Immigrant Skill Utilization: Trends and Policy Issues

Alboim, N. 2010. ‘Planning for the Future: Immigration and Labour Market Trends.’ Paper presented at the Making Connections: Labour Market Integration, Immigration and Essential Skills, sponsored by the Connect Strategic Alliances. Toronto, 4 October.

Alliance of Credential Evaluation Services of Canada, Canadian Information Centre for International Credentials, and C. Council of Ministers of Education. 2009. Pan-Canadian Quality Standards in International Credential Evaluation. Toronto. Accessed 29 May 2011 at http://www.cicic.ca/docs/2009-report-standards-evaluations.en.pdf .

Aydemir, A., & Skuterud, M. (2005). Explaining the deteriorating entry earnings of Canada’s immigrant cohorts, 1966–2000. Canadian Journal of Economics, 38(2), 641–671.

Birrell, B., & McIsaac, E. (2006). Integrating immigrants in Canada: addressing skills diversity. In Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (Ed.), From immigration to integration: local solutions to a global challenge (pp. 101–144). Paris: OECD.

Bonikowska, A., Green, D. A., & Riddell, W. C. (2008). Literacy and the labour market: cognitive skills and immigrant earnings. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Catalogue no. 89-552-M No. 020.

Bonikowska, A., Hou, F., & Picot, G. (2011). A Canada–US comparison of labour market outcomes among highly educated immigrants. Canadian Public Policy, 37(1), 25–48.

Canadian Council of Professional Engineers. 2004. From consideration to integration—final report from phase II, recommendations to help integrate international engineering graduates into the canadian engineering profession and workforce. Ottawa: Canadian Council of Professional Engineers. Accessed 29 May 2011 http://fc2i.engineerscanada.ca/e/documents/FC2IreportEnglish.pdf .

Canadian Council of Professional Engineers. 2008. Engineering International-Education Assessment Program. Accessed 29 May 2011 at http://www.engineerscanada.ca/e/pr_international_ieg_3.cfm

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 1997. Performance report: for the period ending March 31, 1997. Ottawa.

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2006b. Facts and Figs. 2005: immigration overview permanent and temporary residents. Ottawa at http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/Ci1-8-2005E.pdf .

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2010a. A commitment to foreign credential recognition: Government of Canada Progress Report 2009. Ottawa.

Citizenship and Immigration Canada. 2010b. Departmental Performance Report: for the period ending March 31, 2010. Ottawa.

Esses, V. M., Dietz, J., & Bhardwaj, A. (2006). The role of prejudice in the discounting of immigrant skills. In R. Mahalingam (Ed.), Cultural psychology of immigrants (pp. 113–130). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum.

Ferrer, A., Green, D., & Riddell, W. C. (2006). The effect of literacy on immigrant earnings. Journal of Human Resources, 41(2), 380–410.

Frenette, M., & Morissette, R. (2005). Will they ever converge? Earnings of immigrant and native-born workers over the last two decades. International Migration Review, 39(1), 228–257.

Health Canada. 2005 Integration of internationally trained health professionals: backgrounder. Accessed 1 Oct 2010 at http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/cs/comm/hrsd/news/2005/050425bc.shtml

Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2005. Skills for the 21st century: foreign credential recognition program. Backgrounder HIP-020-2-07-05. Accessed 26 Apr 2011 at http://www.servicecanada.gc.ca/eng/ws/publications/fcr/factsheet_backgrounder_e3.pdf .

Human Resources and Skills Development Canada. 2012. ‘Essential skills profiles.’ Accessed 17 Feb 2012. http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/LES/profiles/profiles.shtml .

International Organization for Migration. 2011. ‘Canadian orientation abroad: helping future immigrants adapt to life in Canada.’ Accessed 29 May 2011 at http://www.iom.int/jahia/Jahia/canadian-orientation-abroad

Li, P. S. (2000). Earning disparities between immigrants and native-born Canadians. Canadian Review Sociology and Anthropology, 37(3), 289–311.

Li, P. S. (2004). ‘Social capital and economic outcomes for immigrants and ethnic minorities. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 5(2), 171–190.

Nadeau, S., & Seckin, A. (2010). The immigrant wage gap in Canada: Québec and the rest of Canada. Canadian Public Policy, 36(3), 265–285.

Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male–female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International Economic Review, 14, 693–709.

Office of the Fairness Commissioner. 2011. ‘Improving registration and licensing in Ontario.’ Accessed 29 May 2011. http://www.fairnesscommissioner.ca/en/index.php

Oreopoulos, P. (2011). Why do skilled immigrants struggle in the labor market? A field experiment with thirteen thousand résumés. American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, 3(4), 148–171.

Owen, T. and S. J. Lowe. 2008. ‘Labour market integration of skilled immigrants: good practices for the recognition of international credentials.’ Accessed 29 May 2011 at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0017/001798/179835e.pdf .

Pendakur, K., & Pendakur, R. (2002). Language as human capital and ethnicity. International Migration Review, 36(1), 147–177.

Picot, G., and A. Sweetman. 2005. ‘The deteriorating economic welfare of immigrants and possible causes: update 2005.’ Statistics Canada Research Paper 11F0019MIE–No. 262. Ottawa.

Picot, G., and F. Hou. 2008. ‘Immigrant characteristics, the IT bust, and their effect on entry earnings of immigrants’. Statistics Canada. Catalogue. 11F0019MWE2008315. < http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m2008315-eng.pdf >.

Reitz, J. G. (2001). Immigrant skill utilization in the Canadian labour market: implications of human capital research. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 2(3), 347–378.

Reitz, J. G. (2007). Immigrant employment success in Canada, part I: individual and contextual causes. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 8(1), 11–36.

Reitz, J. G., & Banerjee, R. (2007). Racial inequality, social cohesion, and policy issues in Canada. In K. Banting, T. J. Courchene, & F. Leslie Seidle (Eds.), In belonging? Diversity, recognition and shared citizenship in Canada (pp. 489–545). Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy.

Reitz, J. G. (2012). The distinctiveness of Canadian immigration. Patterns of Prejudice, 46(5), 518–538.

Sangster, D. 2001. Assessing and recognizing foreign credentials in Canada: employers’ views. Citizenship and Immigration Canada and Human Resources Development Canada.

Skuterud, M. (2010). The visible minority wage gap across generations of Canadians. Canadian Journal of Economics, 43(3), 860–881.

Statistics Canada. (2003). Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada: progress and challenges of new immigrants in the workforce. Ottawa: Minister of Industry. Catalogue no. 89-615-XIE.

Statistics Canada. (2005). Longitudinal survey of immigrants to Canada: a portrait of early settlement experiences. Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Special Services Division.

Statistics Canada. (2010). Table 086. Labour Force Historical Review 2009. Ottawa: Statistics Canada. Cat. no. 71F0004XVB.

Sweetman, Arthur. (2004). ‘Immigrant source country educational quality and Canadian labour market outcomes’. Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, Statistics Canada.

TRIEC. 2006. TO employment: services for skilled immigrants in the Toronto Region. Toronto.

Wald, S., & Fang, T. (2008). Overeducated immigrants in the Canadian labour market: evidence from the workplace and employee survey. Canadian Public Policy, 34(4), 457–479.

Watt, D., & Bloom, M. (2001). Exploring the Learning Recognition Gap in Canada. Phase 1 Report. Recognizing Learning: The Economic Cost of Not Recognizing Learning and Learning Credentials in Canada. Ottawa: Conference Board of Canada.

Weiner, N. 2008. ‘Breaking down barriers to labour market integration of newcomers in Toronto,’ IRPP Choices 14(10).