Imaging of pregnant and lactating patients with suspected adrenal disorders

Ahmed M, Bashir M, Okuoye GO, Konje JC. Adrenal disease and pregnancy: an overview. Obstet Gynaecol. 2021;23:265–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/tog.12761.

Kamoun M, Mnif MF, Charfi N, Kacem FH, Naceur BB, Mnif F, Dammak M, Rekik N, Abid M. Adrenal diseases during pregnancy: pathophysiology, diagnosis and management strategies. Am J Med Sci. 2012;347(1):64–73.

Lekarev O, New MI. Adrenal disease in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;25:959–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2011.08.004.

Lindsay JR, Niemna LK. Adrenal disorders in pregnancy. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am. 2006;35:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2005.09.010.

Chandraharan E, Arulkumaran S. Pituitary and adrenal disorders complicating pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2003;15:101–6. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.gco.0000063549.93768.5e.

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Committee Opinion. Guidelines for diagnostic imaging during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;130:211–216. https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/committee-opinion/articles/2017/10/guidelines-for-diagnostic-imaging-during-pregnancy-and-lactation. (Accessed 17 Jan 2022).

d’Amuri FV, Maestroni U, Pagnini F, Russo U, Melani E, Ziglioli F, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of adrenal gland: state of the art. Gland Surg 2019; 8: S223-S232. https://doi.org/10.21037/gs.2019.06.02

Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Bharatha A, Montanera WJ, Park AL. Association Between MRI Exposure During Pregnancy and Fetal and Childhood Outcomes. JAMA. 2016;316(9):952–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2016.12126 (PMID: 27599330).

Tirada N, Dreizin D, Khati NJ, Akin EA, Zeman RK. Imaging pregnant and lactating patients Radiographic. 2015;35:1751–65. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2015150031.

Adam SZ, Nikolaidis P, Horowitz JM, Gabriel H, Hammond NA, Patel T, Yaghami V, Miller FH. Chemical shift MR imaging of the adrenal gland: principles, pitfalls, and applications. Radiographics. 2016;36:414–32. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.2016150139.

Scheida N, Siegelman ES. Update on CT and MRI of adrenal nodules. AJR. 2017;207:1206–17. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.16.17758.

De Santis M, Straface G, Cavaliere AF, Carducci B, Caruso A. Gadolinium periconceptional exposure: pregnancy and neonatal outcome. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2007;86(1):99–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/00016340600804639.

American College of Radiology. ACR manual on contrast media 2021. https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/files/clinical-resources/contrast_media.pdf. (Accessed 17 Jan 2022).

Sachs HC; Committee On Drugs. The transfer of drugs and therapeutics into human breast milk: an update on selected topics. Pediatrics. 2013;132(3):e796-809. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1985.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006. Gadobenate. (2019 Feb 28. PMID: 30000512).

Slapa RA, Jakubowski WS, Dobruch-Sbczak K, Kasperlik-Zaluska AA. Standards of ultrasound imaging of the adrenal glands. Journal of Ultrasonography. 2015;15:377–87. https://doi.org/10.15557/JoU.2015.0035.

Zhang Y, Yuan Z, Qui C, Li S, Zhang S, Fang Y. The diagnosis and treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma in pregnancy: a case report. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2020;20:50–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-020-2737-1.

Negishi K, Apellaniz JS, Ratanski D, Frasure SE, Liteplo AS, Shokoohi H. Detection of adrenal mass during an educational point-of-care ultrasound in the emergency department. World J Emerg Med. 2021;12:1–3. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2021.02.012.

Fan J, Tang J, Fang J, Li Q, He E, Li J, Wang Y. Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis if benign and suspicious adrenal lesions. Med Sci Monit. 2014;20:2132–41. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.890800.

Roberts VHJ, Frias AE. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the assessment of placental development and function. Biotechniques. 2020;69:393–9. https://doi.org/10.2144/btn-2020-0069.

Geyer T, Rubenthaler J, Froelich MF, Sable L, Marschner C, Schwarze V, Clevert D. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound for assessing abdominal conditions in pregnancy. Medicina. 2020;56:675–87. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina56120675.

Kwan ML, Miglioretti DL, Marlow EC, Bowles EJA, Weinmann S, Cheng SY, et al. Trends in Medical Imaging During Pregnancy in the United States and Ontario, Canada, 1996 to 2016. JAMA Netw Open. 2019;2:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7249.

American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR practice parameter for imaging pregnant or potentially pregnant adolescents and women with ionizing radiation. 2018. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/acr/files/practice-parameters/pregnant-pts.pdf. (Accessed 20 Feb 2017).

Wieseler KM, Bhargava P, Kanal KM, Vaidya S, Stewart BK, Dighe MK. Imaging in pregnant patients: examination appropriateness. Radiographics. 2010;30:1215–33. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.305105034.

Eskander OS, Eckford SD, Watkinson T. Safety of diagnostic imaging in pregnancy. Part 1: X-ray, nuclear medicine investigations, computed tomography and contrast media. Obstet Gynecol. 2010;12:71–78. https://doi.org/10.1576/toag.12.2.071.27571.

Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Francis IR, Cohan RH, Dunnick NR. Delayed enhanced CT of lipid-poor adrenal adenomas. AJR. 2000;175:1411–5. https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.175.5.1751411.

Fraser L, Kiaii B, Shaban J, Islam A, Diamantouros P, Jones PM, Tweedie W, Varghese R, Van Uum S. Cardiac pheochromocytoma presenting during pregnancy. BMJ Case Reports. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1136/bcr.04.2010.2890.

Von Moll L, McEwan AJ, Shapiro B, Sisson JC, Gross MD, Lloyd R, Beals E, Beierwaltes WH, Thompson NW. Iodine-131 MIBG scintigraphy of neuroendocrine tumors other than pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma. J Nuc Med. 1987;28:979–88.

Santhanam P, Taïeb D. Role of (18) F-FDOPA PET/CT imaging in endocrinology. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2014;81(6):789–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/cen.12566.

Itani M, Mhlanga J. Imaging of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma. In: Mariani-Costantini R, editor. Paraganglioma: a multidisciplinary approach. Brisbane: Codon Publications; 2019. p. 41–62.

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006. Iobenguane I 131. (2020 Aug 17. PMID: 30000770).

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006. Iobenguane I 123. (2021 Mar 17. PMID: 30000620).

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed) Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006. Gallium Ga 68 Dotatate. (2020 Aug 17. PMID: 29999885).

Drugs and Lactation Database (LactMed). Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); 2006. Fludeoxyglucose F18. (2020 Aug 17. PMID: 30000776).

Elsayes KM, Mukundan G, Narra VR, Lewis JS, Shirkhoda A, Farooki A, Brown JJ. Adrenal masses: MR imaging features with pathologic correlation. Radiographics. 2004;24:S73–86. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.24si045514.

Albano D, Agnello F, Midiri F, Pecoraro G, Bruno A, Alongi P, Toia P, Di Buono G, Agrusa A, Sconfienza LM, Pardo S. Imaging feature of adrenal masses. Insights Imaging. 2019;10:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13244-019-0688-8.

Zhang X, Liao H, Zhu X, Shi D, Chen X. A successful pregnancy in a patient with secondary hypertension caused by adrenal adenoma: a case report. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2019;19:116–24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2262-2.

Schneller J, Reiser M, Beuschlein F, Osswald A, Pallauf A, Reister A, Tietze JK, Reincke M, Degenhart C. Linear and volumetric evaluation of the adrenal gland -mdct-based measurements of the adrenals. Acad Radiol. 2014;21:1465–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2014.06.008.

Caoili EM, Korobkin M, Brown RK, Mackie G, Shulkin BL. Differentiating adrenal adenomas from nonadenomas using (18)F-FDG PET/CT: quantitative and qualitative evaluation. Acad Radiol. 2007;14:468–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2007.01.009.

Park JJ, Park BK, Kim CK. Adrenal imaging for adenoma characterization: imaging features, diagnostic accuracies and differential diagnoses. Br J Radiol. 2016;89:20151018. https://doi.org/10.1259/bjr.20151018.

Morani AC, Jensen CT, Habra MA, Agrons MM, Menias CO, Wagner-Bartak NA, Shaaban AM, Roman-Colon AM, Elsayes KM. Adrenocortical hyperplasia: a review of clinical presentation and imaging. Abdominal Radiology. 2020;45:917–27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00261-019-02048-6.

Doppman JL, Miller DL, Dwyer AJ, et al. Macronodular adrenal hyperplasia in Cushing disease. Radiology. 1988;166(2):347–52. https://doi.org/10.1148/radiology.166.2.2827231.

Bharwani N, Rockall AG, Sahdev A, Gueorguiev M, Drake W, Grossman AB, Reznek RH. Adrenocortical carcinoma: the range of appearances on CT and MRI. AJR. 2011;196:W706-714. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.10.5540.

Blake MA, Kalra MK, Maher MM, Sahani DV, Sweeney AT, Mueller PR, Hanh PF, Boland GW. Pheochromocytoma: an imaging chalmeleon. Radiographics. 2004;24:S87-99. https://doi.org/10.1148/rg.24si045506.

Leung K, Stamm M, Raja A, Low G. Pheochromocytoma: the range of appearances on ultrasound, CT. MRI and functional imaging AJR. 2013;200:370–8. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.12.9126.

Pacu I, Zygouropoulos N, Furau CG, Navolan D, Tit DM, Ionescu CA, Stoian AP, Petca A, Dimitriu M. Pheochromocytoma as a rare hypertensive complication rarely associated with pregnancy: Diagnostic difficulties. Exp Ther Med. 2021;22:1345–52. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2021.10780.

Prakash P, Kulshrestha V, Ramachandran R, Kuma R. Successful pregnancy outcomes after laparoscopic management of pheochromocytoma. Journal of Endourology Case Reports. 2020;6:170–3. https://doi.org/10.1089/cren.2019.0139.

Bancos I, Atkinson E, Eng C, Young WF, Neumann HPH. Maternal and fetal outcomes in phaeochromocytoma and pregnancy: a multicentre retrospective cohort study and systematic review of literature. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021;9(13):21. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30363-6.

Langton K, Tufton N, Akker S, Deinum J, Eisenhofer G, Timmers HJLM, Spaanderman MEA, Lenders JEM. Pregnancy and phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma: clinical clues affecting diagnosis and outcome – a systematic review. BJOG. 2020;128:1264–72. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16635.

Jordan E, Poder L, Courtier J, Sai V, Jung A, Coakley FV. Imaging of nontraumatic adrenal hemorrhage. AJR. 2012;199:W91-98. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.11.7973.

Chague P, Marchi A, Fechner A, Hindawi G, Tranchart H, Carrara J, Vivanti AJ, Rocher L. Non-hemorrhagic adrenal infarction during pregnancy: the diagnostic imaging keys. Tomorgraphy. 2021;7:533–44. https://doi.org/10.3390/tomography7040046.

Aljenaee KY, Ali SA, Cheah SK, Alroomi MJ. Unilateral adrenal infarction in pregnancy secondary to elevated factor VIII. Saudi Med J. 2017;38:654–6.

Mandato VD, Mastrofilippo V, Kuhn E, Silvotti M, Barbierr I, Aguzzoli L, La Sala GB. Adrenal cyst in pregnancy: a surgical emergency. Urology. 2018;121:22–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2018.06.