Imaging the D3 dopamine receptor across behavioral and drug addictions: Positron emission tomography studies with [11C]-(+)-PHNO

Abi-Saab, 2008, First demonstration of D3 occupancy in humans: blockade of [11C]-(+)-PHNO PET by ABT-925, NeuroImage, 48, 39 Antonelli, 2014, Dopamine-agonists and impulsivity in Parkinson’s disease: impulsive choices vs. impulsive actions, Hum. Brain Mapp., 35, 2499, 10.1002/hbm.22344 Aretha, 1996, Dopamine autoreceptor reserve in vitro: possible role of dopamine D3 receptors, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 305, 119, 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00142-2 Ball, 1998, Dopamine markers and general cognitive ability, Neuroreport, 9, 347, 10.1097/00001756-199801260-00031 Bennacef, 2009, Dopamine D3 receptor antagonists: the quest for a potentially selective PET ligand. Part 3: Radiosynthesis and in vivo studies, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett., 19, 5056, 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.055 Bergman, 2013, Modification of cocaine self-administration by buspirone (buspar(R)): potential involvement of D3 and D4 dopamine receptors, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 16, 445, 10.1017/S1461145712000661 Bernardin, 2014, Cognitive impairments in alcohol-dependent subjects, Front. Psychiatry, 5, 78, 10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00078 Beveridge, 2009, Abstinence from chronic cocaine self-administration alters striatal dopamine systems in rhesus monkeys, Neuropsychopharmacology, 34, 1162, 10.1038/npp.2008.135 Boileau, 2012, The D(2/3) dopamine receptor in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [(11)C]-(+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin and [(11)C]raclopride, Addiction Boileau, 2013, The D2/3 dopamine receptor in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [11C]-(+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin and [11C]raclopride, Addiction, 108, 953, 10.1111/add.12066 Boileau, 2013, In vivo evidence for greater amphetamine-induced dopamine release in pathological gambling: a positron emission tomography study with [C]-(+)-PHNO, Mol. Psychiatry Boileau, 2012, Higher binding of the dopamine D3 receptor-preferring ligand [11C]-(+)-propyl-hexahydro-naphtho-oxazin in methamphetamine polydrug users: a positron emission tomography study, J. Neurosci., 32, 1353, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4371-11.2012 Bordet, 1997, Induction of dopamine D3 receptor expression as a mechanism of behavioral sensitization to levodopa, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 94, 3363, 10.1073/pnas.94.7.3363 Bordet, 2000, Involvement of the direct striatonigral pathway in levodopa-induced sensitization in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, Eur. J. Neurosci., 12, 2117, 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2000.00089.x Bouthenet, 1991, Localization of dopamine D3 receptor mRNA in the rat brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry: comparison with dopamine D2 receptor mRNA, Brain Res., 564, 203, 10.1016/0006-8993(91)91456-B Buckholtz, 2010, Dopaminergic network differences in human impulsivity, Science, 329, 532, 10.1126/science.1185778 Caravaggio, 2013, Ventral striatum binding of a dopamine D receptor agonist but not antagonist predicts normal body mass index, Biol. Psychiatry Clark, 2012, Striatal dopamine D(2)/D(3) receptor binding in pathological gambling is correlated with mood-related impulsivity, NeuroImage, 63, 40, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.06.067 Cole, 2012, Orbitofrontal connectivity with resting-state networks is associated with midbrain dopamine D3 receptor availability, Cereb. Cortex, 22, 2784, 10.1093/cercor/bhr354 Cools, 2008, Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior, Neuroscientist, 14, 381, 10.1177/1073858408317009 Czoty, 2015, Effects of oral and intravenous administration of buspirone on food-cocaine choice in socially housed male cynomolgus monkeys, Neuropsychopharmacology, 40, 1072, 10.1038/npp.2014.300 Davila, 2003, D3 dopamine autoreceptors do not activate G-protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium channel currents in substantia nigra dopamine neurons, J. Neurosci., 23, 5693, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05693.2003 Dean, 2013, Handwriting analysis indicates spontaneous dyskinesias in neuroleptic naive adolescents at high risk for psychosis, J. Vis. Exp., e50852 Diaz, 1995, Phenotypical characterization of neurons expressing the dopamine D3 receptor in the rat brain, Neuroscience, 65, 731, 10.1016/0306-4522(94)00527-C Diaz, 2000, Dopamine D3 receptors expressed by all mesencephalic dopamine neurons, J. Neurosci., 20, 8677, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08677.2000 Diaz, 2000, Dopamine D3 receptors expressed by all mesencephalic dopamine neurons, J. Neurosci., 20, 8677, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.20-23-08677.2000 Dodds, 2012, Effect of the dopamine D3 receptor antagonist GSK598809 on brain responses to rewarding food images in overweight and obese binge eaters, Appetite, 59, 27, 10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.007 Erritzoe, 2014, In vivo imaging of cerebral dopamine D3 receptors in alcoholism, Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 1703, 10.1038/npp.2014.18 Fehr, 2008, Association of low striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability with nicotine dependence similar to that seen with other drugs of abuse, Am. J. Psychiatry, 165, 507, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07020352 Floresco, 2006, Mesocortical dopamine modulation of executive functions: beyond working memory, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 188, 567, 10.1007/s00213-006-0404-5 Freedman, 1994, Expression and pharmacological characterization of the human D3 dopamine receptor, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 268, 417 Gainetdinov, 1996, In vivo evidence for preferential role of dopamine D3 receptor in the presynaptic regulation of dopamine release but not synthesis, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 308, 261, 10.1016/0014-2999(96)00300-7 Gallezot, 2011, Affinity and selectivity of [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO for the D3 and D2 receptors in the rhesus monkey brain in vivo, Synapse Garavan, 2005, Neurocognitive insights into substance abuse, Trends Cogn. Sci., 9, 195, 10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.008 Ghahremani, 2011, Effect of modafinil on learning and task-related brain activity in methamphetamine-dependent and healthy individuals, Neuropsychopharmacology, 36, 950, 10.1038/npp.2010.233 Ginovart, 2006, Binding characteristics and sensitivity to endogenous dopamine of [11C]-(+)-PHNO, a new agonist radiotracer for imaging the high-affinity state of D2 receptors in vivo using positron emission tomography, J. Neurochem., 97, 1089, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03840.x Gong, 2011, Variants in COMT and DBH influence on response inhibition ability in Chinese Han females, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 31, 1163, 10.1007/s10571-011-9717-y Graff-Guerrero, 2010, Blockade of [11C](+)-PHNO binding in human subjects by the dopamine D3 receptor antagonist ABT-925, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol, 13, 273, 10.1017/S1461145709990642 Gross, 2013, Dopamine D(3) receptor antagonism—still a therapeutic option for the treatment of schizophrenia, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol., 386, 155, 10.1007/s00210-012-0806-3 Guillin, 2001, BDNF controls dopamine D3 receptor expression and triggers behavioural sensitization, Nature, 411, 86, 10.1038/35075076 Gupta, 2011, Dopamine receptor D3 genetic polymorphism (rs6280TC) is associated with rates of cognitive impairment in methamphetamine-dependent men with HIV: preliminary findings, J. Neurovirol., 17, 239, 10.1007/s13365-011-0028-3 Gurevich, 1999, Distribution of dopamine D3 receptor expressing neurons in the human forebrain: comparison with D2 receptor expressing neurons, Neuropsychopharmacology, 20, 60, 10.1016/S0893-133X(98)00066-9 Hamidovic, 2008, Effects of low to moderate acute doses of pramipexole on impulsivity and cognition in healthy volunteers, J. Clin. Psychopharmacol., 28, 45, 10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181602fab Heidbreder, 2008, Selective antagonism at dopamine D3 receptors as a target for drug addiction pharmacotherapy: a review of preclinical evidence, CNS Neurol Disord. Drug Targets, 7, 410, 10.2174/187152708786927822 Heidbreder, 2005, The role of central dopamine D3 receptors in drug addiction: a review of pharmacological evidence, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 49, 77, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.12.033 Heidbreder, 2010, Current perspectives on selective dopamine D(3) receptor antagonists as pharmacotherapeutics for addictions and related disorders, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 1187, 4, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.05149.x Hocke, 2014, Biodistribution studies of two 18F-labeled pyridinylphenyl amides as subtype selective radioligands for the dopamine D3 receptor, Nucl. Med. Biol., 41, 223, 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.12.014 Kalivas, 1993, Time course of extracellular dopamine and behavioral sensitization to cocaine. II. Dopamine perikarya, J. Neurosci., 13, 276, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.13-01-00276.1993 Kim, 2014, Therapeutic doses of buspirone block D3 receptors in the living primate brain, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 17, 1257, 10.1017/S1461145714000194 Koeltzow, 1998, Alterations in dopamine release but not dopamine autoreceptor function in dopamine D3 receptor mutant mice, J. Neurosci., 18, 2231, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-06-02231.1998 Kula, 1994, S-(+)-aporphines are not selective for human D3 dopamine receptors, Cell. Mol. Neurobiol., 14, 185, 10.1007/BF02090784 Lane, 2008, Prefrontal executive function and D1, D3, 5-HT2A and 5-HT6 receptor gene variations in healthy adults, J. Psychiatry Neurosci., 33, 47 Le Foll, 2013, Repurposing buspirone for drug addiction treatment, Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 16, 251, 10.1017/S1461145712000995 Le Foll, 2014, Neuronal circuitry underlying the impact of D3 receptor ligands in drug addiction, Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol. Le Foll, 2003, Increased dopamine D3 receptor expression accompanying behavioral sensitization to nicotine in rats, Synapse, 47, 176, 10.1002/syn.10170 Le Foll, 2005, A single cocaine exposure increases BDNF and D3 receptor expression: implications for drug-conditioning, Neuroreport, 16, 175, 10.1097/00001756-200502080-00022 Le Foll, 2005, Dopamine D3 receptor and drug dependence: effect on reward or beyond?, Neuropharmacology, 49, 525, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.04.022 Le Foll, 2005, The dopamine D3 receptor and drug dependence: effects on reward or beyond?, Neuropharmacology, 49, 525, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2005.04.022 Le Moine, 1996, Expression of the D3 dopamine receptor in peptidergic neurons of the nucleus accumbens: comparison with the D1 and D2 dopamine receptors, Neuroscience, 73, 131, 10.1016/0306-4522(96)00029-2 Lee, 2009, Striatal dopamine d2/d3 receptor availability is reduced in methamphetamine dependence and is linked to impulsivity, J. Neurosci., 29, 14734, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3765-09.2009 Leggio, 2014, Dopamine D3 receptor is necessary for ethanol consumption: an approach with buspirone, Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 2017, 10.1038/npp.2014.51 Lejeune, 1995, Activation of dopamine D3 autoreceptors inhibits firing of ventral tegmental dopaminergic neurones in vivo, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 275, R7, 10.1016/0014-2999(95)00106-U Levant, 1997, The D3 dopamine receptor: neurobiology and potential clinical relevance, Pharmacol. Rev., 49, 231 Levesque, 1992, Identification, characterization, and localization of the dopamine D3 receptor in rat brain using 7-[3H]hydroxy-N,N-di-n-propyl-2-aminotetralin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 89, 8155, 10.1073/pnas.89.17.8155 Limosin, 2005, Association between dopamine receptor D3 gene BalI polymorphism and cognitive impulsiveness in alcohol-dependent men, Eur. Psychiatry, 20, 304, 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.02.004 Martinez, 2004, Cocaine dependence and D2 receptor availability in the functional subdivisions of the striatum: relationship with cocaine-seeking behavior, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1190, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300420 Martinez, 2011, Imaging dopamine transmission in cocaine dependence: link between neurochemistry and response to treatment, Am. J. Psychiatry, 168, 634, 10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.10050748 Martinez, 2005, Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum, Biol. Psychiatry, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.044 Martinez, 2012, Deficits in dopamine D(2) receptors and presynaptic dopamine in heroin dependence: commonalities and differences with other types of addiction, Biol. Psychiatry, 71, 192, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2011.08.024 Mash, 1999, D3 dopamine and kappa opioid receptor alterations in human brain of cocaine-overdose victims, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 877, 507, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09286.x Matuskey, 2014, Dopamine D(3) receptor alterations in cocaine-dependent humans imaged with [(1)(1)C](+)PHNO, Drug Alcohol Depend., 139, 100, 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.013 Mello, 2013, Effects of chronic buspirone treatment on nicotine and concurrent nicotine+cocaine self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 1264, 10.1038/npp.2013.25 Mello, 2013, Effects of chronic buspirone treatment on cocaine self-administration, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 455, 10.1038/npp.2012.202 Mogg, 2012, Effect of dopamine D(3) receptor antagonism on approach responses to food cues in overweight and obese individuals, Behav. Pharmacol., 23, 603, 10.1097/FBP.0b013e3283566a4a Moore, 2014, Reports of pathological gambling, hypersexuality, and compulsive shopping associated with dopamine receptor agonist drugs, JAMA Intern. Med., 174, 1930, 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5262 Mugnaini, 2013, Occupancy of brain dopamine D3 receptors and drug craving: a translational approach, Neuropsychopharmacology, 38, 302, 10.1038/npp.2012.171 Murray, 1994, Localization of dopamine D3 receptors to mesolimbic and D2 receptors to mesostriatal regions of human forebrain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 91, 11271, 10.1073/pnas.91.23.11271 Nakajima, 2013, The potential role of dopamine D3 receptor neurotransmission in cognition, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol., 23, 799, 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.05.006 Narendran, 2008, Cocaine abuse and sensitization of striatal dopamine transmission: a critical review of the preclinical and clinical imaging literature, Synapse, 62, 851, 10.1002/syn.20566 Narendran, 2006, Dopamine (D2/3) receptor agonist positron emission tomography radiotracer [11C]-(+)-PHNO is a D3 receptor preferring agonist in vivo, Synapse, 60, 485, 10.1002/syn.20325 Nathan, 2012, The effects of the dopamine D3 receptor antagonist GSK598809 on attentional bias to palatable food cues in overweight and obese subjects, Int. J. neuropsychopharmacol., 15, 149, 10.1017/S1461145711001052 Neisewander, 2004, Increases in dopamine D3 receptor binding in rats receiving a cocaine challenge at various time points after cocaine self-administration: implications for cocaine-seeking behavior, Neuropsychopharmacology, 29, 1479, 10.1038/sj.npp.1300456 Nestler, 2006, The mesolimbic dopamine reward circuit in depression, Biol. Psychiatry, 59, 1151, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.018 Newman, 2012, Medication discovery for addiction: translating the dopamine D3 receptor hypothesis, Biochem. Pharmacol., 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.06.023 Packard, 2002, Learning and memory functions of the Basal Ganglia, Annu. Rev. Neurosci., 25, 563, 10.1146/annurev.neuro.25.112701.142937 Paterson, 2014, Dopamine D3 receptors as a therapeutic target for methamphetamine dependence, Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse, 40, 1, 10.3109/00952990.2013.858723 Payer, 2013, Heightened D3 dopamine receptor levels in cocaine dependence and contributions to the addiction behavioral phenotype: a positron emission tomography study with [C]-(+)-PHNO, Neuropsychopharmacology Payer, 2015, [(11) C]-(+)-PHNO PET imaging of dopamine D2/3 receptors in Parkinson’s disease with impulse control disorders, Mov. Disord., 30, 160, 10.1002/mds.26135 Pieramico, 2012, Combination training in aging individuals modifies functional connectivity and cognition, and is potentially affected by dopamine-related genes, PLoS One, 7, e43901, 10.1371/journal.pone.0043901 Rabiner, 2007, D3 and D2 components of ex vivo regional (+)-PHNO brain binding in wild-type and knock-out mice, J. Nucl. Med., 48, 113 Rabiner, 2008, Contribution of D3 receptors to the in vivo binding of [11C]PHNO in the primate brain, NeuroImage, 41, T39, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.04.213 Rabiner, 2008, D3 receptor assessment in vivo: PET with [11C]PHNO and SB-277011, J. Nucl. Med., 49, 80 Richtand, 2006, Behavioral sensitization, alternative splicing, and d3 dopamine receptor-mediated inhibitory function, Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 2368, 10.1038/sj.npp.1301163 Robinson, 1993, The neural basis of drug craving: an incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev., 18, 247, 10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-P Rogers, 2001, Investigating the neurocognitive deficits associated with chronic drug misuse, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol., 11, 250, 10.1016/S0959-4388(00)00204-X Ross, 1991, Synaptic concentration of dopamine in the mouse striatum in relationship to the kinetic properties of the dopamine receptors and uptake mechanism, J. Neurochem., 56, 22, 10.1111/j.1471-4159.1991.tb02557.x Searle, 2010, Imaging dopamine D3 receptors in the human brain with positron emission tomography, [11C]PHNO, and a selective D3 receptor antagonist, Biol. Psychiatry, 68, 392, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.038 Segal, 1997, Up-regulation of D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in the nucleus accumbens of human cocaine fatalities, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 45, 335, 10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00025-9 Shotbolt, 2012, Within-subject comparison of [(11)C]-(+)-PHNO and [(11)C]raclopride sensitivity to acute amphetamine challenge in healthy humans, J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab., 32, 127, 10.1038/jcbfm.2011.115 Skolnick P. 2010. Pharmacotherapies to treat substance use disorders: Near- and midterm opportunities. In: NIDA CTN Steering Committee Meeting, Bethesda, MD. Sokoloff, 2006, The dopamine D3 receptor: a therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets, 5, 25, 10.2174/187152706784111551 Sokoloff, 1992, Localization and function of the D3 dopamine receptor, Arzneimittelforschung, 42, 224 Sokoloff, 1990, Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics, Nature, 347, 146, 10.1038/347146a0 Sovago, 2005, Lack of effect of reserpine-induced dopamine depletion on the binding of the dopamine-D3 selective radioligand, [11C]RGH-1756, Brain Res. Bull., 67, 219, 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2005.06.034 Spangler, 2003, Elevated D3 dopamine receptor mRNA in dopaminergic and dopaminoceptive regions of the rat brain in response to morphine, Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res., 111, 74, 10.1016/S0169-328X(02)00671-X Staley, 1996, Adaptive increase in D3 dopamine receptors in the brain reward circuits of human cocaine fatalities, J. Neurosci., 16, 6100, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.16-19-06100.1996 Stanwood, 2000, Quantitative autoradiographic mapping of rat brain dopamine D3 binding with [(125)I]7-OH-PIPAT: evidence for the presence of D3 receptors on dopaminergic and nondopaminergic cell bodies and terminals, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 295, 1223 Tepper, 1997, Functional roles of dopamine D2 and D3 autoreceptors on nigrostriatal neurons analyzed by antisense knockdown in vivo, J. Neurosci., 17, 2519, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.17-07-02519.1997 Tziortzi, 2011, Imaging dopamine receptors in humans with [11C]-(+)-PHNO: dissection of D3 signal and anatomy, NeuroImage, 54, 264, 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.044 Vengeliene, 2006, The dopamine D3 receptor plays an essential role in alcohol-seeking and relapse, FASEB J., 20, 2223, 10.1096/fj.06-6110com Vezina, 2009, Conditioned cues and the expression of stimulant sensitization in animals and humans, Neuropharmacology, 56, 160, 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2008.06.070 Volkow, 2001, Low level of brain dopamine D2 receptors in methamphetamine abusers: association with metabolism in the orbitofrontal cortex, Am. J. Psychiatry, 158, 2015, 10.1176/appi.ajp.158.12.2015 Volkow, 1990, Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on postsynaptic dopamine receptors, Am. J. Psychiatry, 147, 719, 10.1176/ajp.147.6.719 Vonmoos, 2014, Cognitive impairment in cocaine users is drug-induced but partially reversible: evidence from a longitudinal study, Neuropsychopharmacology, 39, 2200, 10.1038/npp.2014.71 Wang, 2011, Decreased dopamine activity predicts relapse in methamphetamine abusers, Mol. Psychiatry Wang, 2004, Similarity between obesity and drug addiction as assessed by neurofunctional imaging: a concept review, J. Addict. Dis., 23, 39, 10.1300/J069v23n03_04 Willeit, 2006, High-affinity states of human brain dopamine D2/3 receptors imaged by the agonist [11C]-(+)-PHNO, Biol. Psychiatry, 59, 389, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.09.017 Wilson, 2005, Radiosynthesis and evaluation of [11C]-(+)-4-propyl-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazin-9-ol as a potential radiotracer for in vivo imaging of the dopamine D2 high-affinity state with positron emission tomography, J. Med. Chem., 48, 4153, 10.1021/jm050155n Wilson, 1996, Striatal dopamine nerve terminal markers in human, chronic methamphetamine users, Nat. Med., 2, 699, 10.1038/nm0696-699 Xu, 2009, [(3)H]4-(dimethylamino)-N-[4-(4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)butyl]benzamide, a selective radioligand for dopamine D(3) receptors. I. In vitro characterization, Synapse, 63, 717, 10.1002/syn.20652 Yucel, 2007, Neurocognitive and neuroimaging evidence of behavioural dysregulation in human drug addiction: implications for diagnosis, treatment and prevention, Drug Alcohol Rev., 26, 33, 10.1080/09595230601036978 Zapata, 2001, Selective D3 receptor agonist effects of (+)-PD 128907 on dialysate dopamine at low doses, Neuropharmacology, 41, 351, 10.1016/S0028-3908(01)00069-7 Zorick, 2011, Low striatal dopamine receptor availability linked to caloric intake during abstinence from chronic methamphetamine abuse, Mol. Psychiatry