, we demonstrate how the frequently changing environmental conditions that occur while driving represent significant challenges to the control of the operating voltage of PV cells. As the area for deploying PV cells on top of an electric vehicle is limited, attention needs to be paid to how to optimize and maximize the degree of efficiency of PV-powered electric vehicles.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Taiebat, 2018, A review on energy, environmental, and sustainability implications of connected and automated vehicles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 52, 11449

Canter, 2018, How will the growing use of plug-in electric vehicles affect the power grid?, TLT, 74, 12

Wang, D., Sechilariu, M., and Locment, F. (2021). PV-powered charging station for electric vehicles: Power management with integrated V2G. Appl. Sci., 10.

(2021, December 17). Today in Energy, Available online: https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/.

Nakicenovic, 2012, An energy vision: The transformation towards sustainability—Interconnected challenges and solutions, Curr. Opin. Environ. Sustain., 4, 18, 10.1016/j.cosust.2012.01.004

Mekhilef, 2011, A review on solar energy use in industries, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 15, 1777, 10.1016/j.rser.2010.12.018

Mouli, 2016, System design for a solarpowered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces, Appl. Energy, 168, 434, 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.01.110

Cai, 2018, Research on mathematical model and calculation simulation of wireless sensor solar cells in Internet of Things, J. Wirel. Commun. Netw., 1, 116, 10.1186/s13638-018-1141-2

Commault, B., Duigou, T., Maneval, V., Gaume, J., Chabuel, F., and Voroshazi, E. (2021). Overview and Perspectives for Vehicle-Integrated Photovoltaics. Appl. Sci., 11.

Schuss, C., Gall, H., Eberhart, K., Illko, H., and Eichberger, B. (2014, January 12–15). Alignment and interconnection of photovoltaics on electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Montevideo, Uruguay.

Krim, Y., Sechilariu, M., and Locment, F. (2021). PV Benefits Assessment for PV-Powered Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles. Appl. Sci., 11.

Cheikh-Mohamad, S., Sechilariu, M., Locment, F., and Krim, Y. (2021). PV-Powered Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Preliminary Requirements and Feasibility Conditions. Appl. Sci., 11.

Schuss, 2019, Moving Photovoltaic Installations: Impacts of the Sampling Rate on Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 68, 1485, 10.1109/TIM.2019.2901979

Birnie, 2016, Analysis of energy capture by vehicle solar roofs in conjunction with workplace plug-in charging, Sol. Energy, 125, 219, 10.1016/j.solener.2015.12.014

Schuss, C., Kotikumpu, T., Eichberger, B., and Rahkonen, T. (2014, January 15–17). Impact of Dynamic Environmental Conditions on the Output Behaviour of Photovoltaics. Proceedings of the 20th IMEKO TC4 International Symposium and 18th International Workshop on ADC Modelling and Testing, Benevento, Italy.

Araki, K., Ji, L., Kelly, G., and Yamaguchi, M. (2018). To Do List for Research and Development and International Standardization to Achieve the Goal of Running a Majority of Electric Vehicles on Solar Energy. Coatings, 8.

(2021, December 17). Number of Passenger Cars and Commercial Vehicles in Use Worldwide from 2006 to 2015 in (1000 units). Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/281134/number-of-vehicles-in-useworldwide/.

Schuss, C., Fabritius, T., Eichberger, B., and Rahkonen, T. (2020, January 25–28). Energy-efficient Routing of Electric Vehicles with Integrated Photovoltaic Installations. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Dubrovnik, Croatia.

Schuss, C., and Rahkonen, T. (2011, January 14–15). Adaptive photovoltaic cell simulation with maximum power point tracking simulation for accurate energy predictions. Proceedings of the NORCHIP, Lund, Sweden.

Tsai, 2010, Insolation-oriented model of photovoltaic module using Matlab/Simulink, Solar Energy, 84, 1318, 10.1016/j.solener.2010.04.012

Schuss, C., Eichberger, B., and Rahkonen, T. (2013, January 6–9). Measurement and verification of photovoltaic (PV) simulation models. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Minneapolis, MN, USA.

Cristaldi, 2012, A simple photovoltaic panel model: Characterization procedure and evaluation of the role of environmental measurements, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 61, 2632, 10.1109/TIM.2012.2199196

Villalva, M.G., and Ernesto Ruppert, F. (2009, January 3–5). Analysis and simulation of the P&O MPPT algorithm using a linearized PV array model. Proceedings of the 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics, Porto, Portugal.

Schuss, C., Eichberger, B., and Rahkonen, T. (2016, January 23–26). Impact of sampling interval on the accuracy of estimating the amount of solar energy. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Taipei, Taiwan.

Ota, Y., Masuda, T., Araki, K., and Yamaguchi, M. (2018). Curve-correction factor for characterization of the output of a three-dimensional curved photovoltaic module on a car roof. Coatings, 8.

(2021, December 17). Toyota Is Testing a New Solar-Powered Prius. Available online: https://www.popularmechanics.com/cars/hybridelectric/a28322554/toyois-testing-a-new-solar-powered-prius/.

Chau, 2002, Overview of power management in hybrid electric vehicles, Energy Convers. Manag., 43, 1953, 10.1016/S0196-8904(01)00148-0

Aharon, 2011, Topological Overview of Powertrains for Battery-Powered Vehicles With Range Extenders, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., 26, 868, 10.1109/TPEL.2011.2107037

Karden, 2007, Energy storage devices for future hybrid electric vehicles, J. Power Sources, 168, 2, 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2006.10.090

Hall, 1981, Silicon Photovoltaic Cells, Solid-State Electron., 24, 595, 10.1016/0038-1101(81)90188-X

Green, 1977, General solar cell curve factors including the effects of ideality factor, temperature and series resistance, Solid-State Electron., 20, 265, 10.1016/0038-1101(77)90195-2

Esram, 2007, Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques, IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., 22, 439, 10.1109/TEC.2006.874230

Schuss, C., Eichberger, B., and Fabritius, T. (2021, January 17–20). An Advanced PV Simulation Model for Electric Vehicles with Photovoltaic Installations. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Glasgow, Scotland.

Schuss, C., Fabritius, T., Eichberger, B., and Rahkonen, T. (2019, January 20–23). Calculating the output power of photovoltaic cells on top of electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Proceedings of the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC), Auckland, New Zealand.

Thông tin
Thông tin xuất bản

Applied Sciences

Tập 12 Số 3

1232

Thông tin tác giả